Geometrical optics

Objects Images
r
l e
II Diragingrays l
e
g ICReflected 4
virtual Real r s o rays
converging
Real s Virtual Incident
Image Image
object converging 1 Obie't
Behindthe optical
Infrontof Mirror rays
Reflectedelement
Mirror virtual
Real side side

diverging
Incident
rags
Normal Incident Reflected
Laws of Reflection ray ray
Normal all lie in some
Incident Plane
ray 7
Reflected
Li Lr s ray
i i
A deviation
OCAngleof
is i i
8 180 21

NOTE
is
Ii Image formation in Plane mirror
go
1 Erect
f C e same sized
4 o
laterally
Iii Rotation of Mirror Incident s inverted
ray e se s
Incident Reflected Object Image
distance
distance
ray f 710 ray
i i
w law
xxxxx
M M Reflected
Iv
Incident g Field of view
rag s y
ray Boundary
si wt 2W rags
e
m
w.y Mito Fou of e
4
Image Boundary
It is theregion
fromwhere image rags
can be seen
by an
 or

tan300 k 0
072
MO ofreflections 253M
k
k
e 253 53
0.2
30 times
u EE

se

from Dlsimilarity o
s
s e
DI y Ed

n­
e L s
L Y
hence greatest distance 3d e
2g

No of images in inclined Mirrors

Mz Mi Mz
Iv X Ii B Iz
LTP
P K 12ps
e
24 1ps
i Bx O i
i sy5 i i s s s M i 1
i
I i i

x 1ps 900
Iz eg SMz
M Mz i

60 CID
t O
300 Ii Iz o e o
195 168
t 138
names M
1584 1200
OI
They will coincide if Ii'sIz
125 158 98 368 NO of Images 3
eg g B ocale all 1 ages th respect l as C D
Mz
M Mz
o
Iz
200 Goo
Ii
108 800 85gogo 0
148 1600 168 I 120
zoo Mi
Mootoo
Check 1400 168 600 3600 I
hence last twoimages will Ii's
coincide

Wht M o 1000 1400 228 2600 3400

Reflection through spherical Mirrors

re re
4 a Direction e i R Radius of curvature
4 ofincident I f focallength
e g rays PolePoo
F P p I F
Principal
Ie f ve Axis
s
f re f I
concave Convek 2
Mirror Mirror
converging Diverging
Mirror formula U objectdistance
f Lu Lf Imagedistance
f focallength
Realobject Real Image
u ve U ve fconcave re
Virtualobject virtual Image fconvene 1 re
U tve r ve
Magnification m
h
Transverse o
tre
l
E
V ho
ve
s
M
f f u
t­
e
U re
E m ve Inverted image
V I m re Erect image
hI re
a Concave Mirror object at a Iml I Enlargedimage
Iml L Diminished image
5
I b object beyond C
F ee's
I o e
n s
I s 1
At Focal sp
plane C F
a
Inverted Real Between CIF
HighlyDiminished e I
 M ku Diminished
here u a
m o Inverted

a n
O if 1 Sf
2.5cm
4 the u
f f
fI p
1 Sf
I m f f 2
f U ftp.gf
hence he 2h0 5cm ie inverted
9

I For end Bg
4 f local
SM s's U 30cm
B A
mania
AC
e
I f loan
B F I
length of
I
f f ut
V 15cm
image 5cm
to Lu fo

R 20M
f Rz 10M

f 110M I som
D T t t ft 21stLu to U
23dm

f 110M 7 t
J to 4z 25M
D 1 m Jo Lu

disp of object 25M in 30 Sec

U zgo5 mls.ec 3 km hr
2,5
0 183
g

nO
f 2I
I
a y N
t d K
e
K Ea
Ild
s
K f
I
m
f
t 9
42 1k
lq N ft tuK 2z at
y Id 2k d
2­
ncd se ud R2
2Nd 2h2 24k nd
m h
dt jdl gz 2h2 1219 d N hd O
se 219 d 1419 d 7Srd
4

Refraction of tight
Refractive index of a medium
Speedoflightin vacuum
Absolute RI
horn speedoflight in medium F 7 I

