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    Chapter 1

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    Argie Adduru
    This document summarizes Chapter 1 of the textbook "Biochemistry 2/e" by Garrett and Grisham. The chapter introduces some key concepts: 1) Living systems are highly organized and actively engage in energy transformations and self-replication, which distinguishes them from non-living systems. 2) The building blocks of life, or biomolecules, are made from a small set of elements (H, O, C, N) that can form covalent bonds. 3) Biomolecules assemble in a hierarchy from simple molecules to complex structures like organelles and cells. Weak forces are important for maintaining biological structures and interactions.

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    Chapter 1

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    Argie Adduru
    63 views32 pages
    This document summarizes Chapter 1 of the textbook "Biochemistry 2/e" by Garrett and Grisham. The chapter introduces some key concepts: 1) Living systems are highly organized and actively engage in energy transformations and self-replication, which distinguishes them from non-living systems. 2) The building blocks of life, or biomolecules, are made from a small set of elements (H, O, C, N) that can form covalent bonds. 3) Biomolecules assemble in a hierarchy from simple molecules to complex structures like organelles and cells. Weak forces are important for maintaining biological structures and interactions.

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    This document summarizes Chapter 1 of the textbook "Biochemistry 2/e" by Garrett and Grisham. The chapter introduces some key concepts: 1) Living systems are highly organized and actively engage in energy transformations and self-replication, which distinguishes them from non-living systems. 2) The building blocks of life, or biomolecules, are made from a small set of elements (H, O, C, N) that can form covalent bonds. 3) Biomolecules assemble in a hierarchy from simple molecules to complex structures like organelles and cells. Weak forces are important for maintaining biological structures and interactions.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    63 views32 pages

    Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    Argie Adduru
    This document summarizes Chapter 1 of the textbook "Biochemistry 2/e" by Garrett and Grisham. The chapter introduces some key concepts: 1) Living systems are highly organized and actively engage in energy transformations and self-replication, which distinguishes them from non-living systems. 2) The building blocks of life, or biomolecules, are made from a small set of elements (H, O, C, N) that can form covalent bonds. 3) Biomolecules assemble in a hierarchy from simple molecules to complex structures like organelles and cells. Weak forces are important for maintaining biological structures and interactions.

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    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    CHAPTER 1
    Chemistry is the Logic of
    Biological Phenomena
    to accompany
    Biochemistry, 2/e
    by
    Reginald Garrett and Charles Grisham
    All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work
    should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt Brace & Company,
    6277
    Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Outline
    1.1 Distinctive Properties of Living
    Systems
    1.2 Biomolecules: Molecules of Life
    1.3 Biomolecular Hierarchy
    1.4 Properties of Biomolecules
    1.5 Organization and Structure of Cells
    1.6 Viruses as Cell Parasites

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    On Life and Chemistry...


    Living things are composed of lifeless
    molecules (Albert Lehninger)
    Chemistry is the logic of biological
    phenomena (Garrett and Grisham)

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    1.1 Distinctive Properties of


    Living Systems
    Organisms are complicated and highly
    organized
    Biological structures serve functional
    purposes
    Living systems are actively engaged in
    energy transformations
    Living systems have a remarkable capacity
    for self-replication

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    1.2 Biomolecules: The


    Molecules of Life
    H, O, C and N make up 99+% of atoms in the
    human body
    ELEMENT
    Oxygen
    Hydrogen
    Carbon
    Nitrogen

    PERCENTAGE
    63
    25.2
    9.5
    1.4

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    1.2 Biomolecules: The


    Molecules of Life
    What property unites H, O, C and N and
    renders these atoms so appropriate to
    the chemistry of life?
    Answer: Their ability to form covalent
    bonds by electron-pair sharing.

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    1.2 Biomolecules: The


    Molecules of Life

    What are the bond energies of covalent


    bonds?
    Bond Energy kJ/mol
    H-H
    436
    C-H
    414
    C-C
    343
    C-O
    351

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    1.3 A Biomolecular Hierarchy


    Simple Molecules are the Units for
    Building Complex Structures

    Metabolites and Macromolecules


    Organelles
    Membranes
    The Unit of Life is the Cell

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    1.4 Properties of Biomolecules Reflect


    Their Fitness to the Living Condition
    Macromolecules and Their Building
    Blocks Have a Sense or Directionality
    Macromolecules are Informational
    Biomolecules Have Characteristic ThreeDimensional Architecture
    Weak Forces Maintain Biological
    Structure and Determine Biomolecular
    Interactions

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    1.4 Properties of
    Biomolecules Reflect Their
    Fitness to the Living Condition

    Important numbers!
    van der Waals: 0.4-4.0 kJ/mole
    Hydrogen bonds: 12-30 kJ/mole
    Ionic bonds: 20 kJ/mole
    Hydrophobic interactions: <40 kJ/mole

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Two Important Points About


    Weak Forces
    Biomolecular Recognition is Mediated
    by Weak Chemical Forces
    Weak Forces Restrict Organisms to a
    Narrow Range of Environmental
    Conditions

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Organization and Structure of


    Cells
    Prokaryotic cells
    A single (plasma) membrane
    no nucleus or organelles

    Eukaryotic cells
    much larger in size than prokaryotes
    103-104 times larger!
    Nucleus plus many organelles
    ER, Golgi, mitochondria, etc.

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

    Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham

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