Why Grammar Matters When

Learning A Language?

Lilian Budianto's English Class @ STF Driyarkara 2020

 LEVEL 3 PISA LITERACY

Speech
Specific Vocabulary Ideally, we finish
learning the
The analogy of
Argumentative grammar and
grammar as the
proceed to
foundation of a Specific Vocabulary
vocabulary
building, vocabulary
as the building enrichment and
materials and content construction of
(or different text types) each floor
Expository Descriptive (content).
as the story of each
building. The higher Specific Vocabulary
Specific Vocabulary However, due to
your building is, the time constraints,
more solid the we can also lay
foundation is required the foundation
to be. and construct the
Narrative
building at the
Specific Vocabulary same time.

GRAMMAR FOUNDATION & COMMON WORDS

GRAMMAR LESSONS
Part 1: Four Verbal Forms in English
Part 2: How To Use To BE and Parts Of Speech
Part 3: The Order Of Words in English
Part 4: When Verbs Take Over As Adjective
Part 5: Reduced Clause (passive & V-ing without To Be)
 Part 1:
Four Verbal Forms In English
(the English Language is time precise and this concept is the entry point
to our grammar journey)
 How many verb forms we have in English?
Present (Fact/habit) Past (dulu/….yg lalu) Perfect (sudah) Continuous (sedang)

V1 V2 V3 Ving

Irregular verb

• CHOSEN

CHOOSE CHOSE CHOSEN CHOOSING

Regular verb

PROMISE PROMISED PROMISED PROMISING

 What pattern do you notice?
V1 V2 V3 Ving

Irregular verb

Cost Cost Cost Costing

Cut Cut Cut Cutting
hit hit hit hitting
• CHOSEN

= V1 = V2 V3
 What pattern do you notice?
V1 V2 V3 Ving

Irregular verb

become became become becoming

Come Came Come Coming
Run Ran Run Running
• CHOSEN

V1 = V3
 What pattern do you notice?
V1 V2 V3 Ving

Irregular verb

Bring Brought Brought Bringing

Buy Bought Bought Buying
build built built building
• CHOSEN

V2 ending-t = V3 ending-t
 What pattern do you notice?
V1 V2 V3 Ving

Irregular verb

Find Found Found Finding

Have Had Had Having
Hear Heard Heard Hearing
• CHOSEN

V2 ending-d = V3 ending-d
 What pattern do you notice?
V1 V2 V3 Ving

Irregular verb

Win Won Won Winning

Cling Clung Clung Clinging
Dig Dug Dug Digging
• CHOSEN

Make Made Made Making

V2 = V3
 What pattern do you notice?
V1 V2 V3 Ving

Irregular verb

Begin Began Begun Beginning

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking
Sing Sang Sung Singing
• CHOSEN

V1 vowel i ≠ V2 vowel a ≠ V3 vowel u

 What pattern do you notice?
V1 V2 V3 Ving

Irregular verb

Bear Bore Born Bearing

Break Broke Broken Breaking
Choose Chose Chosen Choosing
• CHOSEN

V1 ≠ V2 ending-e ≠ V3 ending-n
 So, we have a total of 7 patterns for irregular verbs
V1 V2 V3 Ving

Irregular verb

1. Cut Cut Cut Cutting

2. Come Came Come Coming
3. Bring Brought Brought Bringing
• CHOSEN

4. Hear Heard Heard Hearing

4. Win Won Won Winning
6. Drink Drank Drunk Drinking
7. Choose Chose Chosen Choosing
 Flash Cards To Help You Memorize
Tumbuh meninggalkan
Trees grow (grow, grew,grown) Leave me alone! (leave, left, left)

Jatuh menembak
I fall from a tree (fall, fell, fallen) Don’t shoot me (shoot, shot, shot)

Sembunyi membawa
I hide behind a tree (hide, hid, hidden) Bring it to me! (bring,
brought,brought)

Lilian Budianto's English Class @ STF Driyarkara 2020

 Flash Cards To Help You Memorize

Catch the ball Tangkat I was born in Flores

Lahir
(catch, caught, caught) (bear, bore, born)

Throw the ball Lempar/buang I was hit by my Memukul

(throw, threw, brother (hit, hit. hit)
thrown)

