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Science
Quarter 2

Properties of Mirrors and Lenses:

Uses in Optical Instruments (e.g., Cameras and Binoculars)

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 Lesson I Properties of Mirrors and Lenses:
Uses in Optical Instruments (e.g., Cameras and Binoculars)

What I Need to Know

In Module 7, you have learned about the Characteristics, Magnification and

Orientation Lenses and Mirrors made. You were able to predict and describe the qualitative
characteristics the mirrors and lenses had.
This module 8, is based from the DepEd’s Most Essential Learning Competency in
Grade 10-K12, that is for you to, identify ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses
determine their use in optical instruments (e.g., cameras and binoculars)
It will lead you to understand the mirrors and lenses applications in optical
instruments using their properties.

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. differentiate the types of mirrors and lenses

2. describe the properties of mirrors and lenses
3. explain uses and functions of mirrors and lenses in optical instruments
4. enumerate optical instruments with applications on types of mirrors and
lenses

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 What I Know
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read and answer carefully the questions by using a separate sheet of paper.
1. What wave property can best explain the apparent bending of a pencil when it is
dipped into a glass of water ?
A. reflection B.refraction C.diffraction D. dispersion
2. Which is true of a converging lens?
I. Refract parallel rays of light
II. Converge parallel rays of light
III.Thicker in the center than at the edges
A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I,II and III
3. Which of the following is NOT a good description of a polarized wave? It is a .
A. light wave
B. transverse wave.
C. longitudinal wave
D. wave that vibrates in one direction.
4. A ray of light falls on a very smooth and shiny metal at an angle of 280 with the surface.At
which angle would the light be reflected?
A. 00 B. 140 C. 280 D. 560
5. Where does light travel the fastest?
A. air B. glass C. water D. vacuum
6. It is the bending of light when it enters another boundary,which is it?
A. diffraction B. dispersion C. reflection D. refraction
7. What lens will correct a farsighted vision person?
A.biconvex lens B.concave lens C.convex lens. D.handy lens
8. Which objective piece of a telescope is good to look at distant objects?
A. 5cm B. 8cm C.10cm D.15cm
9. Which eyepiece will give a better view of an object?
A. 5cm B. 8cm C.10cm D.15cm
10.It is an optical instrument that works like a human eye,which is it?
A. binocular telescope B. camera C. handlens D. microscope

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11. A plane mirror will produce a laterally inverted image,facing the mirror you moved to the
left,where are you moving on the mirror?
A. left B. right C. forward D backward
12. A nearsighted person needs a concave lens, this lens can make the image fall
A. on the eyeball
B. on the retina of the eye
C. before the retina of the eye
D. beyond the retina of the eye
13. The film corresponds to the retina of the eye,which image is formed on the retina?
A erect, real and smaller C. inverted, real and smaller
B .erect, virtual and larger D. inverted, virtual and smaller
14. What will happen to light rays when it hits a concave mirror?
A. Reflected B. Refracted C. Polarized D. Dispersed
15. Which glass is used to reduce the painful glare coming from the intense beam of the
sunlight?
A.Concave B. Convex C.Plane D. Polaroid

What’s In

Directions: Modified true or false. Write True if the statement is true and if it is False change
the underline word/s to make the statement true. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.
1. When light reflects and produces a clear image, it is a Specular Reflection.
2. A virtual and upright image is reflected on a plane mirror.
3. A diverging mirror will allow light rays to meet at the focus.
4. Divergent lens are lens that refract, diverge and produce real rays.
5. The longer the focal length the farther it can view distant objects.
6. Virtual image is an image that is not projected onto the screen.
7. Diffuse reflection allows us to see things around us..
8. Mirrors and smooth shiny surfaces will cause refraction of light.
9. Lenses and transparent materials allow light rays to reflect.
10. Light rays that hit the convex mirror and convex lens will converge.

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 What’s New
Activity 1 : Image Formed by a Plane Mirror
Objectives:
⚫ Determine the height, width, and the distance from the mirror of the image formed
by plane mirrors.
⚫ Compare the actual height, width and the distance from the mirror of the object with
that of the image formed by plane mirror.
Materials:
candle match plane mirror ruler
Procedure:
1. Position the plane mirror on a table.
2. Light the candle and let it stand in front of the mirror at 5cm away.
3. Measure the image of the candle in the mirror and the image to the candle (object).
4. Take note of the height ,width of the candle and the image.
Guide Questions:
1. What is the distance of the image to the mirror?
2. How about the height,width of the image compared to the real object candle?
3. How far is the image to the mirror?
4. How far is the image to the real object candle?

