Lec 10 Week (7) (Water Distribution System)

Water Distribution
System
Water Distribution System
Components
• Pipes
• Fire Hydrants
• Valves
• Service Reservoirs (OHR)
12-March-2016 Lecture # 10 Engr. Gul-E-Hina, IEER, UET Lahore

Types of Water Distribution System
1- Gravity distribution
• Natural slope, spring at peak
• Economical & easy to install
• Site specific not applicable in all scenario
• For fire protection we generally install pumps

2- Direct Pumping
• High electricity cost
• Operator role important (Constant attendance)
• Power /tube well or fire breakdown problem
• Pressure variation
• Pumps are design at peak hourly flow
• Several pumps to deal varying demand
• No storage

3- Pumping with Storage
• Excess water pumped during periods of low
consumption stored in OHR
• High consumption periods water drawn out to
augment pumped water
• Constant pumping rate
• Economical as pumping rate is set at maximum
daily instead of peak hourly flow
• More reliable due to fire fighting reserve

Pumping with storage

• Types of Layout
ing)
Dead End or Tree System
• Irregularly developed cities(No proper plann
Advantages
1. Easy to design
2. Less valve to cut off supplies
Disadvantages
1. Stagnation of water at dead ends off
2. Large portions of cities for repairs to be
qued

Grid –Iron System
• No stagnation
• More valves(costly)
• Difficult to design
• Expensive option but more reliable
• More common in developed countries

• Types of water supply
Continuous
• No infiltration
• More water use
Intermittent
• Infiltration/Seepage (more chance of contamination)
• Storing water in dirty containers
• Taps carelessly kept open
• Consumers waste stored water to get fresh water

Primary Feeders
• Main skeleton
• Water pumping to OHR and various parts of city
• In cities form loops, about 1 km apart.
• Looping allows continuous flow and adequate fire flows.
• Provided with air relief valve & blow off valve
• Size >300mm ϕ

