QUICK REVISION FOR UNDER ACHIEVER XII MATHS

UNIT - 1
1. Let N denote the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on 𝑁 × 𝑁 defined by
(𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑅 (𝑐, 𝑑) 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ 𝑁 . Show that R is an equivalence
relation.
SOLN- Reflexive: ∀ (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑁 × 𝑁, (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑅 (𝑎, 𝑏) ⇒ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑏𝑎
∴ R is reflexive (1 m)
Symmetric: let (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑅 (𝑐, 𝑑) ⇒ 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐
⇒ 𝑐𝑏 = 𝑑𝑎 ⇒ (𝑐, 𝑑) 𝑅 (𝑎, 𝑏) ∀ (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑑) ∈ 𝑁 × 𝑁
∴ R is symmetric (1.5 m)
Transitive: let (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑅 (𝑐, 𝑑) ⇒ 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐 ………..(1)
and (𝑐, 𝑑) 𝑅 (𝑒, 𝑓) ⇒ 𝑐𝑓 = 𝑑𝑒 ………...(2)
from (1&2) a.d .c.f = b.c.d.e ⇒ 𝑎𝑓 = 𝑏𝑒 ⇒ (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑅 (𝑒, 𝑓) ∀ (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑑), (𝑒, 𝑓) ∈ 𝑁 × 𝑁
∴ R is transitive ⇒ R is an equivalence relation. (1. 5 m)
2. Check whether the relation R in the set N of natural numbers given by R = {(a, b): a is
divisor of b} is reflexive, symmetric or transitive. Also determine whether R is an
equivalence relation.
SOLN- Reflexive: ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑁, (𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅 ∵ 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 ∴ R is reflexive (1 m)
Symmetric: let (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏 ⇏ 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎
As (1, 2) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 2 ⇏ 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 1
⇒ (2, 1) ∉ 𝑅 , ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑁 ∴ R is not symmetric (1 m)
Transitive: let (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐
⇒ 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐 ⇒ (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑁 ∴ R is transitive (1 m)
∵ R is not symmetric ∴ R is NOT an equivalence relation. (1 m)
𝑥
3. Show that the function 𝑓 ∶ 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 is neither one-one nor
𝑥 +1
onto.
SOLN- for one-one, let 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝑅 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 )
1
Let, f(x) = f(1/x) ⇒ f(2) = f(1/2) 𝑏𝑢𝑡 2 ≠ ⇒ f is not one-one. (2 m)
2
𝑥
For onto, 𝑦 = 1 ∈ 𝑅 (co-domain), then 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0,
𝑥2 +1
Which has no real roots. ∴ 𝑅𝑓 ≠ 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜. (2 m)
4. Show that the relation S in set R of real numbers defined by
𝑆 = { (𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 3 , 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 } is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive.

1 1 3 1 1
SOLN- reflexive, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅, ≤ ( ) is not true, ⇒ ( , ) ∉ 𝑆 ⇒ it is not reflexive. (1.5 m)
2 2 2 2
Symmetric, (1, 2) ∈ 𝑆, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 (2, 1) ∉ 𝑆 𝑎𝑠 1 ≤ 23 𝑏𝑢𝑡 2 ≰ 13 ⇒ it is not symmetric. (1.5 m)
Transitive, (10, 3) ∈ 𝑆 & (3, 2) ∈ 𝑆 𝑏𝑢𝑡 (10, 2) ∉ 𝑆 as 10 ≤ 33 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 ≤ 23 𝑏𝑢𝑡 10 ≰ 23 (2 m)
⇒ it is not transitive. ⇒ it is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive.
5. Let R be the relation defined in the set A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} by
R = { (𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛}. Show that R is an equivalence
relation. Hence, find the elements of equivalence class [1].
SOLN-reflexive- ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, both a and a are either odd or even ⇒ (𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑅 is ref (1 m)
 Symmetric- (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ both a and b are either odd or even ⇒ both b and a are either odd or
even (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅 ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴 ⇒ R is symmetric. (1 m)
Transitive- (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ both a and b are either odd or even & both b and c are
either odd or even ⇒ both a and c are either odd or even ⇒ (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ R is transitive (2 m)
equivalence class of [1] = {1, 3, 5, 7} (1 m)
cos 𝑥 3𝜋 𝜋
6. Express tan−1 ( ), − <𝑥< , in the simplest form.
1 − sin 𝑥 2 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
cos 𝑥 cos + sin 1 + tan
−1 −1 −1
SOLN- tan (1 − sin 𝑥) = tan ( 2
𝑥
2
𝑥 ) = tan ( 2
𝑥 ) (1 m)
cos − sin 1 − tan
2 2 2
𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥
= tan−1 {tan ( + )} = + (1 m)
4 2 4 2
1 1
7. Draw the graph of sin−1 𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 ∈ [− , ]. Also write its range.
√2 √2
𝜋 𝜋
SOLN- range = [− , ] & graph is (1+1 m)
4 4

1 √3
8. Evaluate 3 sin−1 ( ) + 2 cos −1 ( ) + cos −1 (0)
2√ 2
3𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 19𝜋
SOLN- value = + + = (1.5+0.5 m)
4 6 2 12
−1 (𝑥 2
9. Find the domain of 𝑦 = sin − 4).
SOLN- domain of sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 ⇒ −1 ≤ 𝑥 2 − 4 ≤ 1 ⇒ 𝑥 2 ≥ 3 , 𝑥 2 ≤ 5
−1
(0.5 m)
⇒ 𝑥 ≥ √3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ −√3 , 𝑥 ≤ √5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ −√5 ∴ 𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑠 [−√5, −√3] ∪ [√3, √5] (1.5 m)
3𝜋 3𝜋
10.Evaluate sin−1 (sin ) + cos −1 (cos ) + tan−1 (1)
4 4
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
SOLN- value = + + = (1.5+0.5 m)
4 4 4 4

UNIT – 2
0 2 0 3𝑎
1. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝐴 = [ ], then find the value of k, a and b.
3 −4 2𝑏 24

0 3𝑎 0 2𝑘
SOLN- [ ]=[ ] ⇒ 2𝑘 = 3𝑎, −4𝑘 = 24 & 3𝑘 = 2𝑏 (1 m)
2𝑏 24 3𝑘 −4𝑘
⇒ 𝑘 = −6, 𝑎 = −4, 𝑏 = −9 (1 m)
2. If A and B are symmetric matrices, such that AB and BA are both defined, then prove that AB
– BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
SOLN- 𝐴′ = 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵′ = 𝐵 ⇒ (𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴)′ = 𝐵′ 𝐴′ − 𝐴′ 𝐵′ = 𝐵𝐴 − 𝐴𝐵 (0.5+1 m)
= −(𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴) ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑤 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 matrices. (0.5 m)
3. Find the value of (x - y) from the matrix equation
𝑥 5 −3 −4 7 6
2[ ]+[ ]=[ ]
7 𝑦−3 1 2 15 14
2𝑥 − 3 6 7 6
SOLN- ( )=( ) ⇒ 2𝑥 − 3 = 7 ⇒ 𝑥 = 5 (1 m)
15 2𝑦 − 4 15 14
𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑦 − 4 = 14 ⇒ 𝑦 = 9 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = −4 (1 m)
 1 1 1
4. If 𝐴 = [1 0 2 ] , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐴−1 . 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.
3 1 1
x+y+z=6 x + 2z = 7 and 3x + y + z = 12.
SOLN- |𝐴| = 4 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠. (1 m)
−2 0 2 −2 0 2
−1 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 1
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = ( 5 −2 −1) ⇒ 𝐴 = |𝐴| = 4 ( 5 −2 −1) (2+0.5 m)
1 2 −1 1 2 −1
1 1 1 𝑥 6
The above equation can be written as, (1 0 2 ) ( ) = ( 7 ) 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 (1 m)
𝑦
3 1 1 𝑧 12
𝑥 −2 0 2 6 3 𝑥=3
−1 1
⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 ⇒ (𝑦) = ( 5 −2 −1) ( 7 ) = (1) ⇒ 𝑦 = 1 (1+0.5 m)
4
𝑧 1 2 −1 12 2 𝑧=2
1 3 4
5. If 𝐴 = [2 1 2 ] , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐴−1 . 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.
5 1 1
x + 3y + 4z = 8 2x + y + 2z = 5 and 5x + y + z = 7.
SOLN- |𝐴| = 11 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠. (1 m)
−1 1 2 −1 1 2
−1 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 1
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = ( 8 −19 6 ) ⇒ 𝐴 = |𝐴| = ( 8 −19 6 ) (2+0.5 m)
11
−3 14 −5 −3 14 −5
1 3 4 𝑥 8
The above equation can be written as, (2 1 2 ) (𝑦) = (5) 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 (1 m)
5 1 1 𝑧 7
𝑥 −1 1 2 8 1 𝑥=1
−1 1
𝑦
⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 ⇒ ( ) = ( 8 −19 6 ) (5) = (1) ⇒ 𝑦 = 1 (1+0.5 m)
11
𝑧 −3 14 −5 7 1 𝑧=1
1 1 1
6. Show that for the matrix A = [ 1 2 −3 ] , 𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 5𝐴 + 11𝐼 =
2 −1 3
−1
0. 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐴 .
4 2 1 8 7 1
2 3
SOLN- 𝐴 = (−3 8 −14) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = (−23 27 −69) (1.5+1.5 m)
7 −3 14 32 −13 58
8 7 1 4 2 1
3 2
𝑛𝑜𝑤, 𝐴 − 6𝐴 + 5𝐴 + 11𝐼 = (−23 27 −69) − 6 (−3 8 −14) +
32 −13 58 7 −3 14
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
5 (1 2 −3 ) + 11 (0 1 0) = (0 0 0) = 0 (1 m)
2 −1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0
∴ 𝐴 − 6𝐴 + 5𝐴 + 11𝐼 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 − 6𝐴 + 5𝐼 + 11𝐴−1 = 0 (𝑝𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝐴−1 )
3 2 2