Conclusion:

Activity 2 : Image formed by convex and concave mirror

Objectives:
⚫ Describe the magnification and orientation of an object onto a concave and
convex mirror.
⚫ Compare the actual height, width and the distance from the mirror of the object
with that of the image formed by curved mirrors.
Materials:
A very shiny spoon (bulging part is the convex and caving in is concave)

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 convex mirror concave mirror

match and candle

Procedure:
1. Light a candle,view the candle using the very shiny spoon.
Use the back part the bulging area of the spoon as convex mirror in viewing the
candle.
2. Observe how the candle appears on the spoon,answer guide question no.1
3. Repeat step number 1, this time use the scoop part of the spoon (caving in area).
4. View the lighted candle using the cave in part as concave mirror.
5. Take note of your observation.(answer guide question number 2)
Guide Questions:
1. A.How does the candle appear, Very near (5cm),near (10cm) and far
(15cm)from the mirror?
B. Describe if it is inverted or upright,smaller or bigger,virtual or real.
2. A.What did you observe with the candle?How does the candle appear? Very
near (5cm),near (10cm) and far (15cm) from the mirror?
B.Describe if it is inverted or upright,smaller or bigger,virtual or real.

Concave mirror Very near(5cm) Near (10cm) Far (15 cm)

Inverted or upright
Smaller or larger
Real or virtual

Convex mirror Very near (5cm) Near (10cm) Far (15 cm)
Inverted or upright
Smaller or larger
Real or virtual
Conclusion:

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Activity 3: Eye and Camera
Objectives:
Identify the parts of the camera that correspond to the human eye
Describe how images are formed on each optical instrument.
Materials:
Illustration of the human eye
Illustration of a camera
Procedure:
1. Look at the parts of the two optical instrument.
2. Compare the parts of each optical instrument
3. Label the parts of a camera pointed by an arrow.that you believe corresponds to
human’s eye part that are labeled.
4. Answer the guide questions below.
Guide questions:
!,What corresponds to each part of the two optical instruments?
2. Explain the function of each part.
3. How does an image formed on the 2 optical instruments?

Conclusion:

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 What is It

⚫ Light properties:
1. Reflection is the bouncing back of light when it hits a surface/barrier.
2.Refraction is the bending of light when it passes a boundary from a different
medium.
The bending of light is caused by the change of speed and wavelength due to the
difference of material’s density.
Longer time for light to travel in a material with greater density.
3. Diffraction -is the spreading of light when it enters a (slit)small opening of a
material as it bends and spreads out.
4. Interference-is the meeting or union of light from two different slits that may
either interfere constructively or destructively depending on their relative phase differences.
5. Polarization-the light made to vibrate in one direction using a polaroid sheet
where embedded crystals are aligned in a particular direction.
⚫ Two of the properties will only be the focused of study in this module. These are
REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
REFLECTION It is the bouncing back of light when it hits a surface.
The two kinds of reflection are:
1. Specular or regular reflection a reflection of light on smooth surfaces like mirrors or a
calm body of water .
2. Diffuse or irregular reflection a reflection of light on rough surfaces like clothing,paper
and many others.
Mirrors are of different types a :

1.Plane mirror 2.Curved mirror has 2 Kinds

2.A. concave 2.B. convex
Light Interaction Light rays will converge Light rays will diverge
Reflecting surface
Cave in bulging
USES USES USES
❖ salon ❖ Beauty kit ❖ Rear of vehicles
❖ Household mirrors ❖ Derm care ❖ Malls
❖ ❖ Dentist’s mirror ❖ Side mirror
❖ ❖ Flashlights

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 IMAGE IMAGE IMAGE
❖ Erect or upright ❖ inverted ❖ Erect or upright
❖ Same size and ❖ Usually bigger ❖ Always smaller than
distance of the object ❖ Image distance the actual object
depends on object’s
distance from the
mirror
❖ Always virtual image ❖ Usually Real image ❖ Always virtual
❖ Always Virtual rays ❖ Real rays, ❖ Always Virtual rays
❖ But when an object is
placed in between the
vertex and F it will
produce virtual rays
causing virtual image.
❖ Refer Table II.