Menyebar
Virus spreads (spread, spread,
spread)

Lilian Budianto's English Class @ STF Driyarkara 2020

 17

Let’s pause for a while!

o r Ve rb 2 and
ly n e e d– d o r –e d f
r ve rbs o n
Re g ul a
3 … e gul a r v e rbs!
Verb o ri ze th e irr ble .
o m e m e d ic ta
u t y o u ne ed t o t a l way s pr
b
atte r ns b ut n
p
They have
 Irregular Verbs
V1 V2 V3 Ving

Cut Cut Cut Cutting

Let Let Let Letting
Spread Spread Spread Spreading

• CHOSEN
Come Came Come Coming

Bring Brought Brought Bringing

Catch Caught Caught Catching
Get Got Got Getting
Shoot Shot Shot Shooting
Meet Met Met Meeting
Leave Left Left Leaving
Send Sent Sent Sending
Teach Taught Taught Teaching
Tell Told Told Telling
Think Thought Thought Thinking
 Irregular Verbs
V1 V2 V3 Ving

Hear Heard Heard Hearing

Hold Held Held Holding

Win Won Won Winning
• CHOSEN

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking

Choose Chose Chosen Choosing

Hide Hid Hidden Hiding
Fall Fell Fallen Falling
Know Knew Known Knowing
Grow Grew Grown Growing
Take Took Taken Taking

etc
 Different verbal forms at different time
(fakta/habit)

choose

(Sudah duluan/lampaunya past)

(dulu/…yg lalu) (akan)

Had chosen chose will choose

(Sudah)
• CHOSEN

Has/have chosen

(sedang)

(to be) + choosing

PAST NOW FUTURE

 How to use each verbal form in a sentence?
(fakta/habit)

He choose his jobs carefully X

(dulunya)

He chose his jobs carefully 

• CHOSEN

(Sudah)

He chosen his jobs carefully X

(sedang)

He choosing his jobs carefully X

 How to use each verbal form in a sentence?
(fakta/habit)
V1 always need ending –s/-es if the
He chooses his jobs carefully.  subject is singular

(dulunya)

He chose his jobs carefully. 

• CHOSEN

(Sudah)

He has chosen his jobs carefully.  V3 always needs a friend. V3 doesn’t like being
lonely. V3 has 2 friends to choose from,
(passive) has/have/had which mean already OR TO BE
(am, is , are, was, were, be, being, been) for
His jobs are chosen carefully.  passive sentence.

(sedang)

He is choosing his jobs carefully.  Ving always needs a friend. Ving doesn’t like
being lonely. Ving needs TO BE
 23
Test your memory for
positive sentences!

V2

de pe n de nt one?
in
is the most V3 Ving
Which verb
e d a girl fr iend?
ways ne
h t wo v e rbs that al V3
Whic
n d s t o c h o ose from?
hat h as tw o girl frie
t
Which verb
r subject?
V1
r s ing ul a
s ac c e s so r y –s/es fo
need
Which verb
 Let’s practice writing sentences!
V1 V2 V3 Ving
(Fact/habit) (dulu/waktu itu) (telah)(passive) (sedang)

CHOOSE CHOSE CHOSEN CHOOSING

Tuhan memilih Israel.

God has chosen
God chooses God chose Israelites God is choosing
Israelites Israelites Israelites
Israelites was
chosen by God

• CHOSEN

S + has/have/had
S + V1(s) S + V2 + V3 S + to be + Ving

S + to be + V3
 Active sentence Passive Sentence
•

V1 V2 V3 Ving V3
choose chose chosen choosing
chosen

promise promised promised promising promised

bless blessed Blessed blessing blessed

Write wrote written writing written

S+
S + V1 S + V2 has/have/ S + to be +
Ving To be + V3
had + V3

Please translate into English: “Pastor memberkati umat di akhir misa” and turn that sentence into a passive sentence.
 Let’s practice more!

Active sentence Passive Sentence

The priest blesses congregation at the end of the mass. The congregation is blessed.

The priest blessed the congregation

The priest has blessed the congregation.

The priest is blessing the congregation.

