WDR 1- SOLUBILITY AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

FOOD PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Widya Dwi Rukmi Putri

TERMS - MIXTURE
SOLUTION COLLOID
a homogeneous mixture a homogeneous mixture
containing particles with containing particles with
the size of a typical ion or diameters in the range 2–
covalent molecule. (0.1–2.0 500 nm
nm)
SUSPENSION
are mixtures with even larger
particles, but they are not
considered true solutions
because they separate upon
standing
2
SOLUTION
SOLUTE SOLVENT
the dissolved substance the major component
in a solution in a solution
3
Miscibility
 Miscible – liquids that completely
dissolved together (Think mixable)
 Immiscible – two liquids that form layers
when mixed together
SOLUBILITY
 How well something dissolves in a solvent is a
solubility
 Like dissolves like
 Polar solutes will dissolve in polar solvents
 Non polar solutes will dissolve in non polar
solvents
 Solubility is affected by temperature. Increase in
temperature will increase the solubility of most of
the substances.
 Most gases become less soluble in water as the
temperature increases.
5
SOLUBILITY
 A solution is saturated when no additional solute
can be dissolved at a particular temperature
 A supersaturated solution can form when more

than the equilibrium amount of solute is dissolved
at an elevated temperature, and then the
supersaturated solution is slowly cooled.
 An unsaturated solution is formed when more of

the solute can dissolve in it at a particular
temperature.
6
SOLUBILITY
UNSATURATED SATURATED SUPERSATURATED
SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
more solute no more solute becomes unstable,
dissolves dissolves crystals form
increasing concentration
SOLUBILITY
The maximum amount of solute that can
dissolve in a specific amount of solvent
(usually 100 g.
g of solute
100 g water
8
Learning Check
At 40C, the solubility of KBr is 80 g/100 g
H2O. Indicate if the following solutions are
(1) saturated or (2) unsaturated
A. ___60 g KBr in 100 g of water at 40C
B. ___200 g KBr in 200 g of water at 40C
C. ___25 KBr in 50 g of water at 40C
LecturePLUS Timberlake 9
Temperature and Solubility
Solid solubility and temperature
solubility decreases
with increasing
temperature
solubility increases
with increasing
temperature
Temperature and Solubility
Gas solubility and temperature
solubility usually
decreases with
increasing
temperature
12.4
SOLUBILITY GRAPH OF SALTS IN WATER
12
SOLUBILITY GRAPH OF GASES IN WATER
Pressure has little effect on the solubility of liquids and solids. The solubility of gases
is strongly influenced by pressure. Gases dissolve more at high pressure.
13
PHASE CHANGES
Sublimation
Melting Boiling
Solid Liquid Gas
Freezing Condensation
Deposition
15
PHASE CHANGES
FREEZING MELTING BOILING

POINT POINT POINT
•the •the •the
temperature temperature temperature
where liquids where solids where liquids
change into change into change into
solids liquids gases
16
HEAT TRANSFER–
•heat is removed from the

system
EXOTHERM
•freezing, condensation,
deposition
• heat is added to the

system
ENDOTHERM
• melting, boiling.
sublimating
17
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF
SOLUTIONS
Colligative properties are properties that
depend only on the number/concentration
of solute particles in solution and not on the
nature of the solute particles.
 Vapor Pressure Reduction
 Boiling Point Elevation
 Freezing Point Depression
 Osmotic Pressure
VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING
 Vapor pressure : is the
pressure exerted by a
vapor in equilibrium
with its liquid state.
 Liquid molecules at
the surface escape into
the gas phase
 These gas particles
create pressure above
the liquid in a closed
container
BOILING POINT ELEVATION
 When a solute is
dissolved in a solvent, the
boiling point of that
solvent is raised.
 The temperature
difference between a
solution’s boiling point
and a pure solvent is
called the boiling point
elevation
Boiling Point Elevation Equation
ΔTb = Kbm
 ΔTb = boiling point elevation

 Kb = molal boiling point elevation constant
(these values change depending on the
solvent)
 m = molality
FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION
 When a solute dissolves into a
solvent, the freezing point of
that solvent can decline.
 The decline is referred to as a

freezing point depression.
 The freezing point depression

is the difference between the
solution’s freezing point and
the normal freezing point of
the solvent.
FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION
Freezing-Point Depression of Solutions
DTf = T f0 – Tf
T f 0is the freezing point of
the pure solvent
T f is the freezing point of

the solution
0
T f > Tf DTf > 0
DTf = Kf m
m is the molality of the solution
Kf is the molal freezing-point

depression constant (0C/m)
12.6
OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS
 Osmotic pressure is the
minimum pressure which
needs to be applied to a
solution to prevent the
inward flow of water across a
semipermeable membrane
 the tendency of a pure
solvent to move through a
semi-permeable membrane
and into a solution
containing a solute
OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS
Problem
 What is the boiling point and freezing point of a 0.058
m aqueous solution of sodium chloride (NaCl)? Kb =
0.512 °C/m
Kf = 1.86 °C/m
 What is the solvent?

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FOOD PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Widya Dwi Rukmi Putri

 A supersaturated solution can form when more

 An unsaturated solution is formed when more of

Solid Liquid Gas

FREEZING MELTING BOILING

•heat is removed from the

• heat is added to the

 ΔTb = boiling point elevation

 The decline is referred to as a

 The freezing point depression

T f is the freezing point of

Kf is the molal freezing-point

 What is the solvent?

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