TITLE: WORKSHOP SAFETY

INTRODUCTION: Construction sites are dangerous places to work. These simple

construction site safety rules to keep yourself, and others, safe. From wearing your
PPE, to following procedures, you can help make your site a safer place to work, and
prevent accidents.

DEFINITION: Safety is freedom from danger. It is protection from risk of harm or

injury. It is also protection against damage to machines as well as the prevention or
removal of factors that can lead to accident. Safety must be ensured in the workshop.
A workshop is a place where technical and engineering works are carried out.
Workshop Safety is protection from risk of harm or injury to humans or damage to
machines and tools in the workshop.
An efficient workshop can be one of the most cost-effective ways of maintaining
plant and equipment on site. It can also be an area of great risk
The number of potential hazards in a workshop will vary on the size and complexity
of activities carried out however there are a number of general issues that should be
continuously monitored.

Workshops should:
~ be well lit;
~ be adequately ventilated and where necessary have local exhaust ventilation be
~ provided with adequate fire-fighting equipment;only contain flammable material
~ necessary for the day to day operation of the workshop;
~ have an inspection scheme for all tools and equipment so that they are safe to use;
~ have access to workstations restricted to maintenance personnel
~ control the use of naked flames;
~ have adequate sanitary and hygienic washing facilities.

The workshop must be kept safe by observing the following regulations:

1. Don’t run when you are in the workshop.
2. The sole of your shoe should not be too soft because of sharp objects
3. There must be a cross ventilation in the workshop so all windows and entrance
doors should be kept open.
4. Students should always put on their Laboratory coat before entering the workshop.
5. Long hair is not allowed. Cover or pack your hair before operating any of the
machine.

General safety precautions in the workshop

Generally, all students should observe the following safety precautions when carrying
out practicals in the workshop.
1. Students should not start any machine if they are not told to do so.
2. Students should always follow workshop instructions, given to them by the
instructor.
3. If there is any problem while in the workshop, students should not run out, just
identify the location of the problem and take necessary steps.
4. Students should not throw any object at themselves in the workshop.
5. Any red sign in the workshop inform of “X”, is a sign of danger. So, be careful and
avoid getting closer to the area.
List of Safety Equipment (PPE - Personal Protective Equipment)
There are different kinds of safety equipment and tools are used for various
projects. During the construction of the project, all the safety measures should be
considered. Safety equipment and tools provide safety to laborers as well
as contractors many times use of safety equipment can save a life too.
Skin and body protective equipment should be worn by workers to neglect chances of
injuries and accidents caused by:
A. Falling objects
B. Falling from heights
C. Extreme temperatures
D. Flames and sparks
E. Toxic chemicals
F. Sharp materials

The use of PPE can provide safety to workers in the field. PPE stands for Personal
Protective Equipment. Items such as gloves and earplugs are PPE. This is the
equipment that protects you against hazards in the workplace. However, it can’t
protect you if it isn’t worn correctly or you choose not to wear it

Safety Equipment and tools in construction

Here are the safety equipment used in the construction field.
 NAME IMAGE USE

1. Protective Gloves Protect our hands from

infection and contamination

2. Hearing Protection Decrease the risk of hearing

damage from excessive
noise

3. Foot Protection Protect foot from concrete,

chemical, mud, etc

4. Protective Glass Protect eyes from dust,

chemical, and other
harmful radiations.

5. Respiratory protection Protect workers from

falling or in the situations
they do fall, to protect them
without causing severe
injury.

6. .Protective clothes Protects the wearer from

injury due to blunt impacts,
electrical hazards, heat,
chemicals

7. Full face shields Protect your eyes, as well

as the rest of your face.

8. Construction Helmet Protect the head from

injury due to falling
materials.
CONCLUSION: It is vital that workshop safety protocols are kept at all times to
avoid workshop accident. Not only does construction site safety decrease the risk of
injuries to the public, but it also reduces the risk of work-related injuries and
accidents. Note also that when students become certified professionals safety is a vital
part of finishing a client’s project on or under budget. Downtime is costly, as is
finding replacement workers when someone cannot do their job after an accident.
Worker’s compensation claims and lawsuits can drive up your client’s insurance
costs. Focusing on safety helps keep your costs low...