RI wet air alew

Relative RI ith MI CIV2 I
eg aug 3
CRI of med 2 N CIV k
Wrt Med e Wttg µU 341,2g
9g
1h2 hut glew g
Laws of Refraction NORMAL
Snell's law incident v angleof
incidence
ray a i medium 11Mt Sini MI
Medium 2 lez sing Mi
r
V2
angleof Refracted le Sini lezSinh
refraction ray
i Mediums separated
by Parallel boundaries
Mi lez izlez
t
left
k
list is
le Sini lysin iz lezSinig
it t
iii iz lysin is tessinis
T l
usini const
 no Sino
ng sin900
O Sina Lg
is

790

eg good.gr Find angle of emergence and

i Met deviation
f L g 30 Emergent
7300 tag I Sin600 53 Sink
GooL f le 53 Sins 4 300
8 302
82 3002 hence e 600

Greet 600 2
I gz
4
53 F Find length of shadowformed
eg a 15M at bottom of Pool
S3 fI
1
yI Using Snell's law
5m37 Ii Isin 530 sink
31
e
If
i
Pole leg Sina r 370
ix
K d de
IT
dz
T
ab l _10M 3
d Stan370 5 142M
d2 5km530 5 m
shadow d d 31
length of
125 m
Tz
 Using Snell's law
Usini L sin 45
EE u
fE
us a
n

a I 2h
tanisha I
µ
Sini Is
u

Imageformation in Plane surface Refraction

Med I Med II i special case
le tree air
O HEI lf2_ u n p
p n n
Pole
see d
d U
ve I v

ii special case 0
Bird U d j le U lez L
f U h
h v
he u da
p ain Real depth
re
b
ee Appdepth ee
v

I
f h
Mh
App height Realheight xU
Refraction Through Glass Slab
t Emergent
u
Sini 7 ray
sin r
a E
 nudent
n
ray tsin Kr
Dy lateral shift dy
cosr

a
direction
always
e7
Shifting in the rays
incident
I
a'I occurs of
0 Dk t l
l X r
t
Du e

r
312
zay
eg
4I pet Locate final image of object
2M wht plane mirror
2 I3 f Il l O
16cm 3 loan
14cm I
g sx t l 2cm
e s Lu
2cm t 6cm

f 20cm
eg 2M a 3 1 Locate final image
z
O Il
k
I3
l
Iz ft
a o DX 2cm
2am e F
30
U 60cm U 30cm
GCM f zoom
e 62cm
Total Internal Reflection TIR
7
M Rarer 9 98 Rarer
Basel Denser
I is Sinic Mhahee
critical Singo Udenser
7
n angle ofincidence
ic sintfuu.RS
when is Tc 8 Refraction
i To 5 TIR
Rahel i when is travelli
Denser light ray
from denser to rarer
g T
7
LID i ic
i K
A
eg
pM Z Find condition on angle O such that
 face
K gh rays undergo
f Fon TIR
90 0 Of 90 O K
C
B SinCao O Simic
Cosa 2
3
Point source kept inside a Oc cost
NOTE
denser medium 3
i
7
r air Sinic I
water u U
K
n r
J
tonic if
I
h k lez l
R h
s Vii 1

Note optical fibre

in n a condition on a
me For IR to take
7 Place at curvedsurface
ofcable 90 9 Ic
aint SinCao r Sink
hi Coss I
I Mz hz
EMwave r
90 9 Sins
air c ji ni
NI
L Sind nzsinr Sing a ni ni
Nz
90 9 a
Diamond A
U QL
E XC Sint Ini ni
135
B 790 h
D Cond on 4 Such that light
LB undergoes TIR at
GoB
a ray
Surface BC
n 2
I Sind 2 Sind c
k 300 90 B 190 135 90 9 360
B 45 r
Tor TIR g
p ic ie 30
p300
45 h
he 150
Sink Sin150
Sinise as Sint 25in150J
Sizes
Refraction through Triangular Prism
 ngsurfaces
g ly A Angle of Prism 1 Sini le Sinn
At Refractingangleof
Prism
e Sine Using
1 from Geometry
Base 9091 A 90 92 90 91 90 92 A 1800
i angle of incidence 9 c ye r 192 A cis
9 1stangleofrefraction i C is79
nd doz
incident O T G
ray Emrayagent oz e en
9z 2ndAngle of refraction
e angle of emergence Smet ite th 192
x u
Graph between 8 vs i Emet ite A Cii

