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    Short Circuit2011-2

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    muaz_aminu1422
    The document discusses power system faults including causes, types, characteristics and necessity of fault calculations. It describes common fault types such as single line to ground, line to line and three phase faults. Faults can be symmetrical or unsymmetrical. Fault calculations are important for protection scheme design and equipment ratings.

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    Short Circuit2011-2

    Uploaded by

    muaz_aminu1422
    54 views65 pages
    The document discusses power system faults including causes, types, characteristics and necessity of fault calculations. It describes common fault types such as single line to ground, line to line and three phase faults. Faults can be symmetrical or unsymmetrical. Fault calculations are important for protection scheme design and equipment ratings.

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    The document discusses power system faults including causes, types, characteristics and necessity of fault calculations. It describes common fault types such as single line to ground, line to line and three phase faults. Faults can be symmetrical or unsymmetrical. Fault calculations are important for protection scheme design and equipment ratings.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    54 views65 pages

    Short Circuit2011-2

    Uploaded by

    muaz_aminu1422
    The document discusses power system faults including causes, types, characteristics and necessity of fault calculations. It describes common fault types such as single line to ground, line to line and three phase faults. Faults can be symmetrical or unsymmetrical. Fault calculations are important for protection scheme design and equipment ratings.

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    POWER SYSTEM

    FAULTS

    POWER SYSTEM FAULTS

    Power substations as a target of study consists of some


    elements like Transmission Lines, Bus Bars, Power
    Transformers, Outgoing Feeders, and Bus Couplers.
    Regardless of the design and the systematic preventive
    maintenance procedures instituted, failures due to
    abnormal or fault conditions do occur
    Fault are intolerable power conditions (other than
    steady-state or rated ones) to which the power system or
    requirement are subjected.

    General causes of power system


    faults

    1- Fault Current
    Healthy insulation in the equipment is subjected to either transient
    over voltages of small time duration due to switching and lightning
    strokes, direct or indirect. Failure of insulation may be happened,
    resulting in very high fault current. This current may be
    more than 10 times the rated or nominal current of the equipment.
    2- Insulation Aging
    Aging of power equipments may cause breakdown of its insulation
    even at normal power frequency voltage.

    General cause of power system


    faults (contd)

    3- External Causes
    External object such as bird, kite, or tree branch are
    considered as external cause of fault. These objects
    may span one conductor and ground causing single
    line to ground fault (phase-earth) or span two
    conductors causing phase-phase fault

    Fault Effects

    The fault must be cleared as fast as possible. Many


    equipments may be destroyed if the fault is not cleared
    rapidly. The dangerous of the faults depends on the
    type of the fault, as example the three phase short
    circuit is the most dangerous fault because the short
    circuit current is maximum. Some of the effects of short
    circuit current are listed here under.

    Fault Effects
    1- Due to overheating and the mechanical forces
    developed by faults, electrical equipments such as bus
    bars, generators, transformers will be damaged
    2- Negative sequence current arises from
    unsymmetrical faults will lead to overheating.
    3- Voltage profiles may be reduced to unacceptable
    limits as a result of faults. A frequency drop may lead to
    instability

    Fault Types
    Fault can be classified due t as:
    1- Permanent
    2- Transient
    Or due to PARTICIPATED PHASES as
    1- Phase-Earth
    2- Phase-Phase
    3- Phase-Phase-Earth
    4- Three-Phase or Three-Phase-Earth

    Broad categorization of Fault Types


    Fault may be categorized broadly into 2 types:
    Symmetrical or balanced faults
    Asymmetrical or unbalanced faults

    Broad categorization of Fault Types


    Balanced (3) Faults
    RARE :- Majority of Faults are Unbalanced
    CAUSES :1. System Energisation with Maintenance Earthing
    Clamps still connected.
    2. 1 Faults developing into 3 Faults
    Line - Line - Line (5%)
    3 Phase; Ia + Ib + Ic = 0 and Va = Vb = Vc

    Broad categorization of Fault Types


    3 FAULTS MAY BE REPRESENTED BY 1 CIRCUIT
    This is valid because system is maintained in a BALANCED state
    during the fault
    Voltages equal and 120 apart
    Currents equal and 120 apart
    Power System Plant Symmetrical
    Phase Impedances Equal
    Mutual Impedances Equal
    Shunt Admittances Equal