−3 4 5
−1 1 2 1
⇒ 𝐴 = (−𝐴 + 6𝐴 − 5𝐼) = ( 9 −1 −4) (1+1 m)
11 11
5 −3 −1
7. Using matrix method, solve the following 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠. 3x - 2y + 3z = 8,
2x + y - z = 1 and 4x - 3y + 2z = 4.
 3 −2 3 𝑥 8
SOLN- above equation written as, (2 1 −1 ) (𝑦) = (1) 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 (1 m)
4 −3 2 𝑧 4
−1
|𝐴| = −17 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠. (1 m)
−1 1 2 −1 −5 −1
−1 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 −1
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = ( 8 −19 6 ) ⇒ 𝐴 = |𝐴| = ( −8 −6 9 ) (2+0.5 m)
17
−3 14 −5 −10 1 7

𝑥 −1 −5 −1 8 1 𝑥=1
−1 −1
⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 ⇒ (𝑦) = ( −8 −6 9 ) (1) = (2) ⇒ 𝑦 = 3 (1+0.5 m)
17
𝑧 −10 1 7 4 3 𝑧=3
1 2 −3 0 1 2
8. Use the product of matrices (3 2 −2) (−7 7 −7) to solve the following system
2 −1 1 −7 5 −4
of equations: x + 2y – 3z = 6, 3x + 2y – 2z = 3, 2x – y + z = 2
𝑥 0 1 2 6 1
−1 𝐵 1
SOLN- 𝐴𝐵 = 7𝐼 ⟹ 𝐴 = & 𝑋 = (𝑦) = (−7 7 −7) (3) = (−5)
7 7
𝑧 −7 5 −4 2 −5
1 0 2
9. If A = [ 0 2 1 ] , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 7𝐴 + 𝑘𝐼 = 0, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑘.
2 0 3
5 0 8 21 0 34
2 3
SOLN- 𝐴 = (2 4 5 ) & 𝐴 = (12 8 23) (1.5+1.5 m)
8 0 13 34 0 55
𝑘−2 0 0
3 2
⇒ 𝐴 − 6𝐴 + 7𝐴 + 𝑘𝐼 = ( 0 𝑘−2 0 ) = 0, ⇒ 𝑘 = 2 (2+1 m)
0 0 𝑘−2
2 −1 1
10.For the matrix A = [ −1 2 −1 ] , 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 4𝐼 = 0. 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐴−1 .
1 −1 2

9 8 8 3 1 −1
2 −1 1
SOLN- ⇒ 𝐴 = (8 9 8) , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡, 𝐴 = 5 ( 1 3 1) (1.5+1+1.5 m)
8 8 9 −1 1 3
1 2 3 −7 −8 −9
11.If X ( ) = ( ) , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑋.
4 5 6 2 4 6

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 1 2 3 −7 −8 −9
SOLN- 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑋 = ( ) ⇒( )( )=( ) (1 m)
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑 4 5 6 2 4 6
𝑎 + 4𝑏 2𝑎 + 5𝑏 3𝑎 + 6𝑏 −7 −8 −9
⇒( )=( ) (1.5 m)
𝑐 + 4𝑑 2𝑐 + 5𝑑 3𝑐 + 6𝑑 2 4 6
1 −2
𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡, 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −2, 𝑐 = 2, 𝑑 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 = ( ) (1.5 m)
2 0
12.Show that all the diagonal element of a skew symmetric matrix are zero.

SOLN- 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = (𝑎𝑖𝑗 )𝑛×𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑤 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥, 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑤 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐

𝑖𝑓 𝐴′ = −𝐴 ⇒ 𝑎𝑗𝑖 = −𝑎𝑖𝑗 ∀ 𝑖, 𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖 = 𝑗 (1 m)

 2 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 0 ⇒ diagonal element of a skew symmetric matrix is zero. (1 m)
−4 4 4 1 −1 1
13.Determine the product [ −7 1 3 ] [ 1 −2 −2 ] and use it to solve the
5 −3 −1 2 1 3
system of equations 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 9, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1.

−4 4 4 1 −1 1 1 0 0
SOLN- [−7 1 3 ] [ 1 −2 −2 ] = 8 (0 1 0) ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 8𝐼 … … . (𝑖) (2 m)
5 −3 −1 2 1 3 0 0 1
𝐴
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠, 𝐵𝑋 = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐵−1 𝐶, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐵−1 = 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖) (1 m)
8

𝑥 −4 4 4 4 24 3
1 1
−1
⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐵 𝐶 ⇒ (𝑦) = (−7
8
1 3 ) (9) = 8 (−16) = (−2) (2.5 m)
𝑧 5 −3 −1 1 −8 −1
⇒ 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = −1 (0.5 m)
1 −1 0 2 2 −4
14.IF 𝐴 = [ 2 3 4 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ −4 2 −4 ] are two square matrices, find AB and
0 1 2 2 −1 5
hence solve the system of linear equations
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 17 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7.
1 −1 0 2 2 −4 1 0 0
SOLN- 𝐴𝐵 = (2 3 4) (−4 2 −4) = 6 (0 1 0) ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 6𝐼 … . (𝑖) (2 m)
0 1 2 2 −1 5 0 0 1
𝐵
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠, 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐶, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴−1 = 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖) (1 m)
6

𝑥 2 2 −4 3 12 2
1 1
−1
⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐶 ⇒ (𝑦) = (−4
6
)
2 −4 17( ) = 6
( −6 ) = ( −1) (2.5 m)
𝑧 2 −1 5 7 24 4
⇒ 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 4 (0.5 m)