 27

Let’s pause for a while!

ce s?
nte n
n s e
stio
que
n d
a ve a
ti
n e g
out e m ?
t a b e t h
ha w ri t
W to
How
 NEGATIVE SENTENCE
(Just add ‘not’?)

Active sentence Passive Sentence

The priest not bless the congregation. X The congregation is not blessed. 

The priest not bless the congregation X

The priest has not blessed the congregation. 

The priest is not blessing the congregation. 

 NEGATIVE SENTENCE
(auxiliary verb + not)

Active sentence Passive Sentence

The priest does not bless the congregation. The congregation is not blessed.

The priest did not bless the congregation

V1 needs girlfriend do/does and
V2 needs girlfriend did when
being negative.
The priest has not blessed the congregation.
So, when being negative, all verbs
have a girlfriend!

The priest is not blessing the congregation.

 INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
(move auxiliary verb to the beginning of the sentence)

Active sentence Passive Sentence

Does the priest bless the congregation? Is the congregation blessed?

Did the priest bless the congregation?

Similarly, V1 needs girlfriend
do/does and V2 needs girlfriend
did when in question form.
Has the priest blessed the congregation?
So, when in question forms, all
verbs have a girlfriend! And they
stand at the beginning of the
Is the priest blessing the congregation? sentence!
 Let’s have a practice on all 3 sentence forms for 4 verbal forms!

Active sentences Passive Sentences

James writes a reflection every day.
A reflection is written by James every day.
James does not write a reflection every day.
A reflection is not written by James every day.
Does James write a reflection every day?

James wrote a reflection every day Is a reflection written by James every day?
James did not write a reflection every day.
Did James write a reflection every day?

James has written a reflection since last year.

James has not written a reflection since last year.
Has James written a reflection since last year.

James is writing a reflection

James is not writing a reflection
Is James writing a reflection?
 Let’s have a practice on all 3 sentence forms for 4 verbal forms!
Active sentences Passive Sentences
The nuns write reflections every day.
Reflections are written by the nun every day.
The nuns do not write reflections every day.
Reflections are not written by the nun every day.
Do the nuns write reflections every day?

The nuns wrote reflections every day. Are reflections written by the nun every day?
The nuns did not write reflections every day.
Did the nuns write reflections every day?

The nuns have written reflections since last year.

The nuns have not written reflections since last year.
Have the nun written reflections since last year.

The nun are writing reflections.

The nun are not writing reflections.
are the nun writing reflections?
 Let’s have a practice on all 3 sentence forms for 4 verbal forms!
Active sentences Passive Sentences
The nuns write reflections every day.
Reflections are written by the nun every day.
The nuns do not write reflections every day.
Reflections are not written by the nun every day.
Do the nuns write reflections every day?

The nuns wrote reflections every day. Are reflections written by the nun every day?
The nuns did not write reflections every day.
Did the nuns write reflections every day?

The nuns have written reflections since last year.

The nuns have not written reflections since last year.
Have the nun written reflections since last year.

The nun are writing reflections.

The nun are not writing reflections.
are the nun writing reflections?
How does V1 behave?

+
NOT need a friend;
NEEDS a friend ‘do/does’
when - and in ?. It never
V1 only wears -s/es at the wears –s/es in those
end of verbs when subject situations.
‘he, she, it, singular’

V1

-
In negative, does not + V1
(when subject he, she, it,
?
In question, do or does will
singular’) & stand in the beginning of
do not + V1 (when subject the sentence.
I, you, we, they, plural)
How does V2 behave?

+ NEEDS a friend ‘did’ when -

and in ?. However, when its
NOT need a friend when + friend comes over, it turns into
V1

V2

- ?
In question, use ‘did’ at
In negative, use ‘did not’ + the beginning of the
V1
sentence.
How does V3 behave?

Always NEEDS a friend at

+ -
‘has/have/had’ + (not) + V3 =
all times +, -,?; V3 has two sudah
friends to choose from.

V3

+ -
‘to be’ + (not) + V3 = passive
?
The friend stands at the
beginning of the ?
sentence
sentence.
How does V-ing behave?
+ -
(Am, is, are) + (not) for present

Always NEEDS a friend ‘TO BE’ &

at all times +, -,?
(was, were) + (not) for past

+ -
Modal + (not) + be + Ving ?
The friend stands at the
& beginning of the ?
sentence.
Have/has/had + (not) + been + Ving
 Part 2:
The use of TO BE & Parts Of Speech
 WHAT IS TO BE & HOW TO USE IT?
V3 I was blessed.
AM IS ARE
The priest is blessing people
Ving

NOUN She is a nun.

