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Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,
Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLIV 2014

PHYTOREMEDIATION USING MEDICINAL PLANTS - A REVIEW

PRUTEANU AUGUSTINA, MUSCALU ADRIANA

INMA Buharest, pruteanu_augustina@yahoo.com

Keywords: contaminants, hyperaccumulation, medicinal plants, phytoremediation, poluted sites.

ABSTRACT
Intensification of industrial activities and the demographic explosion resulted in severe
environmental pollution, with dramatic consequences on the atmosphere, water and soil. The
pace of production and dispersion of the pollutant exceededat present the natural processes
of of biodegradation, the release of toxic substances into the terrestrial ecosystem
representing a major problem. In search of technological remedies of the environmental
pollution, phytoremediation, that uses directly green plants, provides important perspectives.
Although at present this therapy technique is poorly implemented, it presents certain
advantages including the reduced environmental impact. Therefore, this paper is a synthesis
that aims to highlight the use of medicinal plants, specially selected for the greening of
polluted areas.

INTRODUCTION
Phytoremediation is an emerging technology appeared in the last decade of the
twentieth century. Its denomination comes from the Greek word phyto = plant and the Latin
word remedium = to correct, removing of something harmful. This technology uses
different plant species, having the ability to degrade, extract, accumulate, immobilize and
remove the pollutants from soil, water or air [6].
So the process of phytoremediation consists in the use of the green plants to remove
the pollutants from the environment or to reduce their toxicity. The pollutants which can be
removed by using the techniques of phytoremediation are represented by heavy metals
(Cd, Co, Pb, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn and others), radionuclides (Cs, Sr, U, Ra and others),
chlorinated solvents (TCE, PCE), petroleum hydrocarbons (BTEX), different nutrients
(nitrates, ammonia, phosphates,) and others [6].
Phytoremediation is an effective technology for the removal of a number of inorganic
and organic pollutants. Some plant species present both the capacity to mineralise and
transfer in the root toxic organic compounds, and the accumulation and concentration of
some inorganic compounds in the aerial part of the plant [30]. The inorganic pollutants
appear as natural elements of the earth's crust or atmosphere and from the human
activities such as: mining, industry, auto road traffic, agriculture, which favors their release
into the environment, leading to toxicity. The inorganic pollutants do not degrade, but their
toxic effect can be phytoremediated by stabilizing or by blocking them in the harvested
plant tissues [7].
Phytoremediation has become popular in the last 10 years. This is on the one hand
due to the low cost of implementation and, on the other hand, due to the limited cost
available for the environment cleaning. Currently, the US are spent 6 to 8,000,000 dollars
for the environmental cleaning and 25 to 50,000,000 dollars per year in the world [11].
In Europe there is not a significant commercial use of the phyto-remediation, but this
ecological technique can be developed in the following years [7].
In Romania the universities and research institutes have a greater importance in the
preparation, education, analysis, implementation and long-term monitoring of the
environmental protection activities [5].

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Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLIV 2014

The applicability of phyto-remediation for the rehabilitation of contaminated sites has

been proven by numerous scientific projects implemented also in Romania: FITORISC
[32], ECORES [31], SEDI.PORT.SIL [30] etc
Plants are not only source of food, fuel, fiber, but also environmental
counterbalances to industrial and agriculture pollution. The plants and their abilities are [1]:
- living plants can be compared to solar driven pumps which can extract and concentrate
several elements;
- plants absorb a high number of elements from soil and water;
- they also have the ability to remove, contain, inactivate or degrade harmful environmental
contaminants, such as: Cd, Hg, Pb, St;
- heavy metal accumulation in edible plants must alert the public on potential risks of
toxicity effects, because chemical composition of plants reflects the elemental composition
of the soil;
- practically, chemical composition of any plant depends upon the local geographical
conditions, type of soil and its composition;
- plants have the ability both to tolerate elevated levels of heavy metals and accumulate
them in very high concentration.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