UNIT – 3
1. Find the relationship between a and b so that the function f defined by
𝑎𝑥 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 3
𝑓(𝑥) = { is continuous at x =3.
𝑏𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 3
SOLN- f is continuous at x = 3, lim−(𝑎𝑥 + 1) = lim+(𝑏𝑥 + 3) ⟹ 3𝑎 + 1 = 3𝑏 + 3
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
2
⟹𝑎−𝑏=
3
2. Check the differentiability of 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 3| 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 3.
|𝑥−3| − 0 −(𝑥−3)
SOLN- LHD = 𝐿𝑓 ′ (3) = lim− = lim− = −1
𝑥→3 𝑥−3 𝑥→3 𝑥−3
|𝑥−3| − 0 (𝑥−3)
RHD = 𝑅𝑓 ′ (3) = lim+ = lim− = 1 ⟹ 𝐿𝑓 ′ (3) ≠ 𝑅𝑓 ′ (3), not differentiable at 3.
𝑥→3 𝑥−3 𝑥→3 𝑥−3
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 , 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
3. If 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2 is a differentiable function in (0, 2), then find the value of a
2𝑥 − 𝑥 , 1 < 𝑥 < 2
and b.
SOLN- 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable in (0, 2) ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous in (0, 2) (0.5 m)
 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at x = 1.∴ lim− 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = lim+ 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 (0.5 m)
𝑥→ 1 𝑥→1
& 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable at x = 1⇒ 𝑎 = 4(1) − 1 = 3 & 𝑏 = 1 − 3 = −2 (0.5+0.5 m)
𝑥 , 𝑥<1
4. If 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2 then show that f is not differentiable at x = 1
𝑥 , 𝑥≥1
𝑓(1+ℎ)−𝑓(1) 𝑓(1)−𝑓(1−ℎ)
SOLN- 𝑅𝑓 ′ (1) = lim = 2 & 𝐿𝑓 ′ (1) = lim =1 (1.5 m)
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
⇒ 𝑅𝑓 ′ (1) ≠ 𝐿𝑓 ′ (1) ⇒ f is not differentiable at x = 1. (0.5 m)
√1+ 𝑥2 + √1 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦
5. If 𝑦 = tan−1 ( ), 𝑥 2 ≤ 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 .
√1+ 𝑥2 − √1 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
cos + sin 1 + tan
2 −1 −1
SOLN- 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑦 = tan { 2
𝜃
2
𝜃} = tan ( 2
𝜃 ) (0.5+0.5+1 m)
cos − sin 1− tan
2 2 2
𝜋 𝜃 𝜋 𝜃 𝜋 1
⇒ 𝑦 = tan−1 {tan ( + )} = + = + cos −1 𝑥 2 (1 m)
4 2 4 2 4 2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
6. If 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 1 − √𝑥 − 1 , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝑥 2 − 1) 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4

1 1
SOLN- ⇒ 𝑦1 = − ⇒ 4(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦12 = 𝑦 2 (1+1 m)
2 √𝑥+1 2 √𝑥 −1
𝑦
⇒ 4(𝑥 2 − 1) 2𝑦1 𝑦2 + 8𝑥 𝑦12 = 2𝑦𝑦1 ⇒ (𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑦2 + 𝑥 𝑦1 = (1+1 m)
4
𝑑𝑦 1 2𝑥 −𝑥
⇒ =− = (1 m)
𝑑𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥4 √1 − 𝑥 4
−1 𝑥 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
7. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚 sin , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) −𝑥 − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

−1 𝑥 −1 𝑥 1
SOLN- 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚 sin ⇒ 𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑚 sin .𝑚( ) ⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 2 = 𝑚2 𝑦 2 (1+1 m)
√1 − 𝑥 2
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 )2𝑦1 𝑦2 − 2𝑥𝑦1 2 = 𝑚2 2𝑦𝑦1 ⇒ (1 − 𝑥𝑦1 − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 (1+1 m)
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
8. If x = 𝑎 sin 2𝑡 (1 + cos 2𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑏 cos 2𝑡 (1 − cos 2𝑡), 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑥 4

𝑑𝑥
SOLN- ⇒ = 2𝑎 cos 2𝑡 (1 + cos 2𝑡) − 2𝑎 sin 2𝑡 sin 2𝑡 (1.5 m)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = −2𝑏 sin 2𝑡 (1 − cos 2𝑡) + 2𝑏 cos 2𝑡 sin 2𝑡 (1.5 m)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑏 sin 2𝑡(1−cos 2𝑡)+2𝑏 cos 2𝑡 sin 2𝑡 𝑏
⇒( ) 𝜋 = [ ] = (1 m)
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 2𝑎 cos 2𝑡(1+cos 2𝑡)−2𝑎 sin 2𝑡 sin 2𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 𝜋 𝑎
4 4
3
𝑑𝑦 2 2
[1+ ( ) ]
𝑑𝑥
9. If (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑐 2 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑐 > 0, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑑2 𝑦
is a constant
𝑑𝑥2
independent of a and b.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
SOLN- 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑎 = cos 𝜃 & 𝑦 − 𝑏 = sin 𝜃 ⇒ = − sin 𝜃 & = cos 𝜃 (1 m)
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
⇒ 𝑐 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑐 = ±1 (𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑐 > 0) ⇒ 𝑐 = 1, 𝑦1 = − cot 𝜃 & 𝑦2 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃 (1+1 m)
3⁄2
[1 + 𝑦12 ] (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃)3⁄2
⇒ = = −1 = −𝑐, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏. (1 m)
𝑦2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃
𝑑𝑦 1 − 𝑦2
10.If √1 − 𝑥 2 + √1 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑦), |𝑥| < 1, |𝑦| < 1, 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 =√ .
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2

SOLN- 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = sin 𝛼 & 𝑦 = sin 𝛽 ⇒ cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛽 = 𝑎(sin 𝛼 − sin 𝛽) (1 m)

 𝛼+ 𝛽 𝛼− 𝛽 𝛼+ 𝛽 𝛼− 𝛽 𝛼− 𝛽 1
⇒ 2 cos ( ) cos ( ) = 2𝑎 cos ( ) sin ( ) ⇒ tan ( )=𝑎 (1 m)
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
⇒ 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 2 tan−1 ⇒ sin−1 𝑥 − sin −1
𝑦 = 2 tan−1 (1 m)
𝑎 𝑎
1 1 1 − 𝑦2
⇒ − 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦1 = √
2 1
(0.5+0.5 m)
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑦 1 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 (1+log 𝑦)
11.If 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑥 , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 log 𝑦
𝑦−𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
SOLN- 𝑒 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 log 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦1 − 1 = log 𝑦 + 𝑦1 (1+1 m)
𝑦
𝑦 (1+log 𝑦) 𝑦 (1+log 𝑦)
⇒ 𝑦1 = = (1 m)
𝑦−𝑥 𝑥 log 𝑦
1
12.Differentiate sec −1 ( ) 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡. sin−1 (2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 )
√1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑈
SOLN- 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = sin 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑈 = sec −1 (sec 𝜃) ⇒ =1 (1 m)
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑈 1
and 𝑉 = sin−1 (sin 2𝜃) ⇒ =2 ⇒ = (1+1 m)
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑉 2
13.A wire of length 34 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be made into a
square and other into a rectangle whose length is twice its breadth. What should be the
lengths of the two pieces, so that the combined area square and rectangle is minimum?

SOLN- let side of I piece is = x m, and side of II piece is = 34 - x

∴ side of square = x/4 m and width of rectangle = (34-x)/6 m (1 m)
𝑥 2 34−𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴 𝑥 1 𝑑2𝐴 1 1
𝐴=( ) +2 ( ) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 8 − 9 (34 − 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 8 + 9 > 0 , 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎 (1+1+1 m)
4 6
𝑑𝐴 𝑥 1
𝑓𝑜𝑟 max 𝑜𝑟 min = 0 ⇒ − (34 − 𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 16 (1 m)
𝑑𝑥 8 9
∴ 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 16. & 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 16 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 18 𝑚 (1 m)
3 2
14.Find the intervals in which function −2𝑥 − 9𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 1 is
(a) strictly increasing (b) strictly decreasing
′ (𝑥) 2
SOLN- 𝑓 = −6𝑥 − 18𝑥 − 12 = −6(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) (1 m)
′ (𝑥)
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑓 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2, −1 (0.5 m)
⇒ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒(−∞, −2), (−2, −1), (−1, ∞). (0.5 m)
′ (𝑥)
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (−2, −1) (1 m)
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ (−1, ∞) (1 m)
15.Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of
2𝑅
radius R is . Also find the maximum volume.
√3
4𝑅 2 −ℎ2
SOLN- from fig 4𝑥 2 + ℎ2 = 4𝑅2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = … . (1) (1 m)
4
𝜋ℎ 𝜋
𝑉𝑐𝑦𝑙 = 𝜋𝑥 2 ℎ = (4𝑅 2 − ℎ2 ) = (4𝑅2 ℎ − ℎ3 ) (1 m)
4 4
𝑑𝑉 𝜋 𝑑2𝑉 𝜋
⇒ = (4𝑅2 − 3ℎ2 ) & = (−6ℎ) (1 m)
𝑑ℎ 4 𝑑ℎ2 4
𝑑𝑉 2𝑅 𝑑2𝑉 −6𝜋 2𝑅
For max or min =0⇒ℎ= &{ } = ( ) < 0, (1 m)
𝑑ℎ √3 𝑑ℎ2 ℎ 4 √3
4
Max volume of cylinder 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋𝑅3 (1 m) (fig. 1 m)
3√3
4 sin 𝑥 𝜋
16.Show that 𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝑥 is an increasing function of x in [0, ].
2 + cos 𝑥 2
′ (𝑥) cos 𝑥 (4 − cos 𝑥) 𝜋
SOLN- 𝑓 = (2 + cos 𝑥)2
, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ∈ [0, ] , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ≥ 0, (2 + cos 𝑥)2 > 0 (1+0.5 m)
2
𝜋
(4 − cos 𝑥) > 0 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) is an increasing function in [0, ] (0.5 m)
2
17.Find the interval in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 10 is strictly decreasing.