TITLE: CONSTRUCTION TOOLS

INTRODUCTION: Construction tools play an important role in any construction

work as they provide a good finish and ease of work by reducing man work. There are
different types of construction tools and equipment used in construction. Building
tools have their influence from ancient times to this period. Only the tools were used
for scraping, cutting, chopping, hammering & moving in ancient times. But as
development is being done in this time, there are very new construction tools, which
work very well & very few people have requirements. This report gives details about
some basic construction tools.

DEFINITION: Tools and instruments which are commonly used in the construction
industry are known as construction tools. The following are some of the tools we have
in construction work;
1. Rubber Boots
Construction workers’ hands are mostly exposed to various distinct hazards at
the project site.The glove can protect hands from chemicals, cuts, or burns & helps to
do their respective job efficiently.

2. Gloves

Rubber Boots are self-protecting equipment for employers to prevent their skin from
chemical or any hazardous contact. It’s a legal obligation of an employer to
take conscious steps to decrease the chance of accidents & to reduce the sharpness of
injuries & damage if an accident should happen.

3. Wooden Float;

Wooden float construction tools are used to provide a smooth finish to the plastered
surface, a wooden float tool is used.

4. . Wheel barrow
A wheelbarrow acts as a carrier, typically having only one wheel, consisting of a plate
bolted to two handles & two legs.
Use:
A. Wheel Barrow Tool is utilized for transportation of cement mortar or concrete or
any other material.
B. In some cases, it is used for measuring the material’s quantity at the site
where concrete is being prepared.

5.Head pan

A Head Pan is used to transport materials like excavated soil, cement, concrete, etc.,
from one place to another at a working site.

The Head Pan is usually made of iron & generally used at construction places.

6. Line level

Line Level is one of the smaller construction tools used for checking straight
horizontal levels in the following mentioned works;

 Plastering work
 Brickwork
 Flooring work
 Plumbing work
 Tile work

7. Framing square
It is generally an L-shaped, two-foot framing square, which is also called
a “carpenter’s square” or a “steel square.”
That framing square tool is used in plastering work, Brickwork for checking the right
angle.
It is also used for marking the angles for cuts used in building framing, especially
in stair stringers, roof rafters, and various other cuts or angles apart from 90°
With the help of framing square, some roof measurement data can measure alike:
 Rafter lengths
 Roof pitch or slope
 Stair stringer cuts
 End cuts
 Braces lengths & other construction measurements
8. Crow bar

A crowbar construction tool is a single metal bar curved at one end used in form-work
to remove nails from boards or force apart two objects.

9. Measurement Tape

Measuring tapes are the most common construction tool made of ribbon of
cloth, fiberglass, or metal with proper linear-measurement markings for easy
handling.
Use
Measuring tapes are utilized to measure distance, either short or long. The engineer’s
tape is designed to measure vast distances & it can more efficiently be carried in
our toolkit or pocket.

10. Trowels

A hand tool utilized for smoothing, digging, applying, or moving mortar or concrete
is a trowel.
Trowels construction tools are categorized into the following types and subtypes;
I) Brick-laying Trowels
2) Masonry Trowels

11. Framing Hammer

A framing hammer has a more extended handle, more swing & it has a heavier
head than the trim carpentry hammer.
It also has a milled face for a better and safer nail gripping operation.
It has a magnetic edge on the head that permits us to hold & start a nail in with one
swing and then come back to drive it in.
12. Chisel
Chisel construction tools are commonly practiced in woodwork & this is very
beneficial for removing the concrete bumps or wastes of hard concrete, i.e., excess
concrete in the hardened surface.
This tool has a cutting edge blade at one end, especially for manual cutting or carving
of some hard materials like stone, metal, wood, etc.
13. Safety Glasses

Safety Eye Glasses are used for safety purposes while hacking/roughening, grinding,
drilling, etc.
Getting sand in the eyes is extremely painful plus dangerous. Small sand particles can
scratch the eye and can create permanent damage. By wearing a safety glass at those
places can protect eyes from such circumstances.

Conclusion: Workshop tools are very important for the activities conducted in the
workshop, it is also good to keep properly and maintain these tools after/when not in
use.

TITLE: SITE PREPARATION (PRELIMINARY SITE ACTIVITIES)

INTRODUCTION: When a builder takes possession of a building site, he it usually

provided with a site lay-out plan and the drainage necessary for the erection of the
building. Having taken over the site, the task of preparing for and setting out the
building can be started. Taking over the site includes having the providing access road
to the site to allow the movement men, machines and materials to the site.

