Scattering of photon by an electron ARTHUR HOLLY COMPTON (1892-1962)
Native : Ohio Education: Wooster and Princeton Research: Washington university X-ray increases in wavelength when scattered Conformation of particle nature of light Studied cosmic rays Nobel prize in 1927 EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION
X –Ray of single wavelength is
directed at target
Wavelength of scattered X-Rays
determined at various angle 𝝓
Result shows the shift
in wavelength C OM P TON E F F E C T
𝐸 = ℎ𝜐 ′ Scattering of photon by an electron P= 𝒉𝝊′ /c Suppose an X ray photon strikes on electron Scattered photon changes its direction 𝑬 = 𝒉𝝊 Electron receives impulse begins to move P= 𝒉𝝊/c 𝑬= 𝒎𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝟒 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒄𝟐 Before Collision Energy associated with initial photon of p=p frequency 𝝊.is 𝑬 = 𝒉𝝊 After collision Energy associated with scattered photon of frequency 𝜐 ′ is 𝑬 = 𝒉𝝊′ C OM P TON E F F E C T
𝐸 = ℎ𝜐 ′ During collision P= 𝒉𝝊′ /c Photon looses energy 𝑬 = 𝒉𝝊 Electron receives that one Loss in photon energy=Gain of KE of P= 𝒉𝝊/c 𝑬= 𝒎𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝟒 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒄𝟐
electron p=p ℎ𝜐 − ℎ𝜐 ′ = KE -------------(1) Momentum of massless particle related to its energy by E=pc -----------------------------(2) Photon momentum p=E/c= ℎ𝜐/c -------------------(3) COMPTON EFFECT
𝜙 –angle between initial and final photon
Momentum is conserved in each two mutually
perpendicular direction Initial photon momentum = 𝒉𝝊/𝒄 Scattered photon momentum = 𝒉𝝊′ /c Initial electron momentum= 0 Final electron momentum = p 𝜣–angle between initial photon and recoil In original direction electron Initial momentum=final momentum 𝒉𝝊 𝒉𝝊′ + 𝟎 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝝓 + 𝒑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜣-----(4) 𝒄 𝒄 Perpendicular direction Initial momentum=final momentum 𝒉𝝊′ 𝟎 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝓 + 𝒑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜣--------------(5) 𝒄 COMPTON EFFECT
Multiplying eq.(4) and (5) by c and rewriting
𝑝𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ℎ𝜐 − ℎ𝜐 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ----(6) 𝑝𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ℎ𝜐 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 ----- ---(7) Squaring and adding eq. (6) and (7) 𝜃 is eliminated 𝑝2 𝑐 2 = (ℎ𝜐)2 -2(ℎ𝜐)(ℎ𝜐 ′ )cos𝜙+(ℎ𝜐 ′ )2 ------(8) Total energy of particle is E = (K.E.)+𝑚0 𝑐 2 -------(9) ------(10) 𝑬= 𝒎𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝟒 + 𝒑𝟐 𝒄𝟐
1) 1) Compton wavelength gives the scale of wavelength
change of incident photon 2) Greatest wavelength change occurs when 𝝓 =180 degree which is twice 𝑐 3) Maximum wavelength observed in X-Rays for visible it is less than 0.01% 4) X-Rays lose energy when they pass through the matter 5) Compton effect gives conformation to photon model SUMMARY:
Compton effect is scattering of photon by electron
Energy associated with initial photon of frequency 𝝊.is 𝑬 = 𝒉𝝊 Energy associated with scattered photon of frequency 𝜐 ′ is 𝑬 = 𝒉𝝊′ Loss in photon energy=Gain of KE of electron 𝒉𝝊 − 𝒉𝝊′ = KE Momentum is conserved in each two mutually perpendicular direction COMPTON EFFECT ℎ ′ - = (1−cos𝜙) ---------------(13) 𝑚0 𝑐 ℎ = 𝑐 Is Compton Wavelength =2.426 pico metre 𝑚0 𝑐 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS: 1. X-ray of wavelength 10.0pm are scarred from a target. 2. a)Find the wavelength of Xray scattered through 450 3. b) Find maximum wavelength present in the scattered X rays 4. c) Find maximum kinetic energy of recoil electron 5. Solution: 6. Given: Wave length of incident X-ray = = 10 pm=10.0x10-12m ℎ 1. = 𝑐 Is Compton Wavelength =2.426pm 𝑚0 𝑐 2. Scattered angle = 𝜙 = 450 ,Wave length of scattered X-ray = ′ =? 3. Maximum Wave length of scattered X-ray = ′ - =? 4. Maximum kinetic energy of recoil electron=? 5. a) Compton effect ℎ ′ - = 𝑚 (1−cos𝜙)= ′ - = (1−cos𝜙) 𝑐 0 𝑐