SOLN- 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 = 4𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 3) (1 m)

′ (𝑥)
⇒ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑐 𝑓 < 0 ⇒ 𝑥 < 3, 𝑥 ≠ 0 (0.5 m)
⇒ function is strictly decreasing in (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, 3) (0.5 m)
18.Show that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥, is strictly decreasing in the interval
𝜋 5𝜋
(4 , 4
).
𝜋 5𝜋
SOLN- 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 , 𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = , (1+0.5 m)
4 4
𝜋 5𝜋
⇒ function is strictly decreasing in ( ,
4 4
) 𝑎𝑠 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0. (0.5 m)
𝑥2
19.Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 + 𝑥2 − 2
𝑡 𝑡
SOLN- only for partial fraction let 𝑥 2 = 𝑡, ⇒ = (𝑡 (1.5 m)
𝑡2 + 𝑡 −2 + 2) (𝑡 − 1)
2 1
= + (𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠) (1.5 m)
3 (𝑡 + 2) 3 (𝑡 − 1)
2 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 1 𝑥− 1
∴ 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + ∫ 2 = tan−1 + log | |+𝐶 (1 m)
3 + 2) 3 𝑥 − 1 3√2 √2 6 𝑥+ 1
sin(𝑥 − 𝑎)
20.Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin(𝑥 + 𝑎)
SOLN- 𝐼 = 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 & 𝑥 = 𝑡 − 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑎 = 𝑡 − 2𝑎 (1 m)
sin(𝑡−2𝑎) sin 𝑡 cos 2𝑎 − cos 𝑡 sin 2𝑎
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 (1 m)
sin 𝑡 sin 𝑡
⇒ 𝐼 = cos 2𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 − sin 2𝑎 ∫ cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = cos 2𝑎 𝑡 − sin 2𝑎 log|sin 𝑡| + 𝐶 (1 m)
= cos 2𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑎) − sin 2𝑎 . log|sin(𝑥 + 𝑎)| + 𝐶 (1 m)
𝑥2
21. Evaluate ∫ (𝑥 2 + 4) (𝑥 2 + 9)
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑡 4 1 9 1
SOLN- 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑡 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡) ∴ (𝑡 =− . + . (0.5+1 m)
+ 4) (𝑡 + 9) 5 𝑡 + 4 5 𝑡+ 9
4 𝑑𝑥 9 𝑑𝑥 4 1 −1 𝑥 9 1 −1 𝑥
∴ 𝐼 = − ∫ (𝑥 2 + ∫ (𝑥 2 + = − . tan + . tan +𝐶 (0.5+1.5 m)
5 + 4) 5 9) 5 2 2 5 3 3
2 𝑥 3 𝑥
= − tan−1 + tan−1 +𝐶 (0.5 m)
5 2 5 3
4
22.Find ∫ ( 𝑥 − 2) ( 𝑥 2 + 4)
𝑑𝑥
4 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 1 1
SOLN- 𝐼 = ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥 = + ⇒𝐴= ,𝐵 = − ,𝐶 = 1 (1+1.5 m)
𝑥 − 2) ( 𝑥2 + 4) 𝑥−2 𝑥2 +4 2 2
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+2 1 1 1 𝑥
= ∫ −∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑥 − 2| − log|𝑥 2 + 4| − tan−1 +𝐶 (1.5 m)
2 𝑥−2 2(𝑥 2
+ 4) 2 4 2 2
𝜋⁄4 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
23.Evaluate ∫0 16 + 9 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
SOLN- 𝑙𝑒𝑡 sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡, ⇒ 1 − sin 2𝑥 = 𝑡 2 (1 m)
𝜋 0 𝑑𝑡 0 𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑡 = −1 & 𝑥 = , 𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝐼 = ∫−1 = ∫−1 (0.5+2 m)
4 16 + 9 (1+ 𝑡 2 ) 25 − 9 𝑡 2
1 5 + 3𝑡 0 1 1 1
⇒𝐼= [log | |] = (0 − log 4) = 15 log 2 (1.5+1 m)
30 5 − 3𝑡 −1 30
24.Find∫ √3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥+1 𝑥+1
SOLN- 𝐼 = √22 − (𝑥 + 1)2 = √3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 2 sin−1 ( )+𝐶 (1+1 m)
2 2
𝑥− 3
25.Find ∫ (𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
− 1)3
1 2 1
SOLN- 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 {(𝑥 − (𝑥 } 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 . (𝑥 +𝐶 (1+1 m)
− 1)2 − 1)3 − 1)2
 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥
26.Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
SOLN- 𝐼 = ∫{sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥} 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶 (1+1 m)
𝑥− 5
27.Find ∫ (𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
− 3)3
1 2 1
SOLN- 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 {(𝑥 − (𝑥 } 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 . (𝑥 +𝐶 (1+1 m)
− 3)2 − 3)3 − 3)2
sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 𝜋
28.Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥, 0<𝑥<
√1 + sin 2𝑥 2
sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
SOLN- 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − log|sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥| + 𝐶 (1+1 m)
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝜋
29.Evaluate ∫04 log(1 + tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋/4 1− tan 𝑥
SOLN- 𝐼 = ∫04 log {1 + tan ( − 𝑥)} 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + ) 𝑑𝑥 (1 m)
4 1+ tan 𝑥
𝜋/4 2 𝜋/4 𝜋 𝜋
= ∫0 log ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = log 2 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 − 𝐼 ⇒ 2𝐼 = log 2 ⇒ 𝐼 = log 2 (1.5 +0.5 m)
1 + tan 𝑥 4 8
30.Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the lines y = 2 + x, y = 2 – x and
x = 2. CBSE – 2015(Patna) – 6M
SOLN- Req. area of shaded region
2 2
= ∫0 [(2 + 𝑥) − (2 − 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (1+1 m)
= 4 𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 (1 m)
(fig. 1+1+1 m)

31.Using the method of integration, find the area of triangle ABC, coordinates of whose vertices
are A (4, 1), B (6, 6) and C (8, 4).
5
SOLN- Eqn of AB, 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 9 , Eqn of BC, 𝑦 = 12 − 𝑥
2
3
Eqn of AC, 𝑥 − 2 (1.5 m)
4
6 5 8 8 3
𝐴 = ∫4 ( 𝑥 − 9) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫6 (12 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫4 ( 𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥
2 4
6 8 8
5 𝑥2 3
= [ 𝑥 2 − 9𝑥] + [12𝑥 − ] − [ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥] (1+1.5 m)
4 4 2 6 8 4
= 7 + 10 − 10 = 7 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 (1 m) ( fig – 1 m)
32.Find the area bounded by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 √3 𝑦 = 𝑥 in the first
quadrant, using integration.
SOLN- x-coordinate of point of intersection = ±2√3 (1 m)
2√3 𝑥 4
Area = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2√3 √42 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (1.5 m)
√3
2√3
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥 4
=[ ] + [ √16 − 𝑥 2 + 8 sin−1 ] (1.5 m)
2√3 0 2 4 2√3
𝜋 𝜋 4𝜋
= 2 √3 + 8 ( − ) − 2 √3 = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 (1 m) (fig. 1 m)
2 3 3
33.Using integration, find the area of region {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1 ≤ 𝑥 + 𝑦 }
1
SOLN- Area of shaded region = ∫0 [√1 − 𝑥 2 − (1 − 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 (1.5 m)
1 1
𝑥 1 𝑥2 𝜋 1
= [ √1 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 𝑥] − [𝑥 − ] = ( − ) 𝑠𝑞 𝑢 (2+1 m) (fig1.5 m)
2 2 0 2 0 4 2

