86364_00

Electricity and New Energy
Three-Phase Rotating Machines

Student Manual
86364-00

Order no.: 86364-00
Revision level: 01/2015
By the staff of Festo Didactic
© Festo Didactic Ltée/Ltd, Quebec, Canada 2011, 2013

Internet: www.festo-didactic.com
e-mail: did@de.festo.com
Printed in Canada
All rights reserved
ISBN 978-2-89640-614-2 (Printed version)
ISBN 978-2-89640-615-9 (CD-ROM)
Legal Deposit – Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2013
Legal Deposit – Library and Archives Canada, 2013
The purchaser shall receive a single right of use which is non-exclusive, non-time-limited and limited
geographically to use at the purchaser's site/location as follows.
The purchaser shall be entitled to use the work to train his/her staff at the purchaser's site/location and
shall also be entitled to use parts of the copyright material as the basis for the production of his/her own
training documentation for the training of his/her staff at the purchaser's site/location with
acknowledgement of source and to make copies for this purpose. In the case of schools/technical
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Unit 1

Fundamentals for Rotating Machines

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Speed, torque, and mechanical power measurements using the Four-

Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply
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Ex. 1-1 – Prime Mover and Brake Operation Procedure Outline
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Set up and connections
a Ingeneral
this exercise, you will use a three-phase synchronous machine to study the
principles of operation of motors and generators. Three-phase
synchronous machines will be studied in more detail in Units 3 and 4.
In this section, you will mechanically couple the Synchronous Motor/Generator to

the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply. You will then set the equipment
to study the two-quadrant, constant-torque brake operation.
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Ex. 1-1 – Prime Mover and Brake Operation Procedure
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a Appendix D shows in more detail the equipment and the connections that are
required for each circuit diagram symbol used in this manual.
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a The torque command can also be set by using the Torque control knob in the
Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply window.

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a The pulley ratio between the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply and

all machines under test in this manual is 24:24.
Two-quadrant, constant-torque brake operation
In this section, you will make the three-phase synchronous motor rotate in a
clockwise direction and observe what happens to the torque produced by the
motor as the load torque applied to it increases. You will observe the polarity of
the torque and the mechanical power produced by the three-phase synchronous
motor, and confirm that the machine is operating as a motor. You will then make
the three-phase synchronous motor rotate in a counterclockwise direction and
observe what happens to the torque produced by the motor as the load torque
applied to it increases. You will observe the polarity of the three-phase
synchronous motor torque and mechanical power, and confirm that the machine
can operate as a motor, regardless of the direction of rotation.
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a Interchanging the connections at

direction of rotation of the motor.
two terminals of a motor reverses the
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Constant-speed prime mover operation
In this section, you will set up a circuit containing a prime mover (implemented
using the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply) mechanically coupled to
a three-phase synchronous machine that operates neither as a motor or a
generator. You will make the prime mover rotate in the clockwise direction and
confirm that the three-phase synchronous machine rotates at the specified speed
of the prime mover. You will also confirm that the torque produced by the
machine is virtually zero. You will make the prime mover rotate in the
counterclockwise direction and confirm that the three-phase synchronous
machine speed is negative when it rotates in the counterclockwise direction. You
will also confirm that the torque produced by the machine is virtually zero.

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a Four-Quadrant
The speed command can also be set by using the Speed control knob in the
Dynamometer/Power Supply window.
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Constant-speed prime mover driving a generator
In this section, you will set up a circuit containing a prime mover mechanically
coupled to a three-phase synchronous generator. On the generator, you will set
the exciter knob to a minimum. You will make the three-phase synchronous
generator rotate at the synchronous speed. You will set the exciter knob to a
maximum while observing the generator torque. You will confirm that the
generator speed and torque are of opposite polarity, and that the generator
mechanical power is negative, thus indicating that the machine is operating as a
generator. You will then set the exciter knob on the three-phase synchronous
generator to a minimum and make the generator rotate in the counterclockwise
direction at the synchronous speed. You will set the exciter knob to a maximum
while observing the generator torque. You will verify that the generator speed
and torque are of opposite polarity, and that the generator mechanical power is
negative. Finally, you will confirm that the machine can operate as a generator,
regardless of the direction of rotation.