PLANE MIRROR

Table II. Nature of images formed by converging and diverging mirrors

Location of Location of Kind of Position Size of
object image image of image image
A.CONCAVE
❖ At infinity At F real inverted reduced
❖ Farther than C Between F and C real inverted reduced
❖ At C Farther than C real inverted Same
size
❖ Between C Farther than C real inverted enlarged
and F
❖ At the focal At infinity No image seen
point
❖ Between F and Behind the mirror Virtual Upright/ enlarged
vertex erect
B.CONVEX
❖ All locations Between the virtual Upright/er reduced
(objects in front of virtual focus F ect
the miror) and the mirror

REFRACTION of light is the bending of light when it passes two different

media.This property occurs in lenses and any transparent materials that allows light to pass
through.

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 The cause of the bending of light is when it passes into two different media with different
densities that cause light to change its speed and wavelength. (Longer time for light to travel
in a material with greater density)
It follows that:
The angle of incidence is greater than the angle of refraction when light passes from a less
dense to a denser medium.Light travels faster in a less dense than a denser medium.

Figure 1
Light passes from air (less dense than water) to water .
When light travels from air into water, it slows down, causing it to change direction slightly.
This change of direction is called refraction. When light enters a more dense substance
(higher refractive index), it ‘bends’ more towards the normal line.
Mirage is a common natural occurrence which is an example of Atmospheric Refraction. It
is a phenomenon that motorists observe especially on hot days when the road seems to be
covered with water.It happens when air in contact with the ground is very hot.Hot air are less
dense then light travels faster than the air cooler above which is denser.

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Two types of lenses 1. Convex 2. Concave

Reflecting surface Bulging out Caving in

Light Interaction converge diverge

Uses ❖ Farsightedness/ ❖ Nearsightedness/myopia

hyperopia
❖ Camera
❖ Telescope
❖ Microscope
❖ Binoculars
❖ Xerox machine
❖ Projector
Combination of mirrors,lenses and prisms are also used in other optical instruments.

Nature of image formed by lenses

Location of Object Location Orientation Size Type

( upright or (reduced (real or
inverted ) or virtual)
enlarged)
A.CONVEX LENS
❖ Beyond 2F Between F inverted reduced real
and 2F
❖ At 2F At 2F inverted same real
❖ Between 2F and F Beyond 2F inverted enlarged real
❖ At the focal point,F No Image Formed
❖ Between F and V Beyond 2F upright enlarged virtual
B.CONCAVE LENS
❖ All locations Between F upright reduced virtual
and V
Lenses have changed the way we perceive our surroundings. If not for lenses, we will not be
able to see the stars in the sky or the organisms in slides. In fact, without lenses, we will not
be able to see at all. Our eyes contain lenses that help us see.
The Science Behind the Sight
Primarily, we see things
because the light coming
from the object that we see
hits our eyes.Light rays enter
our eyes through the
cornea.The cornea is the
ANATOMY OF CAMERA AND HUMAN EYE 12
transparent outer membrane which forms the outer coating. It serves as the “ window” of the
eye. Together with lens it bends light rays that enter the eye and focuses the rays to form
an image on the retina. The lens is a jelly-like assembly of tiny transparent fibers. Its main
function is to bend light rays that enter the eye. The cornea does most of the focusing of the
rays: while the lens does the fine focusing of rays to create a clear image. In front of the lens
is the colored part of the eye which is the iris. The iris , made of two different muscle fibers ,
controls the size of the pupil. The pupil allows light to pass into the eyes from the aqueous
humour to the lens. It opens and closes to control the light entering so as not to damage the
retina. The ciliary muscle contracts and expands to control the curvature of the lens.Behind
the lens is a cavity filled with another liquid, the vitreous humour, and behind this cavity is
the retina. The vitreous humour provides nourishment to the front parts of the eye and
maintains the eye pressure. The retina serves as “screen” where the image is formed . It
contains millions of tiny nerve cells called rods and cones that are sensitive to light. The cones
are responsible for vision in bright conditions; the rods to dim conditions. Because the
sensation of color is produced by the cones, colors are difficult to distinguish in faint light. The
rods and cones respond to the image formed on the retina and the information is transmitted
to the brain by the optic nerve. The fovea centralis is the center of the eye’s sharpest vision
and the location of most color perception. The optic nerve is the pathway that the light rays
take from the retina to the processing center of the brain

IMAGE FORMATION OF CAMERA AND HUMANEYE

Optical Instruments and their Functions

Magnifying glass is a single positive lens that will add convergence to the
visual system.As an object is brought near the eye,the retinal image increases
in size, however, in the sense that at a very short distance between the eye
and the object, the rays will diverge so much that a magnifying lens becomes necessary.