34.Using method of integration, find the area of a triangle ABC whose vertices are A(2, 0),
B(4, 5) and C(6, 3).
5
SOLN- Eqn of AB, 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)
2
Eqn of BC, 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥
3
Eqn of AC, 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)
4
5 4 6 3 6
A= ∫2
(𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫4 (9 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫2 (𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥
2 4
= 7 sq unit
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
35.Solve the differential equation 𝑦 + 𝑥 =𝑥−𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥− 𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
SOLN- = , 𝑖𝑡 𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑛, Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ =𝑣+𝑥 (1 m)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 1− 𝑣 (1 + 𝑣) 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑣+ 2 𝑑𝑥
Eqn be 𝑣 + 𝑥 = ⇒∫ =∫ ⇒ ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫ (1+0.5 m)
𝑑𝑥 1+ 𝑣 1 − 2𝑣 − 𝑣2 𝑥 2 𝑣2 + 2𝑣 − 1 𝑥
1
⇒ log| 𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1| = − log|𝑥| + log 𝐶 (1 m)
2
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = 𝐶 2 (0.5 m)
2
36.Find the particular solution of the differential equation (1 − 𝑦 )(1 + log 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 =
0, given that y = 0, when x = 1.
−1 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑒 tan −1 𝑦
SOLN- + 𝑥= and 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 tan (1+1 m)
𝑑𝑦 1+ 𝑦2 1+ 𝑦2
tan−1 𝑦 −1 𝑦 1 1 −1 𝑦
Required soln is 𝑥𝑒 = ∫ 𝑒 2 tan 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 tan +𝐶 (1+1 m)
1 + 𝑦2 2
𝑑𝑦
37.Solve the differential equation: (𝑥 + 1) − 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)3
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 1 1
SOLN- − 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑒 3𝑥 , & 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = (0.5+1 m)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥+ 1
1 (𝑥+1)𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
Required solution is 𝑦 = ∫(𝑥 + 1) 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝐶 (1+1.5 m)
𝑥+1 3 9

38.Solve the differential equation: ( cot −1 𝑦 + 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 1 cot−1 𝑦 −1 𝑦
SOLN- − 2
𝑥= and 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 cot (0.5+1 m)
𝑑𝑦 1+ 𝑦 1+ 𝑦2
−1 𝑦 −1 𝑦 cot−1 𝑦
Required soln is 𝑥𝑒 cot = ∫ 𝑒 cot 𝑑𝑦 (𝑙𝑒𝑡 cot −1 𝑦 = 𝑡) (0.5+1 m)
1 + 𝑦2
−1
= − ∫ 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = (1 − 𝑡)𝑒 𝑡 + 𝐶 = (1 − cot 𝑦)𝑒 cot 𝑦 + 𝐶 −1
(1 m)
39.Solve the differential equation ( tan−1 𝑥 − 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦.
𝑑𝑦 1 tan−1 𝑥 −1 𝑥
SOLN- + 2
𝑦= and 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 tan (1+1 m)
𝑑𝑥 1+ 𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
−1
tan 𝑥 −1 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥
Required soln is 𝑦𝑒 = ∫ 𝑒 tan 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑒𝑡 tan−1 𝑥 = 𝑡) (1 m)
1 + 𝑥2
−1 −1 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = (𝑡 − 1)𝑒 𝑡 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑦𝑒 tan 𝑥 (tan−1
= 𝑥 − 1)𝑒 tan +𝐶 (1 m)
 𝑑𝑦
40.Find the particular solution of differential equation + 2𝑦 tan 𝑥 = sin 𝑥, given that
𝑑𝑥
𝜋
y = 0 when 𝑥 = .
3
𝑑𝑦
SOLN- + 2𝑦 tan 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑖𝑡 ′ 𝑠 𝐿𝐷𝐸 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = 2 tan 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = sin 𝑥 (0.5 m)
𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 2 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = ∫ sin 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (1+0.5 m)
𝜋
= ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶 , 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 0 , 𝐶 = −2 (1+0.5 m)
3
2
⇒ 𝑅𝑒𝑞. 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 2 (0.5 m)
𝑑𝑦 1
41.Find the particular solution of differential equation (𝑥 2 + 1) + 2𝑥𝑦 = given that y
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
= 0 when x = 1.
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 1 2𝑥 1
SOLN- + = (1 , 𝑖𝑡 ′ 𝑠 𝐿𝐷𝐸, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = & 𝑄= (1 m)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1 + 𝑥 2 )2 𝑥 2 +1 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫𝑥2+1 = 𝑥 2 + 1, ⇒ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦. (𝑥 2 + 1) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶 (1+1 m)
1 + 𝑥2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝐶 = − ⇒ 𝑅𝑒𝑞. 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖. 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦. (𝑥 2 + 1) = tan−1 𝑥 − (1 m)
4 4
𝑑𝑦
42.Solve the differential equation 𝑥𝑒 𝑦/𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
SOLN- = −𝑒 , 𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ =𝑣+𝑥 (1 m)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑒𝑞𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑣 + 𝑥 = 𝑣 − 𝑒 𝑣 ⇒ −𝑒 −𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = , 𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (0.5 m)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
−
𝑒 −𝑣 = log|𝑥| + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 = log|𝑥| + 𝐶 (1+0.5 m)
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+ 𝑦
43.Find the particular solution of the differential equation: = , 𝑦(1) = 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
SOLN- 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ =𝑣+𝑥 , 𝑒𝑞𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑥 +𝑣 =1+𝑣 (1 m)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑣 = , 𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔 𝑣 = log|𝑥| + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 log|𝑥| + 𝐶, (1 m)
𝑥
𝑎𝑡 𝑦(1) = 0, 𝐶 = 0 ⇒ 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 log|𝑥| (can solve using LDE) (1 m)
𝑑𝑦
44.Find the particular solution of the differential equation = 𝑦 cot 2𝑥, given that
𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝑦( ) = 2
4
𝑑𝑦 1
SOLN- ⇒ ∫ = ∫ cot 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ log|𝑦| = log|sin 2𝑥| + log 𝑐 (1+1 m)
𝑦 2
𝜋
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐√sin 2𝑥 , 𝑎𝑡 𝑦 ( ) = 2 ⇒ 𝑐 = 2, 𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 2√sin 2𝑥 (1 m)
4

UNIT – 4
𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ , 𝑏
1. ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ . Find a vector 𝑑
⃗⃗⃗ which is
perpendicular to both 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 and 𝑐⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = 27.
SOLN- ∵ 𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗ is perpendicular to both 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ ⇒ ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = 𝜆 (𝑎 𝑏)
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⇒ 𝑑 = 𝜆 |1 4 2| = 𝜆 (32𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 14𝑘̂)
⃗⃗⃗ (2 m)
3 −2 7
Now 𝑐⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = 27 ⇒ (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂). 𝜆 (32𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 14𝑘̂) = 27

⇒ 9𝜆 = 27 ⇒ 𝜆 = 3 (1 m) ⇒ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = 3(32𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 14𝑘̂) (1 m)
2. Show that the points A, B, C with position vector 2 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, 𝑖̂ − 3 𝑗̂ − 5 𝑘̂ and 3 𝑖̂ −
4 𝑗̂ − 4 𝑘̂ respectively, are the vertices of a right-angled triangle. Hence find the area of the
triangle.
SOLN- ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐴𝐵 = − 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 = 2 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝐶𝐴⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ (1 m)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ∥ 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠. ⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 , 𝐶𝐴 𝐴𝐵 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗0 ∴ 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑎 ∆ (1 m)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐴 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒. (1 m)
1
⇒𝐴= |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1 √210 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵𝐶 (1 m)
2 2

⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ with a unit vector along the sum of vectors

3. The scalar product of the vector 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ and 𝑐⃗⃗ = 𝜆𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ is equal to 1. Find the value of 𝜆 and hence find
unit vector along ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 + 𝑐⃗⃗ .
(𝑏⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗⃗ )
SOLN- 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗𝑐 |
= 1 ⇒ (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂). {(𝜆 + 2)𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂} = √(𝜆 + 2)2 + 40 (1+1 m)
|𝑏

⇒ 𝜆 + 6 = √(𝜆 + 2)2 + 40 ⇒ 𝜆2 + 12𝜆 + 36 = 𝜆2 + 4𝜆 + 44 ⇒ 𝜆 = 1 (1 m)

