1.What are the two types of services that the Internet provides to its applications? What are some characteristics of each of these services?
Answer:
The internet provides two services to its application which include:
• A connection-oriented service Characteristics - Connection is established - Information is sent - Connection is released • A connectionless oriented service Characteristics - Each message is routed independently from source to destination - The data is transferred in one direction from source to destination - Authentication is not needed
2. What advantages does a circuit-switched network have over a packet-switched network? What advantages does TDM have over FDM in a circuit-switched network?
Answer:
The main advantage of packet switched network over circuit switched network is its efficiency. Packets can find their own path to their destination without the need for a dedicated channel where as in circuit switched network devices can’t use the channel until the voice communication has been terminated.
The advantage of TMD (Time Division Multiplexing) over FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) in circuit switched network is that in circuit switched has the advantage of having a dedicated circuit without sharing (guaranteed performance). Packet switching uses TDM or FMD where TDM has the advantage of being capable to use all the bandwidth (multiplexing)
3.What are some of the technologies that use virtual circuits? (Find good URLs that discuss and explain these technologies.)
Answer: Virtual circuit is a computer network providing connection-oriented services. It is a connection- oriented network. In virtual circuit resources are reserved for the time interval of data transmission between two nodes. This network is highly reliable medium of transfer and are costly to implement and reliable.
The technologies that use virtual circuits are Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) 4.Write a one-paragraph description for one of the projects currently under way at the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
Answer:
An example of the World Wide Web is the Project LA
5. Consider a LAN to which 10 host interfaces and three router interfaces are attached. Suppose all three LANs use class C addresses. The IP addresses for the 13 devices will be identical in which of the first 32 bits?
Answer:
The first three bits will be 110 for the IP addresses of the 13 devices
6. Consider a router with three interfaces. Suppose all three interfaces use class C addresses. Will the IP addresses of the three interfaces necessarily have the same first eight bits?
Answer:
No, because Class C ranges from 192-223, therefore even 195 belongs in the class C which will contain different first eight bits which differ with the first three addresses of 192-194 7. Suppose that host A is connected to a router R1, R1 is connected to another router, R2, and R2 is connected to host B. Suppose that a TCP message that contains 900 bytes of data and 20 bytes of TCP header is passed to the IP code at host A for delivery to B. Show the Total length, Identification, DF, MF and Fragment offset fields of the IP header in each packet transmitted over the three links. Assume that link A-R1 can support a maximum frame size of 1024 bytes including a 14-byte frame header, link R1-R2 can support a maximum frame size of 512 bytes, including an 8-byte frame header, and link R2-B can support a maximum frame size of 512 bytes including a 12-byte frame header
Answer: The initial IP datagram will be fragmented into two IP datagrams at I1. No other fragmentation will occur. Link A-R1: Length = 940; ID = x; DF = 0; MF = 0; Offset = 0 Link R1-R2: (1) Length = 500; ID = x; DF = 0; MF = 1; Offset = 0 (2) Length = 460; ID = x; DF = 0; MF = 0; Offset = 60 Link R2-B: (1) Length = 500; ID = x; DF = 0; MF = 1; Offset = 0 (2) Length = 460; ID = x; DF = 0; MF = 0; Offset = 60
8. IPv6 uses 16-byte addresses. If a block of 1 million addresses is allocated every picosecond, how long will the addresses last? Answer: Rate for address allocation for a second = 106/10-12
Time taken to all the addresses = 2128/1018
= 1013 years
Therefore, to allocate all the addresses provided by IPv6 is 1013 years
9. A network on the Internet has a subnet mask of 255.255.240.0. What is the maximum number of hosts it can handle?
Answer:
The maximum number of hosts the subnet mask 255.255.240.0 can handle is 211=4096- 2=4094hosts
10. A large number of consecutive IP addresses are available starting at 198.16.0.0. Suppose that four organizations A, B, C and D, request 4000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 addresses respectively, and in that order. For each of these, give the first IP address assigned, the last IP address assigned, and the mask in the w.x.y.z/s notation.
Answer: You are starting with 198.16.0.0 Now company A requests 4000 IPs. You have to round this number up to a power of two - 4096.