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The main function of a magnifying glass is to provide an image of an object that is bigger
than that seen by the naked eye.
Compound Microscope consists of a combination of lenses for
magnifying an object several hundred times. It uses two converging lenses
with short focal lengths.
The lens near the object is the objective lens, while the lens nearer the
eye is the eyepiece. The objective lens forms a real and enlarged
inverted image. The eyepiece, on the other hand, forms a further enlarged,erect, but virtual
final image.
Telescope allows us to see distant objects. It contains two converging
lenses, namely, the objective and the eyepiece. The objective lens forms
a real image of a very distant object within the focus of the eyepiece lens.
Meanwhile , the focal length of the objective lens must be relatively longer
that the eyepiece lens for bigger magnification.
Camera is a box-like device used for taking pictures. It uses a lens that
produces a real image on photographic film. It has a shutter that opens
just long enough to allow the image to fall on the film before closing
again.It operates in the same way as our eyes, the only difference is that
it can capture images and save it, as our memories.
The aperture serves as the opening where light can pass through in much the same way as
the pupil does. To control the amount of light, the diaphragm can be adjusted in a camera
that is accomplished in our eyes by changing the size of the pupil at the center of the iris.
It has a converging lens that focus the light and form an inverted, real, and reduced image.
The image is projected on a film, a charge-couple device (CCD), or a sensor in case of a
digital camera.
Binoculars consist of pair of telescopes mounted together, each having
an objective lens and an eyepiece. The image formed by the objective
lens of binoculars is upside-down, and the left and right sides are
reversed. Binoculars use a system of prisms to switch the image left to
right and right to left. Then the eyepieces create enlarged, virtual,
upright images.
Endoscope is along flexible tube that is inserted in the body so that a
doctor can observe internal passages such as a person’s esophagus or
intestine. It has a converging lens and bunches of optical fibers that
convey the image to the end of the tube, where the image can be
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observed through a computer monitor or screen.
An endoscope uses the concept of total internal reflection.
Overhead projector has a mirror, which focuses light from an intense
source onto a pair of converging lenses. These lenses direct the light
through the slide to a projection lens. The lens is mounted on a sliding
tube so that it can be adjusted to be able to focus the real image on the
screen.
Periscope is an optical device consisting of a tube attached to a set
of mirrors or prisms, through which an observer (typically in a
submerged submarine or behind high obstacle) can see things that
are otherwise out of sight.

Interferometer is an optical device that uses the concepts of

diffraction and interference
To make precise measurements of very small distances. It can
also be used to measure changes in the index of refraction.

Spectrometer uses the principle of diffraction to create a

spectrum of colors emitted by a light source. This aids
scientists and engineers in identifying different substances.

Copier Machine
important components:
❖ Photoreceptor drum
❖ Corona wires
❖ Lamp and lenses
❖ Toner and F user

The drum, as mentioned earlier, is the heart of any photocopier. Corona wires are critical in
creating the positive charges that need to be generated on the drum and paper. The corona
wires are exposed to high voltage to create the static electric charge.

Lamps and lenses play their part early in the copy process. When the copier is turned on, the
lamp inside moves across the copy machine and illuminates the piece of paper to be copied,
one strip at a time. Mirrors attached to the lamp direct light through a lens and onto the drum
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below, transferring your original image onto the drum. The lamp provides a light source and
energy to the process, while the lens allows you to focus a copy image on specific sections.

The final piece of the puzzle is the fuser. A fuser first melts and presses the toner image from
drum to paper, and then prevents the melted toner from sticking to the drum or other parts.

Lenses of Telescope and Microscope

Telescope lenses Objective lens Eyepiece lens
Image formed Real,inverted, reduced Final, virtual, enlarged
Focal length long short

Microscope lenses Objective lens Eyepiece lens

Image formed Real, inverted, enlarged Final, virtual, enlarged
Focal length Short (longer than short
eyepiece lens)

Let us Practice
Directions:Read and answer carefully the questions.Write your answer on a sheet of
paper .
1. Cite similarities or differences between the camera and human eye in terms of the
following:

Optical instruments Camera Human eye

Type of lens used
Method of focusing near
and far objects
Image formed

2. What advantages does the human eye have over the camera?
3. How are incident rays refracted by
A. Convex lens
B. Concave lens