1
∴ unit vector along ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 + 𝑐⃗⃗ 𝑖𝑠 = (3𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂) (1 m)
7
4. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 where 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = 5𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 7𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂.
SOLN- a vector perpendicular to both the vectors 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗
𝑏 𝑖𝑠 ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏⃗ = 24𝑖̂ − 24𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂, 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ⊥ 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎
𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑖𝑠 = 2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ (1+1 m)
3
𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗
5. Find the angle between unit vectors ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 so that √3 𝑎 𝑏 is also a unit vector.
2 𝜋
⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗
SOLN- √3 𝑎 𝑏 = 1 ⇒ (√3 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 −𝑏⃗⃗⃗ ) = 1 ⇒ 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑏⃗ = 1 ⇒ 𝜃 = (1+0.5+0.5 m)
6
6. Show that for any two non-zero vectors 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗⃗ , |𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗b | = |𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ | iff 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ − b ⃗⃗⃗ are
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏
perpendicular vectors.
2 2
SOLN- |𝑎⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗b | = |𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗b | ⇒ |𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗b | = |𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗b | ⇒ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ 𝑏⃗ (1 m)
2 2 2 2
𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ 𝑏⃗ ⇒ 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑏⃗ = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠|𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ + b ⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ |2 + |𝑏⃗⃗⃗ | & |𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ − b ⃗⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗⃗ |2 + |𝑏
⇒ |𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗b | = |𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗b | (1 m)
7. Show that the vectors 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 3𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ form the sides of a right-
angle triangle.
SOLN- 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗⃗ = 5𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
∴ 𝑐⃗⃗ = 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗𝑏 ⇒ 𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒. 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑏⃗ = 0 ⇒ ∆ 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑑. (1+1 m)
8. Find |𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ | and |b ⃗⃗⃗ |, if |𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ | = 2|𝑏⃗⃗⃗ | and (𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ ) . (𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ ) = 12.
⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑏
2 2
SOLN- (𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 ) . (𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ ) = 12 ⇒ |𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ | = 12 ⇒ 3|𝑏
⃗⃗⃗ |2 − |𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ | = 12 (1 m)
⇒ |𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ | = 2 ⇒ |𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ | = 4 (1 m)
9. Find the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 = 4𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and
⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ .
SOLN- a vector perpendicular to both the vectors 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗
𝑏 𝑖𝑠 ⃗⃗⃗
̂
7𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ − 10 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏⃗ = 7𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ − 10𝑘̂ , 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ⊥ 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎
𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 𝑖𝑠 = (1+1 m)
√185
 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗
10.If 𝑎 𝑏 = 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ represent two adjacent sides of a parallelogram,
find unit vectors parallel to the diagonals of the parallelogram.

SOLN- Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑑1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑2 are two diagonal vectors. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑1 = 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑏
and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑2 = 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 8𝑘̂ ,
⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑏 (1+1 m)
Unit vectors parallel to diagonals are
̂1 = 1 (3𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 ̂2 = 1 (−𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 8𝑘̂) (1+1 m)
7 √69
11.Using vectors, find the area of the triangle ABC with vertices A (1, 2, 3), B (2, -1, 4) and C
(4, 5, -1).
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ & ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
SOLN- ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵𝐶 = 2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ ⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵𝐶 = 9𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂ (1+1 m)
𝐴𝐵 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1
⇒ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 = |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1 √81 + 49 + 144 = 1 √274 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵𝐶 (1+1 m)
2 2 2
12.Find all the vectors of magnitude 3√3 which are collinear to vector 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
1
SOLN- unit vector along 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 𝑖𝑠 3 (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂). (1 m)
√
1
⇒ 𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 = ±3√3 (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) = ± 3(𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) (1 m)
√3
13.Position vector of the points A, B and C as shown in fig below are 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 respectively.
⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑏
5
If ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 , 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑐⃗⃗ 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏.
4
5 5 5 1
SOLN- ATQ, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 𝑎 = (⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⇒ ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 ) ⇒ ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 (1.5+0.5 m)
𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
4 4 4 4
14.If the projection of the vector 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ on the vector 𝑝𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ is 1/3, then find the value(s)
of p.
̂ ) . (𝑝𝑖̂+𝑗̂ −2𝑘
(𝑖̂+𝑗̂ +𝑘 ̂) 𝟏 𝑝−1 1 1
SOLN- = ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑝 = 2 𝑜𝑟 (0.5+0.5+1 m)
√𝑝2 +1+4 𝟑 √𝑝2 +5 3 4

⃗⃗⃗ & ⃗⃗⃗

15.If the vectors 𝑎 𝑏 are such that |𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ | = 2 and ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ | = 3, |𝑏 𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 is a unit vector, then find
3
the angle between 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗⃗ .
SOLN- 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ is a unit vector, ⇒ |𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 | = 1 ⇒ |𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ | sin 𝜃 = 1
⃗⃗⃗ | |𝑏 (1 m)
1 𝜋
⇒ sin 𝜃 = ⇒𝜃= (1 m)
2 6
16.Find the area of parallelogram whose adjacent sides are determined by the vectors 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ −
𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 7𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂.
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
SOLN- 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏 = |1 −1 3| = 20𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗ (1 m)
2 −7 1
area of parallelogram = |𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ | = √450 = 15√2 sq. unit.
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏 (1 m)
17.Find the shortest distance between the lines 𝑟⃗⃗ = (4𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂) + 𝜆 (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂) and
𝑟⃗⃗ = (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) + 𝜇 (2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂).
SOLN- ⇒ 𝑎 𝑎2 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 4𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏1 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 = 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ (1 m)
𝑎2 − 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = −3𝑖̂ − 2𝑘̂ & ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑏⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 | = √5 (0.5+1+0.5 m)
(𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ) . (𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 −𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ×𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ) 6 6√5
⇒ 𝑆. 𝐷. = | ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ×𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 |
| = = (1 m)
|𝑏 √5 5
𝑥− 1 𝑦− 2 𝑧− 3 𝑥− 2 𝑦− 4 𝑧− 5
18.Find the shortest distance between the lines = = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = =
2 3 4 3 4 5
.
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
SOLN-𝑎 𝑎2 = 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 = 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂(1 m)
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ & ⃗⃗⃗
𝑎2 − 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑏
⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 | = √6 (0.5+1+0.5 m)
(𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ) . (𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 −𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ×𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ) 1 √6
⇒ 𝑆. 𝐷. = | ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ×𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 |
| = = (1 m)
|𝑏 √6 6
24
𝑥− 5 𝑦+ 2 𝑧 + 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝜋
19.If the angle between the lines = = 5
and = = 𝑖𝑠 , find the relation
𝛼 −5 𝛽 1 0 1 4
between 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽.
𝜋 |𝛼 . 1 −5 . 0 + 𝛽 .1| 25
SOLN- cos = ⇒ 𝛼 2 + 25 + 𝛽 2 = 𝛼 2 + 2𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽 2 ⇒ 𝛼𝛽 =
4 √𝛼 2 + 25+ 𝛽 2 √2 2
20.Find the vector equation of line passing through the point (2, 1, 3) and perpendicular to both
𝑥− 1 𝑦− 2 𝑧− 3 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
the lines = = and = = .
1 2 3 −3 2 5
SOLN- vector eqn of line passing through the point (2, 1, 3) is
𝑟⃗⃗ = (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂) + 𝜆(𝑎𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂), it is ⊥ to both lines
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
⇒ 𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 3𝑐 = 0 & − 3𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 5𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 4 = −14 = 8 = 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑎 = 4𝑘, 𝑏 = −14𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 8𝑘
⇒ 𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑒𝑞𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 ⃗⃗𝑟 = (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂) + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ − 7𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂)
21.The equation of a line is 5x – 3 = 15 y + 7 = 3 – 10 z. Write the direction cosines of the line
and find the coordinates of a point through which it passes.
3 7 3
𝑥− 𝑦+ 𝑧− 1 1 1
SOLN- eqn of line is 1
5
= 1
15
= 1
10
⇒ 𝑑𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 ( , , − ) 𝑖. 𝑒. (6, 2, −3)
− 5 15 10
5 15 10
6 2 3 3 7 3
⇒ 𝑑𝑐 ′ 𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 ± ( , , − ) & 𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ ( , − , )
7 7 7 5 15 10
22.Find the vector and the cartesian equations of the line passing through the point
A (1, 2, - 1) and parallel to the line 5x – 25 = 14 – 7y = 35z.
𝑥−5 𝑦−2 𝑧− 0 𝑥−5 𝑦−2 𝑧− 0
SOLN- eqn of line is 1 = −1 = 1 𝑖. 𝑒. = =
7 −5 1
5 7 35
⇒ 𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 ⃗⃗𝑟 = (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) + 𝜆(7𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) and
𝑥−1 𝑦− 2 𝑧 +1
𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 = =
7 −5 1
23.Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point P (0, 2, 3) to the
𝑥 + 3 𝑦− 1 𝑧 + 4
line = =
5 2 3
SOLN- Coord of general point on the line is 𝐴 = (5𝜆 − 3, 2𝜆 + 1, 3𝜆 − 4)
⇒ 𝑑𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑃 are 5𝜆 − 3, 2𝜆 − 1, 3𝜆 − 7 and AP is perpendicular to line (1 m)
⇒ 5(5𝜆 − 3) + 2(2𝜆 − 1) + 3(3𝜆 − 7) = 0 ⇒ 𝜆 = 1 & 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = (2, 3, −1) (1+1 m)
24.Find the distance between the lines: 𝑟⃗⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂) + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂) and
𝑟⃗⃗ = (3𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂) + 𝜇(4𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂)
(𝑎 𝑎1 ) × ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏
SOLN- lines are parallel ⇒ 𝑆. 𝐷. = | ⃗⃗⃗ |
|, ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎1 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
𝑎2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ (0.5+0.5 m)
|𝑏
⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑎
and 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ) × ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − 𝑎 𝑏 = 9𝑖̂ − 14𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ (1 m)
√81 + 196 + 16 √293
⇒ 𝑆. 𝐷. = = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 (1 m)
√4 + 9 + 36 7
25.If a line makes angles 𝛼, 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 with x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively, then prove
that 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛾 = 2.
SOLN- ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 cos 𝛼 , cos 𝛽 , cos 𝛾 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑐′𝑠
⇒ 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛽 + 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛾 = 1 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛾 = 2
 UNIT – 5
1. Solve the following LPP graphically : Maximize Z = 3x + 9y ,
Subject to the constraints 𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 60, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 10, 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0
SOLN- Vertices are A (0, 20), B (0, 10),
C (5, 5), and D (15, 15) (1 m)
Corner points Value of Z = 3x + 9y
A (0, 20) 180 maxima
B (0, 10) 90