Now let's think: An IP-address consists of 32 Bit. Some of them are network Bits and some are host Bits How many host Bits do you need, so company A gets 4096 hosts? Right: log² (4096) = 12. So, the remaining 20 Bits (32-12) are reserved for the network. Now we already have the start IP- address for company A and also the subnet mask: 198.16.0.0/20. Now we need to determine the last IP-address for company A. To do so we look at our IP and subnet-mask in binary
Address: 11000110 00010000 00000000 00000000
First Address: 11000110 00010000 00000000 00000000
Subnet mask: 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
Last Address: 11000110 00010000 00001111 11111111
Therefore, the IP address for organization A will be 198.16.0.0/20 – 198.16.15.255/20
For organization B now you have 12 Bits for your hosts, all of them are free to change so you have all in all 2^12 possibilities = 4096. The last available IP would be the one, where all hosts are equal to 1: Last address: 11000110 00010000 00001111 11111111 In decimal this would look like: 198.16.15.255
Now let's look at company B: it requests 2000 - we round it up to the power of two: 2048
We have a 1 in our host-bit section. Therefore, we cannot use all 12 Bits but only 11 which would give us only 2^11 =2018 hosts.
So, you might wonder what if we just turn the 1 in the host part to a 0? Well in that case you would completely collide with the IP-addresses you provided to company B. The only way is to "push" the 1 in to the network-bit section by applying the increment to the network section only, so that instead of: 11000110 00010000 0001|1000 00000000
you get (incrementing network part only: 11000110 00010000 0001 + 1)
1100011 00010000 00100000 00000000 which is equal to 198.16.32.0/20 which will be the first address for organization C
First address: 1100011 00010000 00100000 00000000
Subnet mask: 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
Last address: 1100011 00010000 00101111 11111111
Therefore, the IP address for organization C will be 198.16.32.0/20 – 198.16.47.255/20
Company D wants 8000 IPs we round it up to 8192 and calculate the number of hosts bits as before: hosts=19
We take the last assigned IP-address and increment it by one:
1100011 00010000 00101111 11111111 + 1=
11000110 00010000 00100000 00000000
Now let us apply our netmask of /19 on this IP:
First address: 11000110 00010000 0010|0000 00000000
Subnet-Mask: 11111111 11111111 1110|0000 00000000
Therefore, the first address will be 198.16.64.0/20
First address: 11000110 00010000 00100000 00000000
Subnet-Mask: 11111111 11111111 11100000 00000000
Last address: 11000110 00010000 01011111 11111111
Therefore, the IP address for organization D will be 198.16.64.0/19 – 198.16.95.255/19
11. a). Name the two parts of an IPv4 address
- The network ID
- The host ID
b) IPv4 addresses are 32 numbers, which are divided into four sections.
c) The representation of IPv4 addresses in the form x.y.w.z is known as CIDR notation d) The default subnet mask for the IPv4 address 191.54.5.231 is 255.255.255.0
e). A network ID is used to identify whether a network is local or remote.
f). When planning a subnet mask for a TCP/IP network, what do you need to account for?
• Network ID • Host ID
g). IPv6 is defined in 128-bits addressing system.
h). IPv6 uses IP packet header address for source and destination
12. Your company is assigned the network address 147.55.0.0. Eleven subnets are required on the network. One of the subnets will connect the network to the Internet through a router. Internet access will be required for all computers on the network. Select an appropriate subnet mask which will handle the task.
Answer:
13. Your company has been assigned a network ID of 197.164.55.0. One router is used to divide the network into 2 subnets. Each subnet will have a maximum of 45 host IDs. Which subnet mask should you assign to the subnet?
Answer:
14. A company with the network ID 209.168.19.0 occupies four floors of a building. You create a subnet for each floor. You want to allow for the largest possible number of host IDs on each subnet. Which subnet mask should you choose?
Answer:
15. Michael oversees a network with six subnets. An NT workstation computer user on the last subnet complains that while he can connect to other local servers, he cannot connect to a NT server computer on the first subnet. Other users on the last subnet have no such trouble. Michael is advised to run IPCONFIG on his computer which displays the following output:
Ethernet adapter…: 00:80:91: 22:41:34
IP address…:129.164.223.11
Subnet mask…:255.255.224.0
Default gateway…:129.164.224.1
What could be the reason?