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 What I Have Learned

Synthesis
⚫ 5 Properties of light:
1. Reflection is the bouncing back of light when it hits a surface/barrier.
2.Refraction is the bending of light when it passes a boundary from a different
medium.
3. Diffraction -is the spreading of light when it enters a (slit)small opening of a
material as it bends and spreads out.
4. Interference-is the meeting or union of light from two different slits that may either
interfere constructively or destructively depending on their relative phase
differences.
5. Polarization-the light made to vibrate in one direction using a polaroid sheet where
embedded crystals are aligned in a particular direction.
⚫ . Two kinds of reflection are:
1. Specular or regular reflection a reflection of light on smooth surfaces like mirrors or a
calm body of water .
2. Diffuse or irregular reflection a reflection of light on rough surfaces like clothing, paper
and many others.
⚫ Two types of mirrors
1. Plane mirror and
2. Curved or Spherical mirrors
2 Kinds of Curved/Spherical Mirrors
2.A. Concave reflecting surface is curving inward,converging mirror.
2.B. Convex reflecting surface is curving outward,diverging mirror.
⚫ A lens is simply a glass or a transparent plastic that uses refraction to bend light and
form images.
⚫ Two kinds of lenses
1. Concave a diverging lens-thinner at the center and thicker at the edges
2. Convex a converging lens-thicker at the center and thinner at the edges.
⚫ Plane mirrors produce virtual images that have the same size and color as the objects,
and located as far behind the mirrors as the objects in front of the mirrors. These images
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 are laterally inverted.There is no vertical inversion,but only a back-to-front reversal,
resulting in what appears to be left-right inversion. Ex.AMBULANCE
⚫ Virtual images are images that can not be projected on the screen, the rays that form
the image are virtual rays which are extended behind the mirrors.
⚫ Real images are those images that can be projected on the screen and formed by the
intersection of real rays at the focus. (F).
⚫ Atmospheric refraction happens because of the travel of the light from a more dense
(cool) air to a less dense (hot) air.

OPTICAL INTRUMENTS
⚫ Camera
⚫ Telescope
⚫ Microscope
⚫ Binoculars
⚫ Xerox machine
⚫ Projector
⚫ Total Internal Reflection occurs if light passes from a denser to a less dense medium, its
angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle.
This phenomenon is applied in fiber optics and diamond
cutting.

What I Can Do

Draw an example of atmospheric refraction on a bond paper.

Write your name,year, section and the module number on top.

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 Assessment

Post Test
A.Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on a sheet of paper.
1. What lens will correct a farsighted vision person?
A. convex lens
B. concave lens
C.combination of A and B
D.combination of lens and mirror
2. What kind of mirror is used in automobiles and trucks to give the driver a wider area and
smaller image of traffic behind him?
A. Concave B. Convex C. Plane D. Spherical
3. What type of mirror do dentists usually use to see clearly the images of our teeth?
A. Concave B. Convex C. Plane D. Spherical

4. This optical instrument uses 2 convex lenses to make a smaller object larger,which is it?
A. Camera B. Microscope C. Oscilloscope D. Telescope
5. Which of the following optical instruments will be used to produce a reduced and inverted
image of a distant object?
A. Camera B. Microscope C. Projector D. Refracting Telescope
6. A photocopy “ Xerox” machine produces an image that is equal size as the object.
Considering the location of an object in a convex lens, where is the object located or
placed to produce an image that is equal size to the object?
A. At C B. At F C At 2F D. between 2F and F
7. What mirror is used to give as an upright, same distance and size of an image from an
object viewed?
A. Concave B. Convex C . Curved mirror D. Plane
8. Sun’s rays are observed to focus at a point behind the fishbowl near the window. The
fishbowl acts as what type of lens?
A. Converging lens B.Diverging lens C. Diversion lens D.Focusing lens
9. If a camera has a film where the image is formed, the eye forms the image on the .
A. Cornea B. Iris C.Pupil D.Retina

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10.A diverging lens will be prescribed by the eye doctor to correct, which of the following eye
disorders?
A. Astigmatism B. Hyperopia C. Myopia D. Presbyopia
11.A farsighted person needs a convex lens. This lens can make the image fall
A. On the eyeball
B. On the retina of the eye
C. Before the retina of the eye
D. Beyond the retina of the eye
12. Which property of light waves makes image formation possible by the eye, cameras,
and other systems of lenses?
A. Diffraction B. Interference C. Reflection D. Refraction
13. Which focal length of objective piece is best to use in viewing far objects?
A. 5 cm B. 10 cm C. 15 cm D. 20 cm
14. Which glass is used to reduce the painful glare coming from the intense beam of the
sunlight?
A.concave B. concave C. Polaroid D. Symmetrical
15. What part of the camera corresponds to the iris?
A. Aperture B. Diaphragm C. Film D. Shutter

1. Name 2 eye diseases that may affect our eye lens and normal vision.
2. Cite ways of prevention from getting the disease.

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