Imax iee Ldle

e
es r
dmin Principle of
Ee e I Reversibility
imiin go

For each d there exist two diff angles of incidence for which
same deviation is obtained one of them is i then the other
one will be e
For 8min i i e Omin ite A
9 Gz A 21 A
2 i At Omin
2
n U u sin Atfmin
sin LAID

For Omar Either i or e should be 900

7 I join imine
goof or 7
a Je 900
92 12 Grazing
Grazing a A E emergence
incidence
I Sin Emin us in CA Ic
Fomin sinefeesin CA Ic
Imax ite A
 h hz Az O 50 U
gig HI
P Uh I 5 0.5
0.750
8 ite A
2T A 1.5 I 0.5 M M 5
To

Er 3 c 1
Ur _4g Fuoco
U I
n 2 holesCofer
f lesEg
Simic Lz k 3o
Refraction at spherical surfaces
Incident
Medium hi re lez Refracted
µ Medium Me let
0 Pa R
c e U I Principal
Axis Transverse
concave
side
conner
magnification m
HI Uµ
side To

eg 4
re see 3 what are app distances of images
F C of fish Wrt 0 and Oz
oi Pi e s
102 For01
som 12 109 le 413
FIninatinasFwaees a steam
qfgm
 Z
le 413
Uz I a team
E Egm
R R
eg r
A Parallel Beam is incident from left
U lez Uz side find a relation between le g lez
and lez such that hay finally
diverges from the lens
1st refraction
Thinlens µ le g lez lez
U D R tR
a Gleet
Mff lez let i
R
2ndrefractions
µ µz Uz M3
U U g R R
f
Uz U2
tf tf 12
Lii

Add i Lii lez Ul Uz lb 2UzClects

life R R
It will behave as diverging lens if f CO ie 2lez Cee 143 so
Zlez s le 143

At curvedsurface
le le g lez lez
U D R R
D Ui eet
leg lezRlet i

s At Plane surface
le _lez g lez L
U U g f
Mi lez
YI Mud f R
f R_
le lez

Thinlenses
 Concano
Bi convene Plano convek Bi concave Plano Canreno
convene concave concave

converging Diverging

lens Maker's formula

re
le let
If 1
Rt Rt
lez
R Rz

lens formula Transverse magnification

f Lu ul m tho In f u
combination of lenses lens mirrors f fz
or Peg P t Pz
flea ft ft
fee Fm Fe s
I Mirror
fee
concave
Conven Mirror
lens

eg A concave convex lens have radii of curvatures 20cm 30cm

It is made of Glass le _I 5 It is kept on a horizontal table
with concave surface upside Find
a its focal length
b If water is filled in concave Part then new focallength
c If Mow convex surface is silvered then its focal length
a 30cm
If
1
re 20cm
u
µ l5 O Sx
to f 120cm

waterlens 30cm
b
f f
20cm Fw 1
I
U lS
fw 90cm
 To 1 To fee Fem
Fer Ft Fz
ca 30cm
f Terror fm loan
h
i2oTm
µ l5
Fee Fm Fe fee cm

eg K
f 10cm
k­
o 7 a And se such that final image of
E object is formed on object itself
e s
40cm a

f 30cm Measurementof locallength

of convex mirror usingconrese lens
For lens
U 40cm 120cm
f 130cm To I 140
K X f 10cm
100cm
s e I
O 7 e see 100cm
E E
e s a.nu x ocm
40cm 7 e 2ohm
r

f 30cm 120cm
K X
A Plano corner lens has aperture diameter of 4cm and maximum
eg thickness as 4mm If it is made of glass then find its
focal length
n 2
R R 2R o
2am
E 12
2
4 112210.16 O SR
a
e 4cm O 812 4.16
C 4mm
R 5.2cm
R O 4 con x
M1
f Rt
If d s D f 10 4cm
 For g
U 20cm
2013cm
we
f 5cm

in It
b f to
e Iz
e
L2 70cm s 231cm Ii
L
For g
U 20g 2 t 143cm
5cm
f
r 170cm
f G

f O SM
Lm 4I
e Im
I3 OooIt i Iz
K­
Lm e s sl
e s LM
0.6M 4
a
Mow Iz is object for lens
U
f
3M
o sm Hs f I
2
f g 5g
O 6M from lens towards
3 left