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a The synchronous speed of the Synchronous Motor/Generator is 1500 r/min at

a local ac power network frequency of 50 Hz and 1800 r/min at a local
ac power network frequency of 60 Hz. The importance of the synchronous
speed of a three-phase rotating machine will be discussed in Unit 2.
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Ex. 2-1 – The Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Procedure
In this section, you will set up a circuit containing a three-phase induction

machine coupled to a prime mover/brake. You will then set the measuring
equipment required to study the three-phase induction machine operating as a
motor.
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r/min at a local ac power network frequency of 50 Hz and 1800 r/min at a
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and measure the rotation speed and direction of rotation. You will verify that the
measured speed is very close to the synchronous speed. You will then increase
the three-phase induction motor mechanical power until the motor works at
nominal power, and record the nominal motor speed, torque, and line current.
You will verify that the measured nominal motor speed and line current are
approximately equal to the specified nominal motor speed and line current.
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In this section, you will make the three-phase induction motor speed decrease by
step from the motor synchronous speed to 0 r/min, recording at each step in the
Data Table the motor speed, torque, mechanical power, line voltage, line current,
active power, reactive power, and power factor. You will calculate the motor
efficiency using the recorded motor mechanical power and active power values.
You will plot a graph of the three-phase induction motor torque as a function of
the motor speed, and interpret the results. You will then plot a graph of the three-
phase induction motor active power, reactive power, power factor, and efficiency
as a function of the motor mechanical power, and interpret the results.

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Three-phase induction motor direction of rotation
In this section, you will interchange the connections at two terminals of the three-
phase induction motor. You will then start the motor and determine its direction of
rotation. You will compare the result with the motor direction of rotation you
recorded earlier in this exercise.
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Ex. 2-1 – The Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Conclusion
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Exercise 2-2
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PROCEDURE
In this section, you will set up a circuit containing a prime mover coupled to a
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required to study the three-phase induction machine operating as an eddy-
current brake.
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maximum. Using the results, you will determine the relationship between the
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when the prime mover rotates in a clockwise direction. You will then set the
prime mover to rotate in a counterclockwise direction, and observe the prime
mover speed and the three-phase induction machine braking torque while
varying the current in the stator electromagnet from a minimum to a maximum.
Using the results, you will confirm that the relationship between the three-phase
induction machine braking torque and stator electromagnet current when the
prime mover rotates in a counterclockwise direction is the same as when the
prime mover rotates in a clockwise direction.
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machine coupled to a constant-speed prime mover/brake. You will set the
constant-speed prime mover/brake to rotate at a speed below the three-phase
induction machine synchronous speed. You will measure the three-phase
induction machine speed, torque, mechanical power, active power, and reactive
power when the machine is turning at a speed below its synchronous speed (i.e.,
when the machine is operating as a motor). You will observe that active power is
supplied by the three-phase ac power source to the machine. You will then set
the constant-speed prime mover/brake to rotate at the three-phase induction
machine synchronous speed. You will measure the three-phase induction
machine speed, torque, mechanical power, active power, and reactive power
when the machine is turning at synchronous speed. You will observe that virtually
no active power is supplied by the three-phase ac power source to the machine.

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local ac power network frequency of 60 Hz.
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speed above the three-phase induction machine synchronous speed. You will
measure the three-phase induction machine speed, torque, mechanical power,
active power, and reactive power when the machine is turning at a speed above
its synchronous speed (i.e., when the machine is operating as an asynchronous

generator). You will observe that active power is supplied by the machine to the
three-phase ac power source. Finally, you will disconnect the three-phase ac
power source from the circuit, and verify that the machine line voltage is zero,
thus confirming that the three-phase induction machine cannot operate as an
asynchronous generator when the machine is not connected to an ac power
source.
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Unit 2 – Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Machines Unit Test
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Unit 3
Synchronous Motors

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Unit 3 – Synchronous Motors Discussion of Fundamentals
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Unit 3 – Synchronous Motors Discussion of Fundamentals
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Exercise 3-1
The Three-Phase Synchronous Motor

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Ex. 3-1 – The Three-Phase Synchronous Motor Discussion
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Ex. 3-1 – The Three-Phase Synchronous Motor Procedure Outline
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PROCEDURE
In this section, you will set up a circuit containing a synchronous motor

