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Aeronautics and Astronautics "for the lasting influence of his recent contributions

to aerospace engineering education." In 1995, he was awarded the AIAA Pendray


Aerospace Literature Award "for writing undergraduate and graduate textbooks in
aerospace engineering which have received worldwide acclaim for their readability
and clarity of presentation, including historical content." In 1996, he was elected
Vice President of the AIAA for Publications. He has recently been honored by the
AIAA with its 2000 von Karman Lectureship in Astronautics.
From 1987 to the present, Dr. Anderson has been the senior consulting editor on
the McGraw-Hill Series in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering.

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Dedicated to My Family
Sarah.Allen, Katherine, and Elizabeth

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CONTENTS

Preface to the First Edition xv 1.12 Historical Note: The Illusive Center of
Pressure 72
Preface to the Third Edition xix 1.13 Historical Note: Aerodynamic
Coefficients 76
1.14 Summary 79
Problems 80
PART 'I
Chapter 2
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 1
AERODYNAMICS: SOME
Chapter 1 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND
EQUATIONS 85
AERODYNAMICS: SOME
INTRODUCTORY THOUGHTS 3 2.1 Introduction and Road Map 85
2.2 Review of Vector Relations 87
1.1 Importance of Aerodynamics: Historical 2.2.1 Some Vector Algebra 87
Examples 3 2.2.2 Typical Orthogonal Coordinate
1.2 Aerodynamics: Classification and Practical Systems 88
Objectives 10 2.2.3 Scalar and Vector Fields 91
1.3 Road Map for This Chapter 12 2.2.4 Scalar and Vector Products 92
1.4 Some Fundamental Aerodynamic 2.2.5 Gradient of a Scalar Field 92
2.2.6 Divergence of a Vector Field 94
Variables 12
2.2.7 Curl of a Vector Field 95
1.5 Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 15
2.2.8 Line Integrals 96
1.6 Center of Pressure 28
2.2.9 Surface Integrals 97
1.7 Dimensional Analysis: The Buckingham Pi 2.2.10 Volume Integrals 97
Theorem 30 2.2.11 Relations Between Line, Surface, and
1.8 Flow Similarity 36 Volume Integrals 98
1.9 Fluid Statics: Buoyancy Force 48 2.2.12 Summary 99
1.10 Types of Flow 54 2.3 Models of the Fluid: Control Volumes and
1.10.1 Continuum Versus Free Molecule Fluid Elements 99
Flow 54 2.3.1 Finite Control Volume Approach 100
1.10.2 Inviscid Versus Viscous Flow 54 2.3.2 Infinitesimal Fluid Element
1.10.3 Incompressible Versus Compressible Approach 100
Flows 56 2.3.3 Molecular Approach 101
1.10.4 Mach Number Regimes 57 2.3.4 Physical Meaning of the Divergence of
1.11 Applied Aerodynamics: The Aerodynamic Velocity 101
Coefficients-Their Magnitudes and 2.3.5 Specification of the Flow Field 103
Variations 60 2.4 Continuity Equation 107

ix

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x FUNDAMENTALS OF AERODYNAMICS

2.5 Momentum Equation 112 3.7 Governing Equation for Irrotational,


2.6 An Application of the Momentum Equation: Incompressible Flow: Laplace's Equation 206
Drag of a Two-Dimensional Body 116 3.7.1 Infinity Boundary Conditions 208
2.6.1 Comment 125 3.7.2 Wall Boundary Conditions 209
2.7 Energy Equation 125 3.8 Interim Summary 210
2.8 Interim Summary 131 3.9 Uniform Flow: Our First Elementary
2.9 Substantial Derivative 131 Flow 210
2.10 Fundamental Equations in Terms of the 3.10 Source Flow: Our Second Elementary
Substantial Derivative 134 Flow 213
2.11 Pathlines, Streamlines, and Streaklines of a 3.11 Combination of a Uniform Flow with a
Flow 136 Source and Sink 217
2.12 Angular Velocity, Vorticity, and Strain 141 3.12 Doublet Flow: Our Third Elementary
2.13 Circulation 151 Flow 221
2.14 Stream Function 153 3.13 Nonlifting Flow Over a Circular Cylinder 223
2.15 Velocity Potential 158 3.14 Vortex Flow: Our Fourth Elementary
2.16 Relationship Between the Stream Function Flow 229
and Velocity Potential 159 3.15 Lifting Flow Over a Cylinder 232
2.17 How Do We Solve the Equations? 160 3.16 The Kutta-Joukowski Theorem and the
2.17.1 Theoretical (Analytical) Solutions 161 Generation of Lift 244
2.17.2 Numerical Solutions-Computational 3.17 Nonlifting Flows Over Arbitrary Bodies:
Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 162 The Numerical Source Panel Method 247
2.17.3 The Bigger Picture 169 3.18 Applied Aerodynamics: The Flow Over a
2.18 Summary 170 Circular Cylinder-The Real Case 256
Problems 173 3.19 Historical Note: Bernoulli and Euler-The
Origins of Theoretical Fluid Dynamics 265
3.20 Historical Note: d' A1embert and His
PART .2 Paradox 269
INVISCID, INCOMPRESSIBLE 3.21 Summary 270
FLOW 175 Problems 273

Chapter 4
Chapter 3
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS OVER
FUNDAMENTALS OF INVISCID,
AIRFOILS 277
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW 177
4.1 Introduction 277
3.1 Introduction and Road Map 177 4.2 Airfoil Nomenclature 278
3.2 Bernoulli's Equation 180 4.3 Airfoil Characteristics 281
3.3 Incompressible Flow in a Duct: The Venturi 4.4 Philosophy of Theoretical Solutions for
and Low-Speed Wind Tunnel 184 Low-Speed Flow over Airfoils: The Vortex
3.4 Pitot Tube: Measurement of Airspeed 194 Sheet 285
3.5 Pressure Coefficient 203 4.5 The Kutta Condition 290
3.6 Condition on Velocity for Incompressible 4.5.1 Without Friction Could We Have
Flow 205 Lift? 294

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