Fungi
Fungi
Fungi
FUNGI
Introduction to Fungi
A
Include
Their
Introduction to Fungi
Symbiotic
Mycology
General Characteristics of
Fungi
Heterotrophic
Morphology of Fungi
Yeasts
Morphology of Fungi
Molds
Morphology of Fungi
Mycelium
A mass of hyphae
coenocytic--undivided
septa--incomplete divisions
Thallus
individual filaments
FUNGAL HYPHAE
Coenocytic
(undivided) hypha
Septate hypha
septum
THALLUS
Morphology of Fungi
Dimorphism
Morphology of Fungi
Fleshy
fungi
Reproduction of Fungi
Assexual
Sexual
spores
Result from the fusion of nuclei from two
opposite mating strains of the same species
of fungus
Sexual reproduction
Sexual spores results from sexual
reproduction, consisting of three phases:
Plasmogamy
(+)
Karyogamy
Meiosis
spores)
Sexual Spores
Zygospore
Formed externally on a
pedestal (basidium)
Divisions of Fungi
The
Lower Fungi
Higher Fungi
reproduction
Shape
LOWER FUNGI
Chytridiomycetes
Water
Allomyces
Oomycetes
Form
its structure
However, Its cellulose cell wall and DNA analysis
confirmed its close relation to other algae
Oomycetes
Saprolegnia
sp.
Parasite of fishes
Phytophthora
infestans
Zygomycetes
Terrestrial
molds
Rhizopus
(black mold)
HIGHER FUNGI
Ascomycetes
Produce
spp. (Morel)
Morchella sp.
Trichophyton
Basidiomycetes
Produce
Deuteromycetes
Do
Many
Mycoses
Any fungal infection
Generally chronic infection
Classification
according to:
due to the
of mycoses is based
Four
groups of mycoses
Systemic Mycoses
Fungal
Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis
Coccidioidomycosis
cocci,
Etiologic
in southwestern United
States, and Central and South
America
Considered as a potential biological
weapon
Coccidioidomycoses
Three
clinical forms:
Primary pulmonary
Signs and symptom: flu-like with
rashes (erythema multiforme)
If the disease does not progress,
the individual develops resistance
for 20 years to a lifetime
Benign form
Hallmark: development of welldefined lung cavitation
May be subclinical for years
Disseminated form
Develops in very few individuals
Spread to various internal organs,
including the brain
Histoplasmosis
Etiologic
agent:
Histoplasma capsulatum
Yeast form
dimorphic fungus
Mycelial form:
produces microconidia
(spores)
Found
worldwide
Mode of transmission:
inhalation of spores
Mycelial form
Histoplasmosis
Three
clinical forms:
Primary acute
May be asymptomatic or may develop flu-like
symptoms
Other symptoms:
chest pain, shortness of breath, hoarseness
Chronic cavitary
Relatively large pulmonary lesions develop
With little signs and symptoms
Often mistaken for tuberculosis
Severe disseminated
Occur most often in immunocompromised
patients
Often fatal
Subcutaneous Mycoses
Fungal
Infection
Sporothrichosis
Gardeners disease
A chronic subcutaneous mycosis with eventual
lymphatic involvement
If untreated, may become a generalized infection
involving bones, joints and other internal organs
A relatively common disease with predilection to
horticultural workers
Subcutaneous Mycoses
Sporothrichosis
Cutaneous Mycoses
(Dermatomycoses)
Fungi
nails
Known as dermatophytes, which secrete
keratinase
Transmission is from human to human or from
animal to human by direct contact
Transmission also by contact with infected hairs
and epidermal cells
Causative
agents:
Microsporum, Epidermophyton, Trichophyton
Monomorphic fungi cultures at room temperture using
Sabourauds medium
Identification is based on gross and microscopic
morphology of the colony
Tinea capitis
Tinea barbae
Tinea cruris
Tinea ungium
Tinea corporis
Tinea pedis
Microsporum
Macroconidia:
Multiseptate, fusiform, spindle- to oval shaped,
cell walls vary in thickness and texture
M. canis
Microconidia:
Single-celled, pyriform and smooth-walled, and
are not diagnostic for any species
Common species
M. canis causes ectothrix hair and skin infection
M. ferrugineum
Epidermophyton
Infect
Epidermophyton
floccosum
club-shaped;
singly or in clumps of 2 or 3;
smooth cell wall;
with 2-5 septa
No
Trichophyton
Infects
Common species of
Trichophyton
T. concentricum
Commonly produce
characteristic circular skin
lesions
tinea umbricata, a form of tinea
corporis
mentagrophytes
Common Species of
Trichophytom
T.
rubrum
T.
tonsurans
Opportunistic Pathogens
Generally
Aspergillosis
A granulomatous, necrotizing
disease of the lungs, which often
disseminate hematogenously to
various organs
Microscopic exam:
Hyaline, septate hyphae with
dichotomous branching
No yeast observed
Opportunistic Pathogens
Mucormycosis
phycomycosis or zygomycosis
Caused mostly by Rhizopus and Mucor
Infection occurs mostly in patients with
diabetes mellitus, leukemia or those
undergoing immunosuppressive therapy
Microscopic exam:
Large, hyaline, coenocytic hyphae
Candidiasis
Cryptococcosis
acute
Toxins
Some
Muscarin
A. muscaria
and amanitin
Toxins
Ergot
Toxins
Aflatoxin
mold toxin