mechanically coupled to a brake. You will then set the measuring equipment
required to study the synchronous motor operation.
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Ex. 3-1 – The Three-Phase Synchronous Motor Procedure
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Starting a three-phase synchronous motor
In this section, you will measure the synchronous motor starting torque when the
load torque produced by the brake is at the maximum and current is flowing in
the rotor electromagnet. You will then measure the synchronous motor starting
torque when no current is flowing in the rotor electromagnet, and compare both
starting torque values. You will set the load torque produced by the brake to the
minimum and measure the synchronous motor speed when no current is flowing
in the rotor electromagnet. You will then measure the synchronous motor speed
when current is flowing in the rotor electromagnet, and compare both speed
values. Finally, you will slowly vary the intensity of the field current to observe the
relationship between the field current and the speed of the synchronous motor as
well as the relationship between the field current and motor line current.
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Characteristics of a three-phase synchronous motor
In this section, you will uncouple the three-phase synchronous motor from the
Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply. You will record in the Data Table
the motor line voltage and current, field current, active power, and reactive power
while varying the field current in the rotor electromagnet of the synchronous
motor. You will use the recorded data to plot a graph of the motor line current as
a function of the motor field current. You will use the graph to approximate the
value of the motor field current for which the motor line current is at a minimum.
You will then plot a graph of the motor active power and reactive power as a
function of the motor field current, and determine the relationships between these
parameters. You will use the graph to approximate the value of the motor field
current for which the motor reactive power is zero. Finally, you will compare the
value of the field current for which the motor line current is at a minimum with the
value of the field current for which the motor reactive power is zero, and
determine the relationship between these parameters.
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Exercise 3-2
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PROCEDURE
In this section, you will set up a circuit containing a synchronous motor

mechanically coupled to a brake. You will then set the measuring equipment
required to study the pull-out torque characteristics of the synchronous motor.

Ex. 3-2 – Synchronous Motor Pull-Out Torque Procedure
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In this section, you will turn the excitation on and set the Exciter knob on the
synchronous motor to the minimum, and start the motor so that it turns at
synchronous speed. You will measure the motor field current. You will increase
the torque produced by the brake until the synchronous motor pull-out torque is
reached. While doing this, you will measure the synchronous motor pull-out

torque and line current just before the motor pulls out of synchronization, and the
motor speed and line current when out of synchronization. You will then analyze
the results. You will repeat the process for the following Exciter knob positions on
the synchronous motor: ¼, ½, ¾, and maximum. For each Exciter knob position,
you will record the motor field current and pull-out torque. Using the results, you
will plot a graph of the motor pull-out torque as a function of the motor field
current, and analyze the resulting graph.
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Unit 3 – Synchronous Motors Unit Test
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Unit 3 – Synchronous Motors Unit Test
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Unit 4
Synchronous Generators (Alternators)

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DISCUSSION OF Introduction to three-phase synchronous generators

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Unit 4 – Synchronous Generators (Alternators) Discussion of Fundamentals
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Exercise 4-1
Three-Phase Synchronous Generator No-Load Operation

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load
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PROCEDURE
coupled to a synchronous generator. You will then set the measuring equipment
required to study the synchronous generator no-load operation.
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Ex. 4-1 – Three-Phase Synchronous Generator No-Load Operation Procedure
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a Maximal excitation is obtained when the ([FLWHU knob of the Synchronous

Motor/Generator is set to the fully-clockwise position.
Three-phase synchronous generator no-load operation
In this section, you will make the constant-speed prime mover rotate at the
synchronous speed of the three-phase synchronous generator. You will observe
on the Oscilloscope the waveforms of the voltages produced by the three-phase
synchronous generator and determine the phase shift between the voltage
waveforms. You will then vary the speed of the constant-speed prime mover and
observe the effect on the generator output voltage waveforms. Finally, you will
decrease the field current in the rotor electromagnet and observe the effect on
the generator output voltage waveforms.
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value of the voltages measured on the Oscilloscope is as close as
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Three-phase synchronous generator characteristics
In this section, you will modify the circuit of Figure 4-5 by adding a resistive load
in series with the dc power source. You will set the constant-speed prime mover
to rotate at the synchronous speed of the three-phase synchronous generator.
You will then record in the Data Table the generator speed, output voltage, field
current, and frequency for different field current values. You will calculate the
theoretical frequency of the generator, and compare the result with the measured
generator frequency. You will plot a graph of the generator output voltage as a
function of the generator field current, and interpret the results. You will then set
the prime mover speed to 0 r/min and the three-phase synchronous generator
field current to a fixed value. You will record in the Data Table the generator
speed, output voltage, field current, and frequency while increasing the generator
speed up to a certain value. You will plot a graph of the generator output voltage
as a function of the generator speed, and interpret the results. Finally, you will
plot a graph of the three-phase synchronous generator frequency as a function of
the generator speed, and interpret the results.
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Ex. 4-1 – Three-Phase Synchronous Generator No-Load Operation Conclusion
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Ex. 4-1 – Three-Phase Synchronous Generator No-Load Operation Review Questions
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Exercise 4-2
Voltage Regulation Characteristics

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PROCEDURE
coupled to a synchronous generator. You will then set the measuring equipment
required to study the synchronous generator voltage regulation characteristics.

