Coffee (Coffea Canephora / Coffea Arabica) Rubiaceae

Coffee (Coffea canephora / Coffea arabica)
Rubiaceae
Soil and climate
Soil should be deep, friable, open textured rich in plant nutrients with plenty of
humus and of slightly acidic nature (pH – 4.5 to 6.5)
Varieties
Arabica varieties
sin 795, sin 9, sin 10, Cauvery and its selections and HRC (Hawaian red
Cuturra), Chandragiri and Roman
Robusta varieties
Sln 274, Sln 270, Sln 3.
Varieties Elevation (m) Rainfall (mm) Distribution
Robusta 500 – 1000 1000 – 2000 Blossom shower – February - March
Arabica 1000 - 1500 1600 – 2500 Blossom shower – March - April
Backing shower during April – May is required for both the varieties
Seeds and sowing
Coffee is propagated by seeds
Season
Planting spreads from June - December
Preparation of seeds
 Healthy and well developed fully ripe berries are harvested from
specially identified plants for use as seed bearers.
 After discarding the floats, the sound fruits are depulped, sieved and
mixed with sieved wood ash and dried in shade.
 The seed is then graded to remove all cut, triangular and elephant
beans.
 Prior to planting, the seeds are treated with Agrosan or any
Organomercurial compound to prevent fungal infection.
Nursery practices
 Select light loamy soil of good drainage with high organic matter content with water
and shade facilities.
 Form raised beds of 15 cm height, 1m width and at convenient length.
 Incorporate 30 - 40 kg of well rotten compost, 2 kg of finely sieved agricultural lime
and 400 g of rock phosphate to a bed of 1 x 6 m size.
 In heavy soils, it is necessary to add coarse sand for drainage and aeration.
Sowing
Pre-sowing seed treatment
wiith Azospirillum and Phosphobacterium can be
done.
Seeds are sown in December - January in the
bed 1.5 - 2.5 cm apart with the flat side down
wards in regular rows.
Then they are covered with a thin layer of
fine soil and a layer of paddy straw.
 Water the beds daily and protect from direct
sunlight by an over head pandal.
 Seeds germinate in about 45 days after which
they are transplanted to a secondary nursery
beds for raising ball or Bag nursery.
Bag nursery
Polythene bags with adequate number of
holes in the bottom half are taken and are filled
with a prepared mixture containing jungle soil,
FYM and sand in the proportion of 6:2:1. An
area of 12 x 8 m can accommodate 5000
seedlings. Seedlings are planted in polythene
bags.
Preparation of field
Selective felling may be done while retaining a number of desirable shade

trees. Terracing should be done in deep slopy areas. After the summer showers,
pits of 45 cm x 45 cm x 45 cm are dug at 1.25 - 2.5 m apart.
The pits are left open for weathering and then filled and heaped for planting.
At the time of filling, apply 500 g of rock phosphate per pit along with top soil.
Planting is done along the contour in slopy areas.
Spacing
Arabica Coffee 1.5 to 2.0 m either way.
Dwarf varieties Sanraman: 1 x 1 m.
Robusta coffee 2.5 m either way.

Planting shade trees
Temporary shade trees:
Dadap (Erythrina lithospermum) and Silver oak
Permanennt shade trees:

Albizzia lebbek, A. moluccana, Artocarpus integrifolia, Cedrella tonna,
Delbergia latifolia, Ficus glomertana, F. retusa
Irrigation
It is generally grown as a rainfed crop. But
irrigation with sprinkler during March - April
increases blossoming and results in higher
yields.
Flowering in Coffee
MANURING Mid monsoon Post- monsoon
Pre- Blossom March Post – blossom May
August October Total
Species N:P2O5:K2O N:P2O5:K2O
N:P2O5:K2O N:P2O5:K2O
Arabica
Young coffee 1st year after
15:10:15 15:10:15 --- 15:10:15 45:30:45
planting
2nd and 3rd year 20:10:20 20:10:20 --- 20:15:20 60:45:60