At least 400 species distributed in 45 botanical families are considered metal
hyperaccumulators. By definition, hyperaccumulators are herbaceous or woody plants that
accumulate and tolerate without visible symptoms a hundred times or greater metal
concentrations in shoots than those usually found in non-accumulators [1].
The plants hyper-accumulators are able to accumulate metals into the overground
tissues without the occurrence of the symptoms of toxicity, reaching tissue concentrations
higher than in the contaminated soil. The phytoextraction process is used for the purpose
of the decontamination of the substrate on which the plants are growing, thus making
possible to reuse the extracted metals or their export from the polluted area [19].
Trhe aromatic plants are cultivated for the production of essential oils and food
processing. The essential oil of aromatic plants is being used in soaps, detergents, insect
repellents, cosmetic, perfumes and food processing industries. These plants are non
edible and are not being consumed directly by humans or animal like the cereals, pulses
or vegetables. The essential oil from aromatic plants is free from the risk of heavy metals
accumulation from plant biomass. The heavy metals do not enter the food chain through
phytoremediation by aromatic plants. The wild animals do not damage/eat the aromatic
crops due to its essence. In fact, aromatic plant resources are very abundant, and they
can be used on large scale. These plants offer a novel option for their use in the
phytoremedation of the heavy metal contaminated sites [12].
The studies conducted in the phyto-remediation field showed that this type of
treatment presents a significant potential, applicable for the elimination of: heavy metals,
radionuclides, chlorinated solvents, chlorinated pesticides, organic phosphorous
pesticides, explosives, nutrients, surfactant agents [30].
The rehabilitation and ecological reconstruction of the contaminated soils and
waters from the municipal and industrial landfills is done using both physical and chemical
methods, as well as biological methods. Of the biological methods, the most common are
[31]:
- bioremediation by means of micro-organisms [31] and of the biostimulants beneficial
for the contaminants decomposition and their transformation into non-hazardous
secondary products [21];
- the phytoremediation, consisting in the use of the vegetation for the in situ treatment
of the soil, sediments and the contaminated waters. The method is based primarily on the

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Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLIV 2014

ability of plants to store the extracted metal into roots and / or into the aerial parts, or to
release it into the atmosphere through the process of transpiration [32]. The plants have
shown the ability to resist to relatively high concentrations of organic pollutants without the
occurrence of toxic effects, being able to absorb and transform them quickly in metabolites
with a toxicity significantly reduced [31].
Though several regulatory steps have been implemented to reduce or restrict the
release of pollutants in the soil, they are not sufficient for checking the contamination.
Metal contaminated soil can be remediated by chemical, physical and biological
techniques. These can be grouped into two categories [9].
Ex-situ method
It requires removal of contaminated soil for treatment on or of site, and returning the
treated soil to the resorted site. The conventional ex-situ methods applied for remediating
the polluted soils relies on excavation, detoxification and/or destruction of contaminant
physically or chemically, as a result the contaminant undergo stabilisation, solidification,
immobilisation, incineration or destruction.
In-situ method
It is remediation without excavation of contaminated site. In-situ remediation
technologies as destruction or transformation of the contaminant, immobilisation to reduce
bioavailability and separation of the contaminant from the bulk soil. In-situ techniques are
favoured over the ex-situ techniques due to their low cost and reduced impact on the
ecosystem. Conventionally, the ex-situ technique is to excavate soil contaminated with
heavy metal and their burial in landfill site. But the offsite burial is not an appropriate option
because it merely shifts the contamination problem elsewhere and also because of
hazards associated with the transport of contaminated soil. Diluting the heavy metal
content to safe level by importing the clean soil and mixing with the contaminated soil can
be an alternative of on-site management. On-site containment and barriers provide an
alternative, it involves covering the soil with inert material. Immobilization of inorganic
contaminant can be used as a remedial method for heavy metal contaminated soils. This
can be achieved by complexing the contaminants, or through increasing the soil pH by
liming. Increased pH decreases the solubility of heavy metals like Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn in
soil. Although the risk of potential exposure to plants is reduced, their concentration
remains unchanged. Most of these conventional remediation technologies are costly to
implement and cause further disturbance to the already damaged environment[9].
Plant based bioremediation technologies have been collectively termed as
phytoremediation, this refers to the use of green plants and their associated micro biota for
the in-situ treatment of contaminated soil and ground water [9].
Heavy metal uptake by plant through phytoremediation technologies is using these
mechanisms of phytoextraction, phytostabilisation, rhizofiltration, and phytovolatilization as
shown in figure 1 [2].
4.1. Phytoextraction is the uptake/absorption and translocation of contaminants by
plant roots into the above ground portions of the plants (shoots) that can be harvested and
burned gaining energy and recycling the metal from the ash.
4.2. Phytostabilisation is the use of certain plant species to immobilize the
contaminants in the soil and groundwater through absorption and accumulation in plant
tissues, adsorption onto roots, or precipitation within the root zone preventing their
migration in soil, as well as their movement by erosion and deflation.
4.3. Rhizofiltration is the adsorption or precipitation onto plant roots or absorption into
and sequesterization in the roots of contaminants that are in solution surrounding the root
zone by constructed wetland for cleaning up communal wastewater.
4.4. Phytovolatilization is the uptake and transpiration of a contaminant by a plant, with
release of the contaminant or a modified form of the contaminant to the atmosphere from
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Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLIV 2014