WAS WERE

I am happy.
ADJECTIVE

They were in the classroom.

BE BEEN BEING ADVERB
She will be here soon.
 Parts Of Speech
NOUN Table, teacher, priest, actor, lesson, education, violence, happiness, Poland, winter

ADJECTIVE Angry, sad, tired, excellent, sick, old

ADVERB In the classroom, with her friends

VERB Write, choose, promise, bless

PREPOSITION In, on, at, with, for, of, from

Here are some adjectives and use verbs to describe these
adjectives
indescribable transient noetic passive
 Parts Of Speech
VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB

Succeed Success Successful Successfully

Cheer Cheer Cheerful Cheerfully
Play Game Playful Playfully
Comfort Comfort Comfortable Comfortably
Understand Understanding Understandable Understandably
Endanger Dangerous Dangerously
Danger
x adventurous Adventurously
Adventure
Amaze Amazing Amazingly
Interest Amazement interesting Interestingly
die Interest dying X
Elect Death Elective X
Prevent Election Preventive X
Enjoy Prevention joyful Joyfully
Joy
Word
Families
 Please make sentences using ‘succ’

• Keberhasilan saya adalah keberhasilan orang tua. success

My success is my parents’ success

• Saya berhasil dalam ujian. succeed

I succeeded in my exam.

• Dia sangat sukses. successful

He is very successful He is a very successful person

• Saya menyelesaikan ujian ini dengan sukses. successfully

He finished his exam successfully

 Refresh your memory on TO BE & parts of speech
V3 I was blessed.

AM IS ARE The priest is blessing people

Ving

SUBJECT WAS WERE

NOUN She is a priest.

BE BEEN BEING ADJECTIVE I am bored.

ADVERB They were in the classroom.

She will be here soon.

TO BE + Ving / V3

NOUN / ADJECTIVE / ADVERB

These are not the only rules to use V3, Ving, N, Adj and Adv.
Watch out for more ways to use them!
 Part 3:
The Order Of Words In English
We say smart student, clean classroom, nice view. Adjective plus noun.
Now, let’s practice making adjective phrases!
ADJECTIVE NOUN

good boy

smart student

quiet room

shy student

complex problem

easy exam

holy place
 Are English word order the same as Indonesian?

ADJECTIVE NOUN Smart students, clean classroom

NOUN NOUN Security staff
NOUN VERB She sleeps.
NOUN VERB VERB She is sleeping.
NOUN VERB NOUN God chose Israelites.
NOUN VERB VERB NOUN She is studying English.
NOUN TO BE NOUN He is a priest
NOUN TO BE ADJECTIVE She is smart.
NOUN TO BE ADVERB He is at home.
NOUN VERB ADVERB They came together; She talked loudly
PREPOSITION
 Part 4:
PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES
When Verbs Take Over As Adjectives
So we say smart student, clean classroom. Adjective plus noun.
But how do you say ‘tanah terjanji’ and ‘bangsa terpilih’ in English? promise land? choose
nation?
What do you know already about adjective?
Participle Adjective
ADJECTIVE NOUN (V3) NOUN

good boy Promised Land

smart student Chosen Nation

quiet room

shy student

complex problem

easy exam

crowded place
 3 types of adjectives in English
Participle
ADJECTIVE NOUN Participle
NOUN Adjective (Ving)
NOUN
Adjective (V3)

good boy Promised Promising career

Land

smart student Chosen Nation Choosing team

 What is the English for ‘bangsa terpilih’, ‘tanah terjanji’ & ‘anak yg dicintai’?