    Broad categorization of Fault Types


    Unbalanced Faults
    Unbalanced Faults may be classified into
    SHUNT FAULTS and SERIES FAULTS.
    SHUNT FAULTS:
    Line to Ground
    Line to Line
    Line to Line to Ground

    Broad categorization of Fault Types

    Broad categorization of Fault Types

    Causes :
    1) Insulation Breakdown
    2) Lightning Discharges and other Overvoltages
    3) Mechanical Damage
    During unbalanced faults, symmetry of system Is lost
    therefore single phase representation is no longer Valid

    Broad categorization of Fault Types


    SERIES FAULTS OR OPEN CIRCUIT:
    Single Phase Open Circuit
    Double Phase Open Circuit
    Causes :
    1) Broken Conductor
    2) Operation of Fuses
    3) Maloperation of Single Phase Circuit Breakers

    Characteristics
    of Faults
    A fault is characterized by:

    Magnitude of the fault current


    Power factor or phase angle of the fault current
    The magnitude of the fault current depends upon:
    The capacity and magnitude of the generating sources
    feeding into the fault

    Characteristics of Faults

    The system impedance up to the point of fault or


    source impedance behind the fault
    Type of fault
    System grounding, number and size of overhead
    ground wires
    Fault resistance or resistance of the earth in the case
    of ground faults and arc
    resistance in the case of both phase and ground faults

    Characteristics of Faults

    The phase angle of the fault current is dependent upon:


    For phase faults: - the nature of the source and
    connected circuits up to the fault location and
    For ground faults: - the type of system grounding in
    addition to above.

    Necessity for fault calculations


    Fault calculations are done primarily for the following:
    To determine the maximum fault current at the point of
    installation of a circuit breaker and to choose a
    standard rating for the circuit breaker (rupturing)
    To select the type of circuit breaker depending upon
    the nature and type of fault.

    Necessity for fault calculations

    To determine the type of protection scheme to be


    deployed.
    To select the appropriate relay settings of the
    protection scheme.
    To co-ordinate the relay settings in the overall
    protection scheme of the system

    Necessity for fault calculations


    The calculation is not only limited to present system
    requirements but also meet:
    The future expansion schemes of the system such as
    addition of new generating units
    Construction of new transmission lines to evacuate
    power.
    Construction of new lines to meet the load growth and
    or Construction of interconnecting tie lines

    Necessity for fault calculations

    Basically, there are two approaches to fault


    calculations. These are:
    (a) Actual reactance or impedance method
    (b) Percentage reactance or impedance method or per
    unit (p.u) reactance or impedance method.
    Machine and Transformer impedance or reactance are
    always noted in percentage values on the nameplate.
    Hence the latter method is considered for our
    calculation.

    Per Unit System


    Power system quantities such as voltage,

    current and impedance are often


    expressed in per unit or percent of
    specified values.
    Per unit quantities are calculated as:

    Actual Value
    Per Unit Value
    Base Value

    Per Unit System


    Per Unit Values
    S pu

    S
    S base

    I pu

    I
    I base

    Vpu

    Z pu

    Vbase

    Z
    Z base

    Conversion of Per Unit Values


    Z pu

    Z
    Z base

    Sbase
    2 Z
    Vbase

    Z Z base Z pu

    2
    Vbase

    Z pu
    S base

    Per Unit System


    Usually, the nominal apparent power (S) and

    nominal voltage (V) are taken as the base


    values for power (Sbase) and voltage (Vbase).
    The base values for the current (Ibase) and
    impedance (Zbase) can be calculated based on
    the first two base values.

    Z actual
    Z%
    100%
    Z base
    The percent impedance
    e.g. in a synchronous generator with
    13.8 kV as its nominal voltage, instead of
    saying the voltage is 12.42 kV, we say
    the voltage is 0.9 p.u.

    Simplified:
    Concerns about using phase or line voltages are
    removed in the per-unit system
    Actual values of R, XC and XL for lines, cables, and
    other electrical equipment typically phase values.
    It is convenient to work in terms of base VA (base
    volt-amperes)

    Usually, the 3-phase SB or MVAB and line-to-line VB or kVB


    are selected
    IB and ZB dependent on SB and VB

    S B 3VB I B
    SB
    IB
    ,
    3VB

    VB 3I B Z B
    VB / 3 VB
    ZB

    IB
    SB

    The impedance of individual generators &


    transformer, are generally in terms of
    percent/per unit based on their own ratings.
    Impedance of transmission line in ohmic
    value
    When pieces of equipment with various
    different ratings are connected to a system,
    it is necessary to convert their impedances
    to a per unit value expressed on the same
    base.