C (5, 5) 60
D (15, 15) 180 maxima

𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 at any point on AD (1 m) Shaded feasible region (3 m)

2. Solve the following LPP graphically : Maximize Z = 6x + 3y , Subject to the constraints
4𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 80, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 150, 𝑥 + 5𝑦 ≥ 115 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0
SOLN-

Corner points Value of Z = 6x + 3y

A (2, 72) 228

B (15, 20) 150

C (40, 15) 285 maxima

Max value of Z is 285 at (40, 15) (1 m) Shaded feasible region (2 m)

3. Solve the following LPP graphically : Minimize Z = 5x + 10y , Subject to the constraints
𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 120, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 60, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 ≥ 0 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0
SOLN-

Corner points Value of Z = 3x + 9y

A (40, 20) 400
B (60, 30) 600

C (120, 0) 600

D (60, 0) 300 minima

Min value of Z is 300 at (x = 60, y = 0) (1 m) Shaded feasible region (2 m)

4. Solve the following LPP graphically : Minimize Z = 500x + 400y , Subject to the
constraints 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 200, 𝑥 ≥ 20, 𝑦 ≥ 4𝑥 𝑦 ≥ 0
SOLN-

Corner points Value of Z =500x +

400y
A (20, 180) 82000
B (40, 160) 84000

C (20, 80) 42000 minima

Min value of Z is 42000 at (x = 20, y = 80) (1 m) Shaded feasible region (2 m)

5. Solve the following LPP graphically : Minimize Z = -3x + 4y , Subject to the constraints
𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 8, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 12, 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0
SOLN-
Corner points Value of Z = - 3x + 4y
O (0, 0) 0
A (4, 0) −𝟏𝟐 minima
B (2, 3) 6
C (0, 4) 16

Min value of Z is −𝟏𝟐 at (x = 4, y = 0) (1 m) Shaded feasible region (2 m)

6. Solve the following LPP graphically: Max P = 70x + 40y, subject to constraints
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 9, 3𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 9, 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0.
SOLN-

Corner Value of P = 70x + 40y

points
O (0, 0) 0
A (0, 4.5) 180

B (3, 0) 210 maxima

Max value of P = 210 at x = 3 & y = 0 (1.5+0.5 m) Shaded feasible region (3 m)
7. Solve the following LPP graphically: Minimise Z = 6x +7y subject to constraints
2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 8 , 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 10 , 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0
 SOLN-
Corner Value of Z = 6x + 7y
points
A (10, 0) 60
B (2, 4) 40 smallest value
C (0, 8) 56

The smallest value may or may not be

minimum, (region is unbounded) to verify
it we will draw 6𝑥 + 7𝑦 < 40. Since it do not intersect Shaded feasible region (1.5 m)
the feasible region. Hence minimum value of Z is 40 at x = 2 & y = 4 (1.5 m)
8. Solve the following LPP graphically: Minimise Z = 3x +8y subject to constraints
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≥ 8 , 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 11 , 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0
SOLN-
Corner Value of Z = 3x + 8y
points
A (8/3, 0) 8 smallest value
B (2, 0.5) 10
C (0, 5.5) 44
The smallest value may or may not be
minimum, (region is unbounded) to verify
it we will draw 3𝑥 + 8𝑦 < 8. Since it do not
intersect the feasible region. Shaded feasible region (1.5 m)
Hence minimum value of Z is 8 at x = 8/3 & y = 0 (1.5 m)
9. Solve the following LPP graphically: Max Z = 2x + 3y subject to constraints:
𝑥+𝑦 ≤6, 𝑥 ≥2, 𝑦≤3, 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0
SOLN- bounded feasible region
Corner points Value of Z = 2x + 3y
A (2, 3) 13
B (3, 3) 15 maxima
C (6, 0) 12
D (2, 0) 4
Max value of Z = 15 at x = 3 & y = 3 (1.5 m) ( graph 1.5 m)
10.Solve the following LPP graphically: Max Z = x + 3y subject to constraints:
𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 200 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 150 , 𝑦 ≤ 75 , 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0
SOLN- bounded feasible region
Corner points Value of Z = x + 3y
A (0, 75) 225
B (50, 75) 275 maxima
C (100, 50) 250
D (150, 0) 150
E (0, 0) 0
Max value of Z = 275 at x = 50 & y = 75 (1.5 m) ( graph 1.5 m)
 UNIT – 6
1. A die marked 1, 2, 3, in red and 4, 5, 6 in green is tossed. Let A be the event “number is
even” and B be the event “number is marked red”. Find whether the events A and B are
independent or not.
2. SOLN- A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {1, 2, 3} ⇒ 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {2}, Now P(A) =1/2 , P(B) = 1/2 (1 m)
The random variable X has a probability distribution P(X) of the following form, where k
𝑘 ,𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
2𝑘 ,𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1
is some number. 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = { 3𝑘 ,𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2
Determine the value of ‘k’.
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