the plant. Phytovolatilization occurs as growing trees and other plants take up water along
with the contaminants. Some of these contaminants can pass through the plants to the
leaves and volatilize into the atmosphere at comparatively low concentrations.

Figure 2 - The mechanisms of heavy metals uptake by plant through phytoremediation technology [2]

Plants also performan important secondary role in physically stabilizing the soil with
their root system, preventing erosion, protecting the soil surface, and reducing the impact
of rain. At the same time, plant roots release nutrients that sustain a rich microbial
community in the rhizosphere. Bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere is
affected by complex interactions between soil type, plant species, and root zone location.
Microbial populations are generally higher in the rhizosphere than in the root-free soil. This
is due to a symbiotic relationship between soil microorganisms and plants. This symbiotic
relationship can enhance some bioremediation processes. Plant roots also may provide
surfaces for sorption or precipitation of metal contaminants.
In phytoremediation, the root zone is of special interest. The contaminants can be
absorbed by the root to be subsequently stored or metabolised by the plant. Degradation
of contaminants in the soil by plant enzymes exuded from the
roots is another phytoremediation mechanism.
For many contaminants, passive uptake viamicropores in the root cell walls may be a
major route into the root, where degradation can take place [2].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Some medicinal plants with storage capacity for various toxic substances are given in
Table 1.
Table 1
Species of medicinal plants accumulators
The accumulated The accumulator Extracted Refe
Species toxic substance vegetative organ contaminant/substrate rences

Thalspi Zn, Cd shoots heavy metals, mining [29],

caerulescens wastes [26]
Catharanthus Cr roots, leaves chromium, sludges [25]
roseus derived from tanneries
Brassica Se, Zn,Cu,Pb roots , shoots, heavy metals [16]
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Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLIV 2014