DEFINITION:
Site Activities that Precede Actual Building Construction
The following activities precede actual building construction on site
• Provision of access road
• Site clearance
• Provision of site offices and storage facilities
• Provision of site services

Site Clearance
The preliminary works on a construction project site usually begin after the sit
facilities have been set up. Clearing the site is essential. First, the vegetation such as
bushes and shrubs should be removed. The roots of trees and bushes must be dug out
and cleared away. Site clearance also may involve the demolition of existing
buildings . demolition is a skilled occupation and should be tackled by experts in that
area. The top soil should also be removed up to a depth of at least 150mm to remove
any plant life and decaying vegetable. The presence of vegetation and decaying
materials means that the top soil is easily compressible and cannot support building
foundation. Top soil is however valuable as a top dressing for gardens and may be
disposed of in this manner The site needs to be cleared of rocks and boulders in the
area where the building will be set out. If they are too large, then the boulders or rocks
must be broken into smaller pieces and taken away.
Site clearance is done by a combination of manual and mechanical means. The
method adopted will be determined by the overall economics which may be
influenced by the scale of development ant consideration for any adjacent buildings.

Provision of Facilities on Site

A well managed site should have facilities and services which will make the site
functional and convenient. On a building construction site, the following facilities and
services should be provided.

Temporary services: These include the provision of such services as water supply
and, electricity supply. Water is required on construction site for drinking and for the
works. Where the site is close to the public water mains, the water can be connected
directly from the public water mains to the site. The stand pipe should be located
close to where the mixing of concrete and mortar will take place. Where the site is far
from the public water mains, water can be supplied to the site with use of water
tankers. The water can be stored in reservoir provided on the site for such a purpose
especially for the works. An electrical supply for power tools, electricity can be
supplied from the mains or a petrol generator. A telephone line should be provided
which is secured so that it can only be used for official or authorized calls.

Temporary access road: This should be provided to the site for the purpose of
providing access to vehicular traffic that will be bringing men and materials to the
site. The access should be constructed so that vehicles can enter the site in all weather.
The access road can become part of the permanent site services in the final design.

Site accommodation
A site should have an office and sheds for the workers on site to change their clothes
and to take rest on site during breaks from work and also have their meals.
Site accommodation and similar facilities provided on a site depends on the number
of people that are working on the site.
Units of accommodation come usually in two forms
• Sectional timber huts
• Mobile caravans or cabins
Sectional timber huts are prefabricated for ease of dismantling and assembly to
facilitate the reuse on other sites. Huts of this nature should be designed, constructed
and maintained with the same care as permanent buildings to ensure their use for
many years on a number of different construction site. A well designed sectional hut
should permit the addition of more bays to increase the modular size by length and/or
width. The anticipated use of each hut will govern the construction and facilities
required. Offices need to be weatherproof, provided with artificial lighting, equipped
with furniture that might be required on the site. Similar basic construction can be
used for other units of accommodation such as meal rooms, and toilets should be
provided and equipped with the basic facilities.
Caravan and mobile cabins are available in a wide variety of sizes, styles, and
application. The construction is most times of a plywood clad timber frame suitably
insulated and decorated. They are usually made of modular system so that by using
special connection unit any reasonable plan size and shape is possible. The caravan
and cabin are fully equipped with all the necessary furniture light and heating units.
The toilets can be connected to site services or be self contained.

Material Storage: The type of storage facilities required on a construction site for
any material depends on the following factors
• Durability i.e whether it will need protection from the elements
• Vulnerability to damage
• Vulnerability to theft
Cement, plaster and lime supplied in bags form require a dry store free from draughts
which can introduce moist air and cause air set of the material. These materials should
not be stored on the site for long period of time on site; therefore provision should be
made for rotational use so that the material being used comes from older stock.
Aggregates such as sand and gravels require a clean firm base to ensure that foreign
matter is not included when extracting materials from the base of the stock pile.
Different materials and grades should be kept separated so that the ultimate mix
batches are consistent in quality and texture. Care must be taken to ensure that the
stock piles are not used as refuse dump. The moisture content of the aggregates
should also be taken into consideration if it is exposed to the elements like rain, so as
to allow for it in deciding the water cement ratio of the mix.
Bricks and blocks should be stacked in stable piles on a level and well drained surface
in a position where double handling is reduced to a minimum. Facing bricks and other
coloured bricks should be covered with tarpaulin to protect them from being dis
coloured by the weather elements. Blocks should be stacked in such a way as to allow
for air to flow freely through the stack.
Timber absorbs water easily. To prevent undue moisture movement it should be
stored in such a manner that its moisture content remains fairly constant. A rack
scaffold tubular with a sheet roof covering should be used to store timber. The sheet
roof protects from rain and the various sizes allow for free flow of air round the
timber. Ironmongery, hand tools and paints are some of the most vulnerable materials
on site. Some materials such as locks, power tools and cans of paint should be kept in
a locked shed or inside any of the completed rooms in the building under
construction.