Ex. 4-2 – Voltage Regulation Characteristics Procedure
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Three-phase synchronous generator voltage regulation characteristic for

resistive, inductive, and capacitive loads
In this section, you will make the three-phase synchronous generator rotate at
the synchronous speed and adjust the Exciter knob so that the generator output
voltage is equal to its nominal value. You will record the generator speed, output
voltage, output current, and field current while varying the resistance of the
resistive load. You will then replace the resistive load with an inductive load, and
record the generator speed, output voltage, output current, and field current while
varying the reactance of the inductive load. Finally, you will replace the inductive
load with a capacitive load, and record the generator speed, output voltage,
output current, and field current while varying the reactance of the capacitive
load. You will plot a graph of the generator output voltage when it is connected to
a resistive load, an inductive load, and a capacitive load as a function of the
output current. You will compare the resulting voltage regulation curves.
Voltage regulation characteristic when the three-phase synchronous generator

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in LVDAC-EMS. Because of this, voltage inputs E3 and E4 are not available in
this exercise to measure and observe circuit parameters using the other
instruments in LVDAC-EMS.


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a local ac power network frequency of 50 Hz and 1800 r/min at a local
ac power network frequency of 60 Hz.
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addition to emulating the operation of an actual synchroscope, the
window also measures the synchronous generator voltage ‫ܧ‬ ீ௘௡Ǥ
and frequency ݂ீ௘௡Ǥ , the ac power network voltage ‫ܧ‬ே௘௧Ǥ and frequency ݂ே௘௧Ǥ , as
well as the voltage difference between the generator voltage ‫ீܧ‬௘௡Ǥ and the
network voltage ‫ܧ‬ே௘௧Ǥ . The values of these parameters are indicated in meters
at the bottom of the window.
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In this section, you will interchange two connections at the stator windings of the
synchronous generator. You will start the prime mover and adjust the rotation
speed so that it is just below the synchronous speed. You will adjust the
generator voltage so that it is equal to the network voltage. You will determine if
the phase sequence of the generator is the same as that of the ac power

network. You will then interchange again two connections at the stator windings
of the synchronous generator, and determine if the phase sequence of the
generator is the same as that of the network. You will observe the indicator
needle on the Synchroscope, as well as the waveforms of the generator voltage
and network voltage on the Oscilloscope. You will increase the generator speed
so that it is a little above the synchronous speed, and observe the results on the
Synchroscope and the Oscilloscope. You will adjust the generator frequency so
that it is very close to the network frequency, and observe the results on the
Synchroscope and the Oscilloscope. You will set the Oscilloscope to record the
generator current and power transients, as well as the generator torque
fluctuations, at the instant of synchronization. You will synchronize the generator
to the network when the generator voltage is virtually in phase with the network
voltage, and analyse the results.
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is recommended to set the sensitivity of the channel used to observe the
current waveform to 5 A/div, the sensitivity of the channel used to
observe the generator power waveform to 500 W/div, the sensitivity of the
channel used to observe the generator torque signal to 0.1 N·m/div, and the
time base to 50 ms/div. You can adjust these settings as needed during the
course of this exercise in order to decrease or increase the sensitivity of the
displayed signals.

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In this section, you will record on the Oscilloscope the synchronous generator
current and power transients, as well as the generator torque fluctuations, when
the generator is synchronized to the network with various phase shifts between
the generator voltage and the ac power network voltage, as well as when the
generator voltage value is different from the network voltage value. You will
analyse the recorded signals, and determine which factors affect the generator
current and power transients, as well as the generator torque fluctuations, at the
instant of synchronization.
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Generator operation after synchronization to the ac power network
In this section, you will synchronize the synchronous generator to the ac power
network. You will then vary the prime mover speed, and observe the effects on
the generator speed, frequency, and active power. You will analyze the results.
You will adjust the generator active power so that it is equal to 0 W. You will then
vary the field excitation of the generator, and observe the effects on the
generator voltage and reactive power. You will analyze the results.

