Physics project word pdf

MADE BY:
NAME- ROHAAN KUMAR

ROLL NO- 38
AISSCE ROLL NO-
CLASS- XII A1
SESSION- 2024-25
Aim of this Experiment
The aim of this experiment is to design and

implement a street light system using a light sensor.
The primary objectives of this experiment are:
Understanding the Working Principle of

Light Sensors (LDRs)
01
Demonstrating energy
02 efficiency
Exploring Cost-Effective
03 Solutions for Smart Street
Lighting
Certificate
This is to certify that an original and genuine

investigation work has been carried out to investigate
about the subject matter and the related data
collection and investigation has been completed
solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by ROHAAN
KUMAR of Class XII A1, DAV Public School, Bistupur,
Jamshedpur, under the guidance of Mr.Awashesh
Kumar.
Signature of the Internal Signature of the External

Acknowledgement
A project is a golden opportunity for learning, self-

development and acquiring knowledge. I consider ourselves
fortunate and privileged to have wonderful mentors who
guided me through this journey for the completion of this
project successfully. My sincere thanks to Mrs. Pragya Singh,
Principal, DAV Public School, Bistupur, Jamshedpur, for
providing me with such an interesting and thrilling project
to work upon. My heartfelt gratitude to my Physics Teacher,
MR.AWASHESH KUMAR, who despite being extraordinarily
busy took time out to address all our doubts and problems,
guide me and for her patience and belief in us. Her
exemplary investment in the complete process, constant
encouragement and insightful feedback helped us achieve
our objectives. At last but not the least, I would like to
thank my family and friends whose support and co-
operation helped me make this project a success.
Contents
Table Of Contents
01 INTRODUCTION
02 WORKING PRINCIPLE
03 COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS
04 CONCEPTS INVOLVED
05 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
06 STEPS TO BUILD
07 APPLICATION
08 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Street lighting is a critical component of urban infrastructure,

ensuring public safety and security at night. Traditionally,
streetlights are controlled using fixed timers or manual
switches, which operate regardless of the environmental
conditions. However, this method is inefficient and leads to
unnecessary energy consumption, as streetlights may remain
on during daylight hours or operate in areas with sufficient
natural light.
In recent years, there has been a shift towards smart street
lighting systems that automatically adjust based on the
surrounding environmental conditions, such as the amount
of natural light available. One of the most common
technologies used in these systems is the light sensor,
specifically a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), which helps
automate the turning on and off of street lights.
WORKING
PRINCIPLE
The light sensor-based street light system operates on the
principle of detecting ambient light levels using a Light
Dependent Resistor (LDR). The LDR changes its electrical
resistance depending on the amount of light falling on it.
During the day, when sunlight is abundant, the LDR’s
resistance is low, preventing the streetlight from turning on.
As the light levels decrease at dusk or during cloudy
conditions, the resistance of the LDR increases, triggering a
relay to close the circuit and turn the streetlight on. In the
morning, as the sunlight returns, the LDR’s resistance
decreases again, causing the relay to open and turn the
streetlight off. This system ensures that the lights only
operate when necessary, providing automatic control based
on natural light conditions and improving energy efficiency.
APPLICATIONS
1.Urban and Rural Street Lighting
2 Highway Lighting
3. Parks and Community Spaces

CIRCUIT
DESCRIPTION
STEPS TO BUILD
Circuit Assembly
Place all electronic components onto the
PCB according to the provided layout. Solder
the components following the circuit
diagram, ensuring proper connections
between the LDR, transistor, resistor, and
LED
Road Construction
Cut a plastic sheet to create the base and
simulate roads on both sides. Secure toy
cars to the surface using glue
Streetlight Assembly
Securely mount a tall pole onto the board
and attach the LED firmly at the top of the
pole
Testing
Connect the circuit to a battery.Use a
flashlight or cover the LDR to test light
sensitivity.
CONCEPTS
INVOLVED
1 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 2 TRANSISTOR AS SWITCH

LDR’s Resistance decreases as Transistors control the flow of
the intensity of light increases current based on the signal
received from the LDR.
4 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
3 OHM’s LAW
The project demonstrates the
Helps calculate the resistance
conservation of energy by
values needed in the circuit.
switching lights only when
necessary.
COMPONENTS
AND MATERIALS
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS MECHANICAL COMPONENTS TOOLS
1 1. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) 1 1. Plastic Board/Base) 1 1. Soldering Iron

To sense light intensity To create the road structure.
2. Plastic for Roads

2
2. Transistor
Acts as a switch to control the 2 Simulates the streets on both 2 2. Wire Cutter/Stripper
flow of electricity. Sides of the lamp.
3. Streetlight Pole
3
3. Resistors
For controlling current flow.
3 Tall vertical structure, can be
made using PVC or metal rods.
4. Toy Cars
4
4. LED Streetlight (or bulb)
To simulate the streetlight.
4 To simulate vehicles on the road.
5. Adhesives
5
5. Battery
To power the circuit. 5 To power the circuit.
6. Relay (optional):
6 For connecting high-power LEDs.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. "Understanding Light Sensors in Electronics," Sparkfun

Tutorials, https://www.sparkfun.com.
2. https://onsemi.com
3. Gupta, R., and Sharma, P., "Smart Street Lighting System
Based on LDR and Arduino," International Journal of
Science and Research (IJSR), 2020.
4. "How to Build an Automatic Streetlight Using LDR and
Transistor," ElectronicsHub,
https://www.electronicshub.org.

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MADE BY:

NAME- ROHAAN KUMAR

The aim of this experiment is to design and

Understanding the Working Principle of

This is to certify that an original and genuine

Signature of the Internal Signature of the External

A project is a golden opportunity for learning, self-

03 COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS

Street lighting is a critical component of urban infrastructure,

1.Urban and Rural Street Lighting

3. Parks and Community Spaces

1 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 2 TRANSISTOR AS SWITCH

the intensity of light increases current based on the signal

received from the LDR.

1 1. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) 1 1. Plastic Board/Base) 1 1. Soldering Iron

2. Plastic for Roads

1. "Understanding Light Sensors in Electronics," Sparkfun

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