    Change of Base
    old
    Z pu
    be the per unit impedance on the power base Sold
    B
    old
    B

    & voltage base V

    old
    Z pu

    Z S Bold
    old
    Z
    2
    old
    V

    ZB
    B

    new
    Z pu
    be the new per unit impedance on the new power base Snew
    B

    & new voltage base VBnew


    new
    Z pu

    Z S Bnew
    new
    Z
    2
    new
    V

    ZB
    B

    Change of Base
    From (1) and (2), the relationship between the old
    and the new per unit value

    new
    pu

    old
    pu

    new
    B
    old
    B

    V

    V

    If the voltage base are the same,


    new
    Z pu

    new

    S
    old
    B
    Z pu old
    SB

    old
    B
    new
    B

    Z pu ( new) Z pu ( old ) *

    MVAbase ( new)
    MVAbase ( old )

    2
    KVbase
    ( old )

    KV

    2
    base ( new )

    Other base quantites :-

    (kVb )2
    BaseImpedance Zb
    in Ohms
    MVAb
    BaseCurrent

    MVAb
    in kA
    3 . kVb

    Per Unit Values =

    Actual Value
    Base Value

    MVA a
    Per Unit MVA MVAp.u.
    MVAb
    KVa
    Per Unit Voltage kVp.u.
    KVb
    Per Unit Impedance Zp.u.
    Per Unit Current p.u.

    a
    b

    Za
    MVAb
    Za .
    Zb
    (kVb )2

    If ZT = 5%
    with Secondary S/C
    5% V (RATED) produces I (RATED) in Secondary.
    V (RATED) produces 100 x I (RATED)
    5
    = 20 x I (RATED)
    If Source Impedance ZS = 0
    Fault current = 20 x I (RATED)
    Fault Power = 20 x kVA (RATED)
    ZT is based on I (RATED) & V (RATED)
    i.e. Based on MVA (RATED) & kV (RATED)
    is same value viewed from either side of transformer.

    (1)

    To calculate the p.u impedance and %


    impedance of a transmission line at 100 MVA
    base Line voltage
    330 KV
    Line length
    200 Kms
    Line resistance /Km
    = 0.06 ohms/Km
    Line reactance /Km
    = 0.4 ohms/Km

    Z = R + jX
    For the 200kms line length
    Z =
    200 (0.06 + j 0.4)
    =
    12 + j 80
    |Z| = [(12) 2 + (80) 2]
    = 80.895 ohms

    Zp.u

    %Z

    =
    =
    =

    Zx

    MVA base
    (KV) 2 base

    80.895 x 100
    (330) 2
    0.0743 p.u
    0.074 x 100
    7.43

    (2)To calculate the p.u impedance to a 100 MVA


    base
    Given four generators; 90MVA, 11KV of 15%
    impedance each connected to step up
    transformers of 90MVA 11KV/330KV of 14%
    impedance. Calculate the fault current at F.

    Assumed MVA = 100


    %Z generators
    = 15 on 90 MVA base
    or Zg p.u
    = 0.15 on 90 MVA base
    Zg p.u on 100 MVA base will be:
    (Zg p.u) base2
    =
    (Zg p.u) base1 x MVA base2
    MVA base1
    (Zg p.u) 100 =
    0.15 x 100
    90
    =
    0.167

    %Z transformers
    = 14 on 90 MVA base
    or Zt p.u
    = 0.14 on 90 MVA base
    Zt p.u on 100 MVA base will be:
    (Zt p.u) base2
    =
    (Zt p.u) base1 x MVA base2
    MVA base1
    (Zt p.u) 100
    = 0.14 x 100
    90
    = 0.156

    The system reduces as follows

    Ztotal

    = 0.323
    4
    = 0.08075

    Total p.u impedance at F = 0.08075 = Ztotal


    Fault MVA at F =
    =
    =

    Base MVA
    Ztotal
    100
    MVA
    0.08075
    1238.4 MVA

    Current at F =

    Fault MVA x (10) 3 u


    3 x system voltage (KV)

    at point of

    fault

    =
    =

    1238.4 x (10) 3
    3 x 330
    2166.638Amps

    MORE EXAMPLES IN YOUR LECTURE BOOK,


    PLEASE.

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