1
SOLN- ∑ 𝑃𝑖 = 1 ⇒ 𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 3𝑘 = 1 ⇒ 𝑘 = (1+1 m)
6
3. If P (not A) = 0.7, P(B) = 0.7 and P(B/A) = 0.5, then find P(A/B).
𝐵 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
SOLN- P(A) = 0.3, 𝑃 ( ) = ⇒ 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.15 (0.5+0.5 m)
𝐴 𝑃(𝐴)
𝐴 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 0.15 3
⇒ 𝑃( ) = = = (1 m)
𝐵 𝑃(𝐵) 0.7 14
1
& P(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) =1/6 ⇒ 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵) = ≠ P(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ⇒A & B are not independent. (1 m)
4
4. There are three coins. One is two headed coin, another is a biased coin that comes up heads
75% of the time and third is an unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen at random
and tossed. If it is shows heads, what is the probability that it is the two headed coin?
SOLN- Let 𝐸1 = two headed coin is chosen, 𝐸2 = biased coin is chosen
𝐸3 = unbiased coin is chosen & E = tossed coin shows head (1 m)
P (𝐸1 ) = 1/3, P (𝐸2 ) = 1/3 , P (𝐸3 ) = 1/3 (1 m)
𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸1 ) = 1 , 𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸2 ) = 3/4 and 𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸3 ) = 1/2 (1.5 m)
1
𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸1 ) . 𝑃(𝐸1 ) 1 × 4
3
𝑃(𝐸1 ⁄𝐸 ) = ∑3𝑖=1 𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸𝑖 ) . 𝑃(𝐸 )
= 1 3 1 1 1 = (2+0.5 m)
𝑖 1 × + × + × 9
3 4 3 2 3
5. In answering a question on a MCQ test with 4 choices in each question, out of which only
one is correct, a student either guesses or copies or knows the answer. The probability that
he makes a guess is ¼ and the probability that he copies is also ¼. The probability that the
answer is correct, given that he copied it is ¾. Find the probability that he knows the answer
to the question, given that he correctly answered it.
SOLN- Let 𝐸1 = student guesses the answer, 𝐸2 = student copies the answer
𝐸3 = student knows the answer & E = student answer the question correctly (1 m)
P (𝐸1 ) =1/4 , P (𝐸2 ) =1/4 , P (𝐸3 ) =1 – 2/4 =1/2 (1.5 m)
𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸1 ) = 1/4 , 𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸2 ) = 3/4 and 𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸3 ) = 1 (1.5 m)
2
𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸3 ) . 𝑃(𝐸3 ) 1×4 8 2
𝑃(𝐸3 ⁄𝐸 ) = ∑3𝑖=1 𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸𝑖 ) . 𝑃(𝐸 )
= 2 3 1 1 1 = = (1.5+0.5 m)
𝑖 1×4 + ×4 +4 ×4 12 3
4
6. If A and B are two events such that 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.4, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.3 and 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.6, then find
P( A ∩ 𝐵′ ).
SOLN- 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.1 (1 m)
′
P (A ∩ 𝐵 ) = 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.4 − 0.1 = 0.3 (1 m)
3 2 3
7. Find [ P(B/A) + P(A/B)], if 𝑃(𝐴) = , 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) =
10 5 5
3 2 3 1
SOLN- 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = + − = (1 m)
10 5 5 10
 1 1 7
[ P(B/A) + P(A/B)] = + = (1 m)
3 4 12
8. A bag contains two coins, one biased and the other unbiased. When tossed, the biased coin
has a 60% of chance showing heads. One of the coin is selected at random and on tossing it
shows tails. What is the probability it was an unbiased coin ?
SOLN- Let 𝐸1 = unbiased coin is tossed &
𝐸2 = biased coin is tossed & E = coin tossed shows tail (1 m)
P (𝐸1 ) = 1/2, P (𝐸2 ) = 1/2 , 𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸1 ) = 1/2 and 𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸2 ) = 2/5 (1 m)
1 1
𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸1 ) . 𝑃(𝐸1 ) 2
× 2 5
𝑃(𝐸1 ⁄𝐸 ) = 2 = 1 1 1 2 = (1+1 m)
∑𝑖=1 𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸𝑖 ) . 𝑃(𝐸𝑖 ) × + 2 × 5 9
2 2
9. The probability distribution of a random variable X, where k is constant is given
0.1 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 =0
𝑘 𝑥2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥= 1
below : 𝑃 (𝑋 = 𝑥) = { 𝑘𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 3
Determine
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
(a) the value of k. (b) P (X ≤ 2) (c) Mean of the variable X.
3
SOLN- (a) ∑ 𝑃𝑖 = 1 ⇒ 0.1 + 𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 3𝑘 = 1 ⇒ 𝑘 = (1 m)
20
21
(a) 3k + 0.1 = 11/20 (c) ∑ 𝑋𝑖 𝑃𝑖 = 14𝑘 = (1.5+1.5 m)
10
10.A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to occur as tail. If the coin is tossed
twice, find the probability distribution of number of tails. Hence find the mean of the
number of tails.
SOLN- P(T) = 1/4 P(H) = 3/4 & X = No. of tails ⇒ X = 0, 1, 2 (1.5 m)
X 0 1 2
P(X) 9/16 6/16 1/16
6 2 8 1
Mean = 𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋 𝑃(𝑋) = + = = (1.5+1 m)
16 16 16 2
11. Probabilities of A and B solving a specific problem are 2/3 and 3/5, respectively. If both of
them try independently to solve a problem, then find the probability that the problem is solved.
SOLN- P(problem is solved) = 1 – P(problem is not solved) (1 m)
= 1 – (1/3) . (2/5) = 1 – (2/15) = 13/15 (1 m
12.A shopkeeper sells three types of flower seeds
A1, A2, A3. They are sold in the form of mixture,
Where the proportions of these seeds are 4 : 4 : 2,
respectively. The germination rates of the three
types of seed are 45%, 60% and 35% respectively.
Based on the above information, answer the
following questions.
(a) Calculate the probability that a randomly chosen seed will germinate;
(b) Calculate the probability that the seed is of type A2, given that a randomly chosen seeds
germinates.
SOLN- Let 𝐸1 = seed is of type A1, 𝐸2 = seed is of type A2
𝐸3 = seed is of type A3 & E = seed germinates (0.5 m)
P (𝐸1 ) = 4/10 , P (𝐸2 ) = 4/10 , P (𝐸3 ) = 2/10 (0.5 m)
𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸1 ) = 45/100 , 𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸2 ) = 60/100 and 𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸3 ) = 35/100 (0.5 m)
45 4 60 4 35 2 49
(a) 𝑃(𝐸) = ∑3𝑖=1 𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸𝑖 ) . 𝑃(𝐸𝑖 ) = × + × + × = (1.5 m)
100 10 100 10 100 10 100
 60 4
𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸2 ) . 𝑃(𝐸2 ) × 24
(b) 𝑃(𝐸2 ⁄𝐸 ) = = 100 10
49 = (1 m)
𝑃(𝐸) 49
100
= 1 – (1/3) . (2/5) = 1 – (2/15) = 13/15 (1 m)
13. The probability distribution of random variable X is given below:
X 1 2 3
XP(X) k/2 k/3 k/6
(i) Find value of k. (ii) Find 𝑃(1 ≤ 𝑥 < 3) (iii) Find E(X), the mean of X.
5𝑘 5
SOLN- (i) k/2 + k/3 + k/6 = 1 ⇒ 𝑘 = 1 (ii) 𝑃(1 ≤ 𝑥 < 3) = = (1.5+0.5 m)
6 6
5𝑘 5
(iii) 𝐸(𝑋) = ∑ 𝑋 𝑃(𝑋) = = (0.5+0.5 m)
3 3
1 1
14. A and B are independent events such that 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵) = . Find
4 6
P(A) and P(B).
1
SOLN- 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅) = = 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐵̅) = 𝑥(1 − 𝑦) , where P(A) = x & P(B) = y (0.5 m)
4
1
𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵) = = 𝑃(𝐵). 𝑃(𝐴̅) = (1 − 𝑥)𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1/12 (0.5+0.5 m)
6
1 3
⇒ 12𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = & (1 m)
3 4
1 1 3 2
𝑃(𝐴) = ⇒ 𝑃(𝐵) = & 𝑃(𝐴) = ⇒ 𝑃(𝐵) = (0.5 m)
3 4 4 3
15. There are two coins. One of them is a biased coins such that P(H) : P(T) is 1 : 3 and other
coin is a fair coin. A coin is selected at random and tossed once. If the coin showed head, then
find the probability that it is a biased coin.
SOLN- Let 𝐸1 = biased coin is selected & 𝐸2 = fair coin is selected
& E = head appeared on selected coin (0.5 m)
P (𝐸1 ) = 1/2, P (𝐸2 ) = 1/2 , 𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸1 ) = 1/4 and 𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸2 ) = 1/2 (1 m)
1 1
𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸1 ) . 𝑃(𝐸1 ) 2
× 4 1
𝑃(𝐸1 ⁄𝐸 ) = 2 = 1 1 1 1 = (1+0.5 m)
∑𝑖=1 𝑃 (𝐸 ⁄𝐸𝑖 ) . 𝑃(𝐸𝑖 ) × + 2 × 2 3
2 4
16. From a lot of 30 bulbs which includes 6 defective bulbs, a sample of 2 bulbs is drawn at
random one by one with replacement. Find the probability distribution of the number of
defective bulbs and hence find the mean number of defective bulbs.
SOLN- Let X be number of defective bulbs. ⇒ X = 0, 1, 2 (0.5 m)
P(def bulbs) = 1/5 & P(non def bulbs) = 4/5 (0.5 m)
X 0 1 2
P(X) 16/25 8/25 1/25
X P(X) 0 8/25 2/25
10 2
Mean = 𝐸(𝑋) = ∑ 𝑋 𝑃(𝑋) = = (1.5+0.5 m)
25 5

…………………………………x……………………………..