CONCLUSION: In summary of it all, Site preparation is the set of tasks or activities

that are carried out before an engineer commences work. The site that is prepared for
new construction work is referred to as the old site or unfriendly site. This is because
the site and all that stands on it does support the building project that is about to
commence on it; hence, the need to carry out site preparation.When site preparation is
done correctly, all activities are straightforward. If constructing a building needs to be
done in a specific place with tons of underground pipes, preparing the site is
necessary.
TITLE: SETTING OUT OF A BUILDING

INTRODUCTION: The process of setting out of a building is the process of

transferring design proposal from drawings onto the ground. It establishes the location
points for site boundaries, foundations, columns, centre-lines of walls and other
necessary structural parts . It also establishes the building's correct extent, angle and
level.

DEFINITION:
Setting out of Building
This is the transfer of information on the building drawing to the
ground with high degree of accuracy. When the site clearance is
completed the setting out of the work may begin. It is necessary to
have a good knowledge of geometry in order to ensure accurate
work. The first tasked in setting out a building is to establish a base
line from which the whole of the building can be set out. The
position of this line must be marks on site so that it can be re-
established at any time. The building line is frequently determined
by the highway authority and in urban areas it is often 8m from the
back of the public foot path. If other buildings have been erected at
the area the building line can be determined from these existing
buildings.

Setting out Equipment

Measuring tape: before setting out any work the tape would be
carefully checked for accuracy. Metallic lines tapes tend to stretch
after they have been in use for sometime. The tape is to mark the
measurement on the profiles. It should be ensured that each
measurement is taken from the extended ring at the end of the
tape.

Profiles: When setting out a building, it is an advantage if the line can

be secured so that they are well clear of the building line. The
trenches can then be dug without interfering with the lines. Timber
profiles erected for this purpose consist of pegs driven into the
ground and boards nailed across them. The lines can then be
stretched above the ground level well clear of any obstruction and
may easily be checked for accuracy.

Datum Pegs: Before starting the actual setting out of the building, it is
essential to establish a level on the site to which references
pertaining to the levels of elements of work may be made in the
course of executing the work.
In planned cities and town ordinance bench marks are established
where a bench mark is far from the proposed site, a leveling
instrument such as covering, level can be used to transfer the
datum level to the site from where it can be distributed around the
proposed site.
Datum pegs must be located where it would not be disturbed by the
operation on the site.
Methods of Setting out a Building
There are three methods of setting out on small building sites.
These are
• Using 3,4,5 method
• Using the builder’s square
• Using the theodolite (Engineer’s level)

Setting Out Using the 3,4,5 Method

1. Mark out the building line from the road by measuring the
required distance or by
stretching a line along the existing buildings to the proposed site.
The building line is
then represented by the line shown as the ranging line.
2. Mark out the over all length of the building by driving in pegs at A
and B along the
ranging line.
3. Produce two steel tapes measured and mark out four equal
distances on the ranging line starting from the corner peg at B (4m).
4. Pull a tape measure from point B to C and ask an assistance to
hold it ready with a
hammer and peg.
5. Pull the second tape from the fourth mark at D on the ranging to
point E on the first tape.
6. The distance 5m on tape DE should coincide with point 3m to
tape BEC to prove that the angle B is 90` (from Pythagoras
theorem).
7. Repeat the same procedure to obtain the right angle from BAF,
and mark out the overall width of the building.
8. Establish corner pegs and erect profiles.
9. Mark the position or partition walls on the profile with either nails
or saw cuts. Ranging lines are stretched through these nails and the
corner peg to establish the ground to indicate the line of excavation
for the foundation trenches.
`