130cm

R R2 R R2
30cm a Cee 1
f RL
l s 1 f 60cm
 Lens displacement method
For calculating focal length of a corner lens
L L2 U K
O D x
self f tf
luminous
object Iz
n screen ft x Rt
I
e LD R
D
ft se se

k't RD f D
There can be two distinct real hook R2 KD tf D 0
of above egh
x DI D tf D only if D 4f D or D 4f
2
At 1stposition 4
K D JDL 4fD
Z M
In hi
D Ki Dt JzD 4fD ho
M
this KI
U K 24
1 R2

At 2nd Position g
y D j D AfD Mz hIhoI Fet
2
U2 D
Lg
U D Rz D 4fD
1K 2 M Mz I

hh hIho2_ L hot HI hIz

Displacement of lens DR Rz Ki

9
 a Kit Nz 90cm ti U 30cm
Uz N 30cm ii Nz 60cm

U 30cm f 20cm
60cm f 0 Jo
b hIz 4 HI
Using hot HI hIz 4h If hh Lz
m
Lz Nj Kz 2K 24 30coy
Nz 60cm
hence f 20cm
24 72 90coy

Optical Instruments
Visual Angle
size of image
at retina a visualangle o
h Oo a

Do Meat pt
e
DI 0 Retina Max visual Angle Oo I
D
25cm Eyelens

1 Simple Microscope Detective lens

x

0 1
h f m f
k5
hhI_o
Iu f tu
e s
s m
Fo 1 If Ohm l
f s
Me D f
Final Image is at N f
hence it is called M hhI I 1 12
normal Adjustments
he
f f
least strained state e s
h na
0 1 k h Ea
Ue
Oo
D e D
II
m
Of Dye's
u Ue Eyepiece

F If fi the
IE ft 1
M I when final Image
Dq is at near point
Du
e If
Compound Microscope
L Tubelength fo Te D
Vo
n s
a L o
e te s
i
7
m
th
W
Dfe
h s Fe Mob
Eo ok 8 Meye
a hy
fo o s
objective
Eyepiece
as

For objective
mob i I f
if to
L
fo

m
fo Dfe when final image is at

Dfe when final image is at Meaept

Telescope
A a lengthof Telescope
fo fo te
te
B
J
s
fo fee
m
If
da a OB
EE o
Da
s
BU
o
X AfoB B ABL
fer
B
A
s m to
fee
Eyepiece
or Under Normal
Objective Adjustments

AfB B Aubel m
toe
U Ue

f Ife te the he b te
m fo me
tf fey
Length of Telescope fo t Ue
fo Dte
Dtfe
a

D LOD f 10cm
U 25cm
f 10cm U S cm
ut
M I I 3 5
If 42052

M It Dye It 2,52 372

For eyepieces For objective

u scar 2cm
f 0.5cm
U
M Mob Meye Iz Lu 3 cm
C Es 253 3x 5 15

Eyepieces
25M U 9.2cm
f say I Is ut
 Objective
12 Z 4 2 8cm U
f 1cm f Lg ul f cm
Mobi I I 7
If 8T M 42
Meye I1 I 6
Dye 1253

For eyepiece
U 5cm
Forobjective
5cm
f I am
U
f Lg Lu g cm
n 50cm

for objective
U 200cm
f t 50cm

Jo f Loo 12003cm
for Eyepiece
25 car
Mobi l I 20 13 f 5cm

It
f I 6
Lg
b Is the U 25g cm
Meyer Dq 235
M 2
maximum

M l 1 Dfe
Lfo x
375 15 It fe 22mm