Electromagnetics

Oana Mihaela Drosu

Dr. Eng., Lecturer
Politehnica University of Bucharest
Department of Electrical Engineering
LPP ERASMUS+
 Contents
Review of Maxwells equations

Electromagnetic energy conservation

2
 References

J.D. Jackson: Classical Electrodynamics

H.D. Young and R.A. Freedman: University Physics
(with Modern Physics)
P.C. Clemmow: Electromagnetic Theory
Feynmann Lectures on Physics
W.K.H. Panofsky and M.N. Phillips: Classical
Electricity and Magnetism
G.L. Pollack and D.R. Stump: Electromagnetism

3
 Basic Equations from Vector
Calculus
For a scalar function x,y,z,t ,
Gradient is normal to
gradient : , ,
x y z surfaces =constant

For a vector F F1 , F2 , F3 ,
F1 F2 F3
divergence : F
x y z
F3 F2 F1 F3 F2 F1
curl : F , ,
y z z x x y

4
 Basic Vector Calculus

(F G) G F F G

0, F 0

( F ) ( F ) F
2

Stokes Divergence or Gauss

Theorem
Theorem
F dS F d r
S

C

n
F dV F dS
V S
dS n dS
Closed surface S, volume
Oriented V, outward pointing normal
boundary C
5
 What is Electromagnetism?
The study of Maxwells equations, devised in 1863 to
represent the relationships between electric and magnetic
fields in the presence of electric charges and currents,
whether steady or rapidly fluctuating, in a vacuum or in
matter.

The equations represent one of the most elegant and

concise way to describe the fundamentals of electricity and
magnetism. They pull together in a consistent way earlier
results known from the work of Gauss, Faraday, Ampre,
Biot, Savart and others.

Remarkably, Maxwells equations are perfectly consistent

with the transformations of special relativity.
 Maxwells Equations
Relate Electric and Magnetic fields generated by
charge and current distributions.
E = electric field
D = electric displacement
H = magnetic field
B = magnetic flux density
= charge density
j = current density
0 (permeability of free space) = 4 10-7 H/m

0 (permittivity of free space) = 8.854 10-12 F/m

c (speed of light) = 2.99792458 108 m/s

In vacuum

D 0 E,

B 0 H ,

0 0c 2 1



D



B
0

H

B
j
E
t
D

0
E



E
0

Maxwells 1st Equation
Equivalent to Gauss Flux Theorem:
1
E dV E d S
V S
0
V
dV

the total electric charge Q enclosed within the surface.

A point charge q generates an electric field

E dS
sphere
q
4 0 r
q
4 0
3
r

sphere
dS q
r 2

0
Q
0
The flux of electric field out of a closed region is proportional to

Area integral gives a measure of the net charge

enclosed; divergence of the electric field gives the density
8
of the sources.

B
0B0BdS0
Maxwells 2nd Equation

Gauss law for magnetism:

The net magnetic flux out of any

closed surface is zero. Surround a
magnetic dipole with a closed
surface. The magnetic flux directed
inward towards the south pole will
equal the flux outward from the north
pole.
If there were a magnetic monopole
source, this would give a non-zero
integral.
Gauss law for magnetism is then a statement
that There are no magnetic monopoles


t
B
Equivalent to Faradays

C

Induction:

E dl
d
dt
Law of
B
E dS t
S

S
(for a fixed circuit C)


B
dS

d S
Maxwells 3rd Equation

d
dt

E dl force round a circuit

The electromotive
is proportional to the rate of

offlux
change B dSof magnetic field,
N S

through the circuit.

Faradays Law is the basis for
electric generators. It also forms the
basis for inductors and


B
0j
1
E
c2t

Ampre

Biot
Law, 1820):

C
Maxwells 4th Equation

Originates from Ampres (Circuital) Law :

B 0 j

B dl B dS 0 j dS 0 I
S

0 I
B
4

S

Satisfied by the field for a steady line current (Biot-Savart

dl r
r3
For a straight line current B
0 I
2 r
 Need for Displacement Current
Faraday: vary B-field, generate E-field
Maxwell: varying E-field should then produce a B-field, but not covered by
Ampres Law.
Apply Ampre to surface 1 (flat disk): line

integral of B = 0I
Surface 1 Surface 2
Applied to surface 2, line integral is zero

since no current penetrates the deformed

surface.
Current I Q dQ dE
In capacitor, E , so I 0 A
0 A dt dt

Closed loop E
Displacement current density isjd 0
t
E
B 0 j j d 0 j 0 0

t 12
 Consistency with Charge Conservation

Charge conservation: From Maxwells equations:

Total current flowing out of a region
equals the rate of decrease of charge Take divergence of
within the volume. (modified) Ampres equation

1
d B 0 j 2 E
j dS dV c t
dt
0 0 j 0 0
j dV dV t 0
t

j 0 0 j
t t

Charge conservation is implicit in Maxwells Equations

13
 Maxwells Equations in Vacuum
Equivalent integral forms
In vacuum
1
(useful for simple
D 0 E , B 0 H , 0 0 2
c geometries)
1
Source-free equations:
E dS 0 dV
B 0
B dS 0

B
E 0
t d d
Source equations

E dl dt B dS dt
E 1 d
0

1 E
B dl 0 j dS c 2 dt E dS
B 2 0 j
c t 14
 Electromagnetic Energy
Rate of doing work on unit volume of a system is



v f d v E j B v E j E
Substitute for j from Maxwells equations and re-arrange into the
form

D D
j E H E E H H E E
t t

B D
S H E where S E H
t t
S
1
2 t

E D B H Poynting vector
15

1


j E BH ED E H
t 2
Integrated over a volume, have energy conservation law:
rate of doing work on system equals rate of increase of
stored electromagnetic energy+ rate of energy flow across
boundary.

dW d 1
E D B H dV E H dS
dt dt 2

electric + Poynting vector

magnetic energy gives flux of e/m
densities of the energy across
fields boundaries
16
 Poynting Vector

Poynting vector is S E H E y H z ,0, E y H x
1 kA2 2 n x
Time-averaged: S 0, 0,1 sin
2 a Total e/m energy
density
1 akA2 1 2
Integrate over x: Sz W A a
4 4
Sz k
So energy is transported at a rate: vg
We Wm

Electromagnetic energy is transported down the waveguide

with the group velocity
17