Setting out a building using the builder’s square method

1. Find out the distance from the site boundary to the building line
on the working drawings. Use the tape measure to measure the
same distance from the site boundary to the location
of the building line on the ground. Select a corner on the ground to
be corner A.
2. Place a peg in the ground at corner A and hammer a nail into the
top of the peg.
3. Repeat these steps to place a peg in the ground for corner B
4. Tie the string between pegs A and B. Measure the distance
between A and B. Check that the distance on the ground is the
same measurement as the distance on the drawing.
5. Repeat these steps for corners C and D
6. Measure the diagonals A-D and B-C (the two diagonals should be
equal)
7. Use the builder’s square to check that the corners are at right
angles.
CONCLUSION: The process of setting out is necessary for all construction projects
that need to exist within a strict boundary, including: Extensions on existing
buildings, Building anything (from a small dwelling to a retail park or a high rise),
Roads, bridges, and tunnels.

TITLE: BONDING

INTRODUCTION: A bond, in building, systematic arrangement of bricks or other

building units composing a wall or structure in such a way as to ensure its stability
and strength. The various types of bond may also have a secondary, decorative
function.
DEFINITION: Bonding may be achieved by overlapping alternate courses (rows or
layers) in brickwork, by using metal ties, and by inserting units vertically so they
join adjacent courses. A bond course of headers (units laid with their ends toward the
face of the wall) can be used to bond exterior masonry to backing masonry. Headers
used in this manner may also be called throughstones, or perpends. Units laid with
their lengths parallel to the face of a wall are called stretchers.

Types of Bonds in Brick Masonry Wall Construction :

The most commonly used types of bonds in brick masonry are:
1. Stretcher bond
2. Header bond
3. English bond and
4. Flemish bond

Other Types of bonds are:

1. Facing bond
2. Dutch bond
3. English cross bond
4. Brick on edge bond
5. Raking bond
6. Zigzag bond
7. Garden wall bond

1. Stretcher bond
Longer narrow face of the brick is called as stretcher as shown in the elevation of
figure below. Stretcher bond, also called as running bond, is created when bricks are
laid with only their stretchers showing, overlapping midway with the courses of
bricks below and above. Stretcher bond in the brick is the simplest repeating pattern.
But the limitation of stretcher bond is that it cannot make effective bonding with
adjacent bricks in full width thick brick walls. They are suitably used only for one-
half brick thick walls such as for the construction half brick thick partition wall. Walls
constructed with stretcher bonds are not stable enough to stand alone in case of longer
span and height. Thus they Then need supporting structure such as brick masonry
columns at regular intervals. Stretcher bonds are commonly used in the steel or
reinforced concrete framed structures as the outer facing. These are also used as the
outer facing of cavity walls. Other common applications of such walls are the
boundary walls, gardens etc.
2. Header bond
Header is the shorter square face of the brick which measures 9cm x 9cm. Header
bond is also known as heading bond. In header bonds, all bricks in each course are
placed as headers on the faces of the walls. While Stretcher bond is used for the
construction of walls of half brick thickness whereas header bond is used for the
construction of walls with full brick thickness which measures 18cm. In header bonds,
the overlap is kept equal to half width of the brick. To achieve this, three quarter brick
bats are used in alternate courses as quoins.

3. English Bond

English bond in brick masonry has one course of stretcher only and a course of header
above it, i.e. it has two alternating courses of stretchers and headers. Headers are laid
centered on the stretchers in course below and each alternate row is vertically aligned.
To break the continuity of vertical joints, quoin closer is used in the beginning and
end of a wall after first header. A quoin close is a brick cut lengthwise into two halves
and used at corners in brick walls.
4. Flemish Bond

For the breaking of vertical joints in the successive courses, closers are inserted in
alternate courses next to the quoin header. In walls having their thickness equal to odd
number of half bricks, bats are essentially used to achieve the bond. Flemish bond,
also known as Dutch bond, is created by laying alternate headers and stretchers in a
single course. The next course of brick is laid such that header lies in the middle of
the stretcher in the course below, i.e. the alternate headers of each course are centered
on the stretcher of course below. Every alternate course of Flemish bond starts with
header at the corner. The thickness of Flemish bond is minimum one full brick. The
disadvantage of using Flemish bond is that construction of Flemish bond is difficult
and requires greater skill to lay it properly as all vertical mortar joints need to be
aligned vertically for best effects. For the breaking of vertical joints in the successive
courses, closers are inserted in alternate courses next to the quoin header. In walls
having their thickness equal to odd number of half bricks, bats are used to achieve the
bond. Flemish bonds have better appearance but are weaker than English bonds for
load bearing wall construction. Thus, if the pointing has to be done for brick masonry
walls, then Flemish bond may be used for better aesthetic view. If the walls have to be
plastered, then it is better to use English bond.