4th year 30:20:30 20:20:20 --- 30:20:30 80:60:80
Bearing coffee 5 years and

above for less 40:30:40 40:30:40 --- 40:30:40 140:90:120
than one tonne/ha crop
For one tonne / ha and

40:30:40 40:30:40 40:30:40 40:30:40 160:120:160
above
Robusta
For less than one tonne/ ha
40:30:40 --- --- 40:30:40 80:60:80
crop
For 1 tonne /ha and above 40:30:40 40:30:40 --- 40:30:40 120:90:120
Plant protection
Pests
White stem borer
 Attacks arabica coffee grown under inadequate shade.
 Maintain/create optimum shade
 Borer infested plants should be thoroughly trace, uprooted during
March and September, burnt to avoid economic loss during the
subsequent years.
 Install pheromone traps @ 25 /ha, if the incidence is high.
 Remove the loose scaly bark on the main stem and thick primaries
using coir glove or coconut husk.
 Pad with monocrotophos 36 WSC @ 5 ml by making a window in the
stem at 5 cm x 5 cm and fill it with absorbant cotton dipped in
insecticide solution and close it.
Berry borer
 Carry out timely and thorough harvest.

 Avoid gleanings as far as possible.
 Pick up and destroy the gleanings.
 Meticulously remove the leftover berries.
 Remove offseason berries to save main crop.
 Avoid excessive shade.
 Prune plants properly to facilitate better ventilation and illumination.
 Spray Quinalphos 25 EC @ 340 ml/200 lit or lamda cyhalothrin 5 EC 120 – 160 ml /
200 lit.
 While processing at the estate level dry coffee berries to the prescribed moisture level :
Arabica / robusta parchment 10 %, Arabica cherry 10.5 % and robusta cherry 11.0 %.
Diseases
Rust
Spray 0.5% Bordeaux mixture in February - March (Pre-bloom) followed by 0.03%
Oxycarboxin in May - June (Pre-monsoon). Repeat in July - August (mid-
monsoon) September - October (Post-monsoon) with any one of the above
fungicides or Spray 0.5 % Bordeaux mixture during the month of June followed by
0.02 % Triadionefon during September and 0.5 % Bordeaux mixture during the
month of December.
Harvest
Harvest starts during November and
harvesting extends up to February. Coffee fruits
should be harvested as and when they become
ripe. Coffee is just ripe when on gently
squeezing the fruits the beans inside come out
easily. Unripe fruits should be scrupulously
sorted out before using the fruits for pulping. IMMATURE BERRIES
They may be dried separately as cherry.
Fly picking: Small scale picking of ripe berries

during October to February
Main picking: Well formed and ripened berries

are harvested during December. Bulks of the
yields are obtained from this picking.
MATURE BERRIES
Stripping:
Picking of all the berries left irrespective of
ripening.
Cleanings:
This is collection of fruits that have been dropped during harvesting.
Unripe fruits should be scrupulously sorted out before using the fruits for pulping.
They may be dried separately as cherry.
Yield
750 - 1000 kg dry parchment /ha
COFFEE PROCESSING
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K Y
TH AN

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Coffee (Coffea canephora / Coffea arabica)

Robusta 500 – 1000 1000 – 2000 Blossom shower – February - March

Arabica 1000 - 1500 1600 – 2500 Blossom shower – March - April

Selective felling may be done while retaining a number of desirable shade

Arabica Coffee 1.5 to 2.0 m either way.

Dwarf varieties Sanraman: 1 x 1 m.

Robusta coffee 2.5 m either way.

Permanennt shade trees:

2nd and 3rd year 20:10:20 20:10:20 --- 20:15:20 60:45:60

Bearing coffee 5 years and

For one tonne / ha and

 Carry out timely and thorough harvest.

Fly picking: Small scale picking of ripe berries

Main picking: Well formed and ripened berries

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