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    Converting Coal To Electricity: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering

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    Oanh Nguyen
    The document discusses the process of converting coal to electricity through combustion in a power plant. It begins by explaining where energy comes from in coal and other resources. It then outlines the conversion process from primary coal energy through combustion to generate steam, which powers turbines that spin generators to produce electricity. Examples are provided to calculate efficiency at different stages. Common coal combustion systems like circulating fluidized bed are presented. Emissions from combustion like sulfur and nitrogen oxides are discussed along with control technologies. The next lecture topics on thermodynamics and power cycles like Rankine and combined cycles are previewed.

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    Converting Coal To Electricity: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering

    Uploaded by

    Oanh Nguyen
    87 views28 pages
    The document discusses the process of converting coal to electricity through combustion in a power plant. It begins by explaining where energy comes from in coal and other resources. It then outlines the conversion process from primary coal energy through combustion to generate steam, which powers turbines that spin generators to produce electricity. Examples are provided to calculate efficiency at different stages. Common coal combustion systems like circulating fluidized bed are presented. Emissions from combustion like sulfur and nitrogen oxides are discussed along with control technologies. The next lecture topics on thermodynamics and power cycles like Rankine and combined cycles are previewed.

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    coal fired thermal power plant

    Original Title

    1-6 Coal to Electricity

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    The document discusses the process of converting coal to electricity through combustion in a power plant. It begins by explaining where energy comes from in coal and other resources. It then outlines the conversion process from primary coal energy through combustion to generate steam, which powers turbines that spin generators to produce electricity. Examples are provided to calculate efficiency at different stages. Common coal combustion systems like circulating fluidized bed are presented. Emissions from combustion like sulfur and nitrogen oxides are discussed along with control technologies. The next lecture topics on thermodynamics and power cycles like Rankine and combined cycles are previewed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    87 views28 pages

    Converting Coal To Electricity: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering

    Uploaded by

    Oanh Nguyen
    The document discusses the process of converting coal to electricity through combustion in a power plant. It begins by explaining where energy comes from in coal and other resources. It then outlines the conversion process from primary coal energy through combustion to generate steam, which powers turbines that spin generators to produce electricity. Examples are provided to calculate efficiency at different stages. Common coal combustion systems like circulating fluidized bed are presented. Emissions from combustion like sulfur and nitrogen oxides are discussed along with control technologies. The next lecture topics on thermodynamics and power cycles like Rankine and combined cycles are previewed.

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    Converting Coal to Electricity

    Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering

    Agenda
    Where Does the Energy Come From?
    How Does Conversion Occur?
    The Carnot Limit (system efficiency concepts)

    Rankine, Brayton and Combined Cycles


    Combined Heat and Power
    Emissions and Emissions Controls
    Electric Generators, Transmission and
    Distribution, Real and Reactive Power
    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    Primary energy
    Energy content of original resource
    Coal
    Natural gas
    Petroleum
    Hydro
    Wind
    Solar
    Direct use of sunlight for building use (illumination,
    passive solar heating) not included
    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    How much reserves in fossil fuels?

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    How much reserves in fossil fuels?

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    How long will that last?

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    What is Coal
    Anthracite
    Hard Coal or Black Coal

    Bituminous Coal
    soft coal

    Sub-Bituminous coal
    Also Lignite or Brown Coal
    (not pictured)

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    Why the difference

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    The conversion chain


    As we discuss matters in class we may use the
    terms primary energy, delivered energy and
    useful energy
    What is the difference?

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    Example for discussion


    A coal fired power plant burns 300 tons of subbituminous coal per hour to yield 620 MW e.
    a)What is the primary energy content?
    b)How much energy was produced?
    c)What is the efficiency of the process?
    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    Example
    A) looking at the coal slide that came before we get
    sub-bituminous coal yields 24 GJ/ton
    Therefore 300 tons x 24GJ/ton = 7,200 GJ = 7.2 TJ
    B) Taking the 620 MW over an hour, we get
    620 MW x 3600s = 2.23 TJ
    C) Efficiency is the ratio between the produced power
    and the primary power
    2.23TJ / 7.2TJ = 32.3% efficiency
    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    Efficiency
    Pout Eout
    Eout
    Efficiency

    Pin
    Ein Qin Win

    1st law of thermodynamics


    The increase in the internal energy of a system is equal to
    the amount of energy added by heating the system minus
    the amount lost as a result of the work done by the system
    on its surroundings
    (conservation of energy)

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    Carnot Efficiency
    2nd law
    The entropy change of any process is greater than or equal to
    zero
    (i.e., there will always be some wasted energy)

    Carnot Efficiency Carnot

    Thot Tcold
    Tcold

    1
    Thot
    Thot

    The Carnot Efficiency is the *maximum* efficiency of a heat


    engine
    (i.e., a heat engine can only run less efficiently than that, not more)

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    Efficiency of a series of processes

    From conversion chain:


    combustion (& heat exchanger) steam turbine
    electric generator distribution grid appliance

    system combustion turbine generator grid appliance


    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    Example: Efficiency of an incandescent lamp


    Assume grid
    efficiency 92%

    Already include typical


    Carnot term

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    Example: Efficiency of an incandescent lamp

    system combustion turbine generator grid appliance


    From the table and info we can get the
    following

    system 94% 42% 98% 92% 4% 1.5% Efficient

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    Prevalent Combustion Systems

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    Pressurized Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor

    Major advantages:
    Keeps heat exchanger out
    of the combustion zone
    Minimizes release of
    unbunrt fuel in FBC
    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    Converting heat to motion


    Heros Machine (aeolipyle)
    Described by Ctesibius in 250 BC

    Giovanni Brancas prime mover


    Described in 1629

    CBEE

    Followed by Savery,
    Newcomen,
    Advanced Materials and
    Watt and Trevithick

    Sustainable Energy Lab

    Steam Turbines impulse wheel 1


    Think of Brancas device
    Conversion of steam (heat) to motion relies on escaping high
    pressure gas making a jet

    Lets use 1000 m.s-1 as a reasonable jet speed

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    Steam Turbines impulse wheel 2


    Conversion of kinetic energy in jet to motion accomplished
    by collision with paddles
    Maximum energy transfer occurs when paddle speed = jet
    speed
    If jet speed = 1000 m.s-1 then paddle speed = 500 m.s-1

    Think of small radius device (original Parsons turbine is


    15cm)
    What is angular velocity for device? (in rpm)

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    Reaction turbine

    Developed by Charles Parsons, 1889


    Basically, a set of vanes converting steam jet speed into
    motion

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    Steam turbines

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    SOx

    Combustion Emissions

    de-SOx slurry injection

    NOx
    de-NOx ammonia/urea injection, selective catalytic reduction

    Particulate Matter (PM)


    bag filters/electrostatic precipitators

    CO / CO2
    CO usually not an issue with well-controlled power plants
    CO2: carbon capture and sequestration
    Much research into Carbon Capture coal power plants

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

    Looking Ahead
    Next week:

    Brief intro/review of thermo


    Rankine, Brayton and Combined Cycles
    Combined heat and power
    Dealing with combustion products
    Electric power system primer

    CBEE

    Advanced Materials and


    Sustainable Energy Lab

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