CONCLUSION: Bonding is an important aspect in building as it helps to: acquire

utmost strength at the time of allocating the loads to be transmitted throughout the
wall, column or pier; if bonds in brick work are organized imperfectly, then a
continuous vertical joint will be formed. It is known an unbonded wall that contains
little strength and longevity; To sustain lateral strength and defiance to side thrusts;
To produce an desirable appearance.
TITLE: CONCRETE SLUMP TEST

INTRODUCTION: Slump test is a laboratory or at site test used to measure

the consistency of concrete. Slump test shows an indication of the uniformity of
concrete in different batches. The shape of the concrete slumps shows the information
on the workability and quality of concrete. The characteristics of concrete with
respect to the tendency of segregation can be also judged by making a few tamping or
blows by tapping rod on the base plate. This test continues using since 1922 due to the
simplicity of apparatus and simple procedure. The shape of the Slump cone shows the
workability of concrete.
DEFINITION: Concrete slump test or slump cone test is to determine the
workability or consistency of concrete mix prepared at the laboratory or the
construction site during the progress of the work. Concrete slump test is carried out
from batch to batch to check the uniform quality of concrete during construction. The
slump test is the most simple workability test for concrete, involves low cost and
provides immediate results. Due to this fact, it has been widely used for workability
tests since 1922. Generally concrete slump value is used to find the workability,
which indicates water-cement ratio, but there are various factors including properties
of materials, mixing methods, dosage, admixtures etc. also affect the concrete slump
value.
Factors which influence the concrete slump test:
1. Material properties like chemistry, fineness, particle size distribution, moisture
content and temperature of ‘cementitious’ materials. Size, texture, combined
grading, cleanliness and moisture content of the aggregates,
2. Chemical admixtures dosage, type, combination, interaction, sequence of
addition and its effectiveness,
3. Air content of concrete,
4. Concrete batching, mixing and transporting methods and equipment,
5. Temperature of the concrete,
6. Sampling of concrete, slump-testing technique and the condition of test
equipment,
7. The amount of free water in the concrete, and
8. Time since mixing of concrete at the time of testing.

Equipment required for Concrete slump test

Mold for slump test i.e. slump cone, non porous base plate, measuring scale, temping
rod. The mold for the test is in the form of the frustum of a cone having height 30 cm,
bottom diameter 20 cm and top diameter 10 cm. The compacting (tamping) rod is of
steel 16 mm diameter and 60cm long and rounded at one end.

Materials: 1. Granite (Coarse aggregate) 2. Fine aggregate 3. Cement 4. Water

(Drinkable)
Sampling of Materials for Slump Test
A concrete mix (1:2:4) by weight with suitable water/ cement ratio is prepared in the
laboratory is required for casting after conducting Slump test.

Procedure for concrete slump cone test

1. Clean the internal surface of the mould and apply oil.

2. Place the mould on a smooth horizontal non- porous base plate.
3. Fill the mould with the prepared concrete mix in 4 approximately equal layers.
4. Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod in a
uniform manner over the cross section of the mould. For the subsequent
layers, the tamping should penetrate into the underlying layer.
5. Remove the excess concrete and level the surface with a trowel.
6. Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the mould and the base
plate.
7. Raise the mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical
direction.
8. Measure the slump as the difference between the height of the mould and that
of height point of the specimen being tested.

Results of Slump Test on Concrete

Slump for the given sample = _____mm When the slump test is carried out, following
are the shape of the concrete slump that can be observed:
  True Slump – True slump is the only slump that can be measured in the test.
The measurement is taken between the top of the cone and the top of the
concrete after the cone has been removed as shown in figure-1.
 Zero Slump – Zero slump is the indication of very low water-cement ratio,
which results in dry mixes. These type of concrete is generally used for road
construction.
 Collapsed Slump – This is an indication that the water-cement ratio is too
high, i.e. concrete mix is too wet or it is a high workability mix, for which a
slump test is not appropriate.
 Shear Slump – The shear slump indicates that the result is incomplete, and
concrete to be retested.

CONCLUSION: A concrete slump test is a way of finding out the consistency of

different concretes. The benefits of performing a slump test are that it shows the
workability of the concrete and the ease with which it flows, as well as being an
indicator of an improperly mixed batch.