juncea leaves
(indian Atrazin roots pesticides [14]
mustard) Cd roots, shoots cadmiumm [26]
Hypericum Cu, Cd roots, shoots, heavy metals [17]
perforatum leaves
Matricaria Cd, Zn roots, shoots, heavy metals [17]
recutita leaves
Bacopa roots, shoots sewerage wastes, [13]
mannieri Hg, Cd chlorosodical industrial
wastes
Achillea Cu roots heavy metals, mining [4]
millefolium wastes
Salvia Cd shoots cadmium [17]
officinalis
Centaurea
cyanus Zn roots heavy metals, mining [4]
Echinophora wastes
platyloba
Ocimum Cd roots, shoots, Organic and inorganic [18]
basilicum leaves additives
Artemisia Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, roots, shoots, sludges, compost, waste
vulgaris Ni leaves paper and from retteries [20]
Alyssum Ni roots mining wastes [23]
bertolonii
roots, shoots, heavy metals arising
Mentha spicata Cr, Cu leaves from exploitation and [28]
burning of fossil fuels
Hippophae Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu leaves, fruits mining wastes [3]
rhamnoides
Rinorea Ni leaves heavy metals [8]
niccolifera
Aloe vera Cd, Cr, Pb, Co, leaves heavy metals [22]
Ag, Se, Hg
Cannabis Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, shoots, roots, heavy metals [10]
sativa Ni leaves
Urtica dioica Cr shoots, roots, chromium [27]
leaves
Taraxacum Cd, Cu, Zn leaves [24]
officinale
Astragalus Se shoots, roots naturally [15]
racemosus seleni ferous soil

Advantages and disadvantages of phytoremediation are presented in Table 2.

Table 2
Advantages and disadvantages of phytoremediation [9]
Advantages Disadvantages / Limitations
Amendable to a variety of organic and inorganic Restricted to sites with shallow contamination
compounds. within rooting zone of remediative plants.
In Situ / Ex Situ Application possible with May take up to several years to remediate a
effluent/soil substrate respectively. contaminated site.
In Situ applications decrease the amount of soil Restricted to sites with low contaminant
disturbance compared to conventional methods. concentrations.
Reduces the amount of waste to be landfilled (up Harvested plant biomass from phytoextraction
to 95%), can be further utilized as bio-ore of heavy may be classified as a
metals. hazardous waste hence disposal should be
proper.
In Situ applications decrease spread of Climatic conditions are a limiting factor.
contaminant via air and water.
Does not require expensive equipment or highly Introduction of nonnative species may
specialized personnel. affect biodiversity.
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Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLIV 2014

In large scale applications the potential energy Consumption/utilization of contaminated plant

stored can be utilized to generate thermal energy. biomass is a cause
of concern.

Specific problems when using medicinal plants used in phytoremediation:

a) economic impact: possibility of cost recuperation through valorization of bio-mass;
enhance the economic feasibility of phytoremediation; low cost techniques relevant for
diffuse moderate pollution in large areas;
b) cultivation and use of medicinal plants have to respect the potential hazard connected
with environmental contaminants, such as toxic metals or pesticides;
c) needs for better exploit the metabolic diversity of the plants, but also understand the
complex interactions between soil, plant roots, and micro-organisms (bacteria and
mycorrhiza) in the rhizosphere;
d) for medicinal purpose, cultivation in alkaline soil/water and for phytoremediation
purpose cultivation in acidic soils/water is recommended.

CONCLUSIONS
▪ This technology can be applied “in situ” to remediate shallow soil, ground water and
surface water bodies.
▪ Phytoremediation has been perceived to be a more environmentally-friendly “green” and
low-tech alternative to more active and intrusive remedial methods.
▪ Phytoremediation is a new cleanup concept that involves the use of plants to clean or
stabilize contaminated environments. The high cost of existing cleanup technologies led to
the search for new cleanup strategies that have the potential to be low-cost, low-impact,
visually benign, and environmentally sound.
▪ By phytoremediation, the physical structure and the biological properties of the soil are
maintained, and the fertility and biodiversity can be improved.
▪ The hyperaccumulating nature of plants depends on the type of species, soil quality, and
its inherent control.
▪ All the medicinal plants undertaken in the current study are capable of sufficient level of
bioaccumulation, and still they are capable of maintaining their growth rates and
reproduction levels.
▪ Studies on phytoremediation using medicinal plants should be planned by researchers
for carrying out more analysis for finding out the capability of these weeds, so as to
remove the metallic component in industrial and municipal level waste waters.

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