Answer: 16 a. While defining subnet masks, the default subnet mask should always be higher than the modified subnet mask. True or False? True
b. 255.255.25.0 is a valid Class B modified subnet mask. True or False? False
c. Super netting is the technique of combining consecutive subnets to make one network.
d. The parameters required for a TCP/IP system to communicate in a local network are IP address and host name.
e. All TCP/IP packets will remain local if no is defined.
f. 127.0.0.1 is reserved as the loopback address.
g. By default PING sends up to four ICMP (Internet Control Network Protocol) echo request packets, each containing up to 32-bytes of data.
17. An IP datagram using the Strict source routing option has to be fragmented. Do you think the option is copied into each fragment, or is it sufficient to just put it in the first fragment? Explain your answer.
Answer:
Strict source routing option gives complete path from source to destination. Datagram is required to follow the exact route. The IP options field has a format as above and the copy flag indicates whether the options should be copied or not. If The COPY flag is set it means option should be copied to all fragments. This should be set in case of strict source routing since all fragments must follow a specific route, thus all fragments need this option code copied to their datagram.
18. A router has just received the following new IP addresses:
57.6.96.0/21,57.6.104.0/21,57.6.112.0/21 and 57.6.120.0/21. if all of them use the same outgoing line, can they be aggregated? Is do, to what? If not, why not?
Answer:
Yes, they can be aggregated
57.6.96.0/21 = 57.6.01100000.0
57.6.104.0/21 = 57.6.01101000.0
57.6.112.0/21 = 57.6.01110000.0
57.6.120.0/21 = 57.6.01111000.0
We can see that 57.6.011 parts is common in all the IP address
Thus, we can do a super netting here and keep a supernet address as: 57.6.96.0/19 19. A route has the following (CIDR) entries in its routing table:
Address/mask Next hop
135.46.56.0/22 Interface 0
135.46.60.0/22 Interface 1
192.53.40.0/23 Router 1
Default Router 2
For each of the following IP addresses, determine the next hop.
a. 135.46.63.10
b. 135.46.57.14
c. 135.46.52.2
d. 192.53.40.7
e. 192.53.56.7
Answer:
For each of the following IP address,
(a) 135.46.63.10
135.46.63.10 10000111 00101110 00111111 00001010
255.255.252.0 AND 11111111 11111111 11111100 00000000 AND
135.46.60.0 10000111 00101110 00111100 00000000
It matches entry with 135.46.60.0/22, and no other matches found, so it’s forwarded to Interface 1.
(b) 135.46.57.14
135.46.57.14 10000111 00101110 00111001 00001110
255.255.252.0 AND 11111111 11111111 11111100 00000000 AND
135.46.56.0 10000111 00101110 00111000 00000000
It matches entry with 135.46.56.0/22, and no other matches found, so it’s forwarded to Interface 0. (c) 135.46.52.2
135.46.52.2 10000111 00101110 00110100 00000010
255.255.252.0 AND 11111111 11111111 11111100 00000000 AND
135.46.52.0 10000111 00101110 00110100 00000000
It doesn’t match any entry, so it’s forwarded to the one defined in default entry, namely, Router 2.
(d) 192.53.40.7
192.53.40.7 11000000 00110101 00101000 00000111
255.255.254.0 AND 11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000 AND
192.53.40.0 11000000 00110101 00101000 00000000
It matches entry with 192.53.40.0/23, and no other matches found, so it’s forwarded to Router 1.
(e) 192.53.56.7
192.53.56.7 11000000 00110101 00111000 00000111
255.255.254.0 AND 11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000 AND
192.53.56.0 11000000 00110101 00111000 00000000
It doesn’t matches any entry, so it’s forwarded to the one defined in default entry, namely, Router 2.
20. Draw a TCP/IP internet that consists of two networks connected by a router. Show a computer attached to each network. Show the protocol stack used on the computers and the stack used on the router.