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Unit 4 – Synchronous Generators (Alternators) Unit Test
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Appendix A
Equipment Utilization Chart
The following equipment is required to perform the exercises in this manual.
Equipment
Model Description 1-1 2-1 2-2 3-1 3-2 4-1 4-2 4-3
(1)
8134 Workstation 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8221-2(2) Four-Pole Squirrel Cage Induction Motor 1 1
8241-2 Synchronous Motor/Generator 1 1 1 1 1 1
(3)
8311 Resistive Load 1 1 1 1
8321 Inductive Load 1
8331 Capacitive Load 1
8621-A Synchronizing Module/Three-Phase Contactor 1
8823 Power Supply 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8942 Timing Belt 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8951-L Connection Leads 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(4)
8960-C Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8990 Host Computer 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(5)
9063-B Data Acquisition and Control Interface 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9069-C Synchroscope Function 1
30004-2 24 V AC Power Supply 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(1)
Workstation model 8110 can also be used.
(2)
Resistive Load unit with voltage rating corresponding to your local ac power network voltage. Use model
variant -00, -01, -02, -05, -06, -07, or -0A.
(3)
Model 8221-0 can also be used.
(4)
Model 8960-C consists of the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply, Model 8960-2, with
functions 8968-1 and 8968-2.
(5)
Model 9063-B consists of the Data Acquisition and Control Interface, Model 9063, with function 9069-1.

Appendix B
Glossary of New Terms
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Appendix B Glossary of New Terms
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DW WKH VDPH VSHHG݊ DV WKH URWDWLQJ PDJQHWLF ILHOG LH WKH V\QFKURQRXV
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Appendix B Glossary of New Terms
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GLDODQGDQHHGOH WKHGLIIHUHQFHERWKLQIUHTXHQF\DQGLQSKDVHDQJOHEHWZHHQ
WKHJHQHUDWRUYROWDJHDQGWKHDFSRZHUQHWZRUNYROWDJH
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Appendix C
Impedance Table for the Load Modules
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WKH 5HVLVWLYH /RDG 0RGHO WKH ,QGXFWLYH /RDG 0RGHO RU WKH
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Appendix C Impedance Table for the Load Modules

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/RDG0RGHOVDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\

Appendix D
Circuit Diagram Symbols
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a When a current at inputs I1, I2, I3, or I4 exceeds 4 A (either permanently or

momentarily), use the corresponding 40 A input terminal and set the Range
parameter of the corresponding input to High in the Data Acquisition and Control
Settings window of LVDAC-EMS.

Appendix D Circuit Diagram Symbols
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Index of New Terms
a The bold page number indicates the main entry. Refer to the Glossary of
New Terms above for definitions of new terms.

DFPRWRU

GFPRWRU
G\QDPRPHWHU

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HOHFWULFPRWRU
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Bibliography
%R\OHVWDG 5REHUW / Introductory Circuit Analysis WK (GLWLRQ 8SSHU 6DGGOH
5LYHU3UHQWLFH+DOO,6%1
:LOGL 7KHRGRUH Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems WK (GLWLRQ
8SSHU6DGGOH5LYHU3UHQWLFH+DOO,6%1


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Electricity and New Energy

Three-Phase Rotating Machines

By the staff of Festo Didactic

© Festo Didactic Ltée/Ltd, Quebec, Canada 2011, 2013

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IV © Festo Didactic 86364-00

© Festo Didactic 86364-00 V

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VI © Festo Didactic 86364-00

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VIII © Festo Didactic 86364-00

© Festo Didactic 86364-00 IX

X © Festo Didactic 86364-00

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XII © Festo Didactic 86364-00

Fundamentals for Rotating Machines

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DISCUSSION OF Basic motor operation

© Festo Didactic 86364-00 1

2 © Festo Didactic 86364-00

The rotating electromagnet principle

© Festo Didactic 86364-00 3

4 © Festo Didactic 86364-00

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The generator principle

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Work, torque, and power

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Prime Mover and Brake Operation

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DISCUSSION Introduction to the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply

7KH )RXU4XDGUDQW '\QDPRPHWHU3RZHU 6XSSO\ PRGXOH XVHG LQ WKLV PDQXDO

Two-quadrant, constant-torque brake

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,Q /9'$&(06 RSHQ WKH )RXU4XDGUDQW '\QDPRPHWHU3RZHU 6XSSO\

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2EVHUYH WKH WKUHHSKDVH V\QFKURQRXV PRWRU VSHHG LQGLFDWHG E\ WKH

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6HW WKH Function SDUDPHWHU WR CW Constant-Speed Prime

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,Q WKH )RXU4XDGUDQW '\QDPRPHWHU3RZHU 6XSSO\ ZLQGRZ REVHUYH WKH

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6HW WKH Function SDUDPHWHU WR CCW Constant-Speed Prime

,Q WKH )RXU4XDGUDQW '\QDPRPHWHU3RZHU 6XSSO\ ZLQGRZ VWDUW WKH

,Q WKH )RXU4XDGUDQW '\QDPRPHWHU3RZHU 6XSSO\ ZLQGRZ LQFUHDVH WKH

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6HW WKH Function SDUDPHWHU WR CW Constant-Speed Prime

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