Secondary feeder
• Carry water from Primary feeder to cater for normal
supplies +firefighting(12”- Lahore)
• Smaller loops within loops of primary feeder
• In cities these are few blocks apart
• Sizes are 200mm, 250, 300mm ϕ
Small distribution mains/Tertiary Feeder
• Form grid over areas and supply water to fire hydrant
and domestic supply lines (150 mm ϕ)
Domestic supply lines
• Generally the sizes are <100-150 mm ϕ normal size is
75mm
Consideration Pipe Layout
1. Right of way: Should not intersect private property
2. Not on mines/ military remains
3. Not to damage existing infrastructure(telephone lines,
sewerage pipes.
4. For high points use air release valves and low points blow
off valve
5. Avoid point of inflection “Concrete blocks at point of
inflection(Thrust blocks)”
6. When crossing river/stream better to attach with bridge or
if passing through stream keep narrowest section when in
need to bury pipes
Types of Water Supply Pipes
Water Supply Pipes
• Various types of pipes are available for the construction of
water supply network.
• The following points should be considered for selection;
 Carrying capacity
 Durability
 First cost
 Maintenance cost
 Type of water to be conveyed
Water Supply Pipes
1. Cast Iron Pipes:
• Most widely used for city water supply
• Average life of pipes 100 years
• Corrosion (tuberculation)may reduce its capacity by
70%,must be lined with cement or bitumen
• Roughness coefficient (C)for new pipe is 130
• Roughness coefficient (C) for old pipe is 100
Water Supply Pipes
2. Steel Pipes:
• Contains less carbon than cast iron pipe
• Average life is 25-50 years
• Frequently used for trunk mains
• Difficult to make connections, hence seldom used for water
distribution
• Much stronger and lighter than cast iron pipes
• Cheaper than cast iron pipes
• Cannot withstand vacuum, hence collapse
• Highly susceptible to corrosion, hence high maintenance charges
required.
Water Supply Pipes
3. Ductile Pipes:
• Similar to C.I pipes except their increased ductility(it is
the property of a metal of being capable to be drawn out
into wire)
• Ductile iron is produced by adding a controlled amount of
Mg into molten iron of low sulphur and phosphorus
content
• Stronger, tougher and more elastic than C.I
• More expensive than C.I
Water Supply Pipes
4. Galvanized Iron Pipes:
• Produced by dipping C.I pipes in molten zinc
• Resistant to corrosion
• Mainly used for plumbing
• Maximum diameter 6 inches
5. Concrete Pipes:
• Usual size of RCC pipes 400 mm and above
• Not subjected to corrosion
• Manufactured at or near site
• Average life of pipe is 75 years
• Roughness coefficient is between 138 to 15
Water Supply Pipes
6. Asbestos Cement Pipes:
• Sizes available between 100mm-600 mm
• Average life – 30 years
• Immune to actions of acids, salts, soil, corrosion
• Less pumping cost due to less friction
• Roughness coefficient is equal to 140
7. Poly vinyl chloride Pipes:
• Mainly used for domestic plumbing
• Easy to install , easy to handle
• Cheaper in material cost
• Weak to sustain load
• Only available up to 350mm diameter size
• Expected life – 25 years
• PVC becomes brittle when placed in sunlight
Water Supply Pipes
8. POLYPROPYLENE RANDOM COPOLYMER
(PPRC)
• Exceptional corrosion & erosion resistance
• Anti-Fungal & Non-toxic
• Inherited characteristic of high impact strength
• Wide Temperature range: -40C to +950C (suitable for both hot & cold applications)
• Long Service life, above 50 years over a wide temperature range.
• Highly economical as compared to G. I , C. I, M.S, PVC
• Superior Impact, Fracture Resistance & Minimum Crack Transmission due to Co-polymer
with random assortment.
• PPR-C being an Eco-Friendly product does not catches fire straightforwardly,
indeed in case of fire it
Types of Valves
1.Gate Valve(sluice valve)
• Used to shut off water supply mains for repair
• Generally placed at street corners where lines intersect.
2.Global Valve
• Used in the plumbing system on smaller pipes.
• They create lot of head loss
Types of Valves
3.Check Valve
• Uni-directional flow
• Discharge side of pump to reduce water hammer
effect (pumping stations)
4.Butterfly Valve
• Used in filter plants and high pressure distribution systems.
• Shut off very slowly to avoid water hammer.
Types of Valves
5.Pressure Regulating Valve
• Reduce pressure downstream side to any desired magnitude(60 PSI)
• Spring and adjustable diaphragm in order to increase or decrease the
water pressure within the water supply service
Types of Valves
6. Air Relief Valve
• It allows the accumulated air in the pipe to escape
• It also allows the external air to enter the pipe to break the vacuum.
• Placed at high points of the line
Types of Valves
7. Blow off Valve
• Used to drain a line, or to remove accumulated sediments
• Located at low points.
Types of Valves
8. Altitude Valve
• Close automatically a supply line to an elevated tank when full
• Differential in forces between a spring load and the water level in the
reservoir.
• When the force of the spring is overcome by the force of the reservoir
head, the pilot closes the main valve
• Desired high water level set by adjusting the spring force
Fire hydrants
• At least 2 hose outlets and larger pumper outlet

• Located at street intersection 1-2 m from the edge of
road
1m3/min
0.5 m

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Water Distribution

• Service Reservoirs (OHR)

12-March-2016 Lecture # 10 Engr. Gul-E-Hina, IEER, UET Lahore

12-March-2016 Lecture # 10 Engr. Gul-E-Hina, IEER, UET Lahore

12-March-2016 Lecture # 10 Engr. Gul-E-Hina, IEER, UET Lahore

12-March-2016 Lecture # 10 Engr. Gul-E-Hina, IEER, UET Lahore

12-March-2016 Lecture # 10 Engr. Gul-E-Hina, IEER, UET Lahore

12-March-2016 Lecture # 10 Engr. Gul-E-Hina, IEER, UET Lahore

12-March-2016 Lecture # 10 Engr. Gul-E-Hina, IEER, UET Lahore

12-March-2016 Lecture # 10 Engr. Gul-E-Hina, IEER, UET Lahore

12-March-2016 Lecture # 10 Engr. Gul-E-Hina, IEER, UET Lahore

• At least 2 hose outlets and larger pumper outlet

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