V1 V2 V3 Ving
• CHOSEN

CHOOSE CHOSE CHOSEN CHOOSING

Chosen nation Choosing time

PROMISE PROMISED PROMISING

PROMISED
Promised land Promising career

LOVED LOVING
LOVE LOVED
LOVED CHILD LOVING FATHER
 NOUN YANG DI--- VS NOUN YANG ME---

• CHOSEN

V1 V2 V3 Ving

FORGIVE FORGAVE FORGIVEN FORGIVING

FORGIVEN SON FORGIVING FATHER

FORGET FORGOT FORGOTTEN FORGETTING

FORGOTTEN SON

ISOLATE ISOLATED ISOLATED ISOLATING

ISOLATED PATIENT
 RUMAH YANG DIBERKATI, ROTI YANG DIKONSEKRASIKAN, RAJA YANG DIURAPI?

• CHOSEN
V1 V2 V3 Ving

BLESS BLESSED BLESSED BLESSING

BLESSED HOME BLESSING PRAYER

CONSECRATE CONSECRATED CONSECRATED CONSECRATING

CONSECRATED BREAD CONSECRATING MASS

ANOINT ANOINTED ANOINTED ANOINTING

ANOINTED KING ANOINTING OIL

 NOUN YANG DI--- VS NOUN UNTUK ….

• CHOSEN
V1 V2 V3 Ving

SMOKE SMOKED SMOKED SMOKING

SMOKED MEAT SMOKING ROOM

CUT CUT CUT CUTTING

CUT PAPER CUTTING KNIFE

WAIT WAITED WAITED WAITING

WAITED RESULT WAITING TIME

 Air yg sudah direbus, raja yg telah dibangkitkan, meja yg sudah dipindahkan?

• CHOSEN

V1 V2 V3 Ving

BOIL BOILED BOILED BOILING

BOILED WATER BOILING WATER

RISE ROSE RISEN RISING

RISEN KING RISING STAR

MOVE MOVED MOVED MOVING

MOVED TABLE MOVING OBJECT

 SEDANG vs SUDAH

• CHOSEN

V1 V2 V3 Ving

Burn Burnt Burnt Burning

Burnt forest Burning forest

Fall Fell Fallen Falling

FALLEN LEAF FALLING LEAF

Break Broke Broken Breaking

BROKEN RECORD BREAKING NEWS

 MURID YG MERASA BOSAN vs KULIAH YG MEMBOSANKAN?

• CHOSEN

V1 V2 V3 Ving

BORE BORED BORED BORING

BORED STUDENT BORING LECTURE

TIRE TIRED TIRED TIRING

TIRED STUDENT TIRING LECTURE

AMAZED AMAZING
AMAZE AMAZED
AMAZED STUDENT AMAZING LECTURE
 SESEORANG MERASA VS SESUATU/SESEORANG MEMBUAT

• CHOSEN

V1 V2 V3 Ving

INTEREST INTERESTED INTERESTED INTERESTING

INTERESTED STUDENT INTERESTING

LECTURE

CHALLENGE CHALLENGED CHALLENGING

CHALLENGED
CHALLENGED STUDENT CHALLENGING LECTURE

CONFUSE CONFUSED CONFUSING

CONFUSED
CONFUSED STUDENT CONFUSING LECTURE
 PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES V3 & V-ing

Ving as
V3 as participle participle
V1 V2 adjective adjective
• CHOSEN

NOUN YANG DI…/TER… NOUN YANG MEN…

NOUN YANG DI…/TER… NOUN PEM…/UNTUK …

NOUN YANG SUDAH NOUN YANG SEDANG …

DI…

SESEORANG MERASA NOUN YANG MEMBUAT

…
 You cannot always use ‘active’ and ‘passive’ as the measure. Some phrases are active in Indonesian
but passive in English forms.
Ving as participle
V3 as participle adjective
• CHOSEN
V1 V2 adjective

Students are committed to their studies

Committed students

The accident resulted in great damage

Resulting damage

The couple has been married for 20

years
Married couple

I lost my wallet/My wallet is lost

Lost wallet
 SUBJECT VERB OBJECT ADVERB

A doctor is checking on a hurt cyclist on the street

hurt people
Hurt people

The chosen nation chose another god

God had punished the chosen nation severely

The chosen nation was punished by God

Moses saw burning bush

The burning bush was not burnt up immediately

 NOUN PHRASE = ADVERB + PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES + NOUN

ADVERB V3 as participle adjective + Noun

• CHOSEN

democratically elected government

carefully hidden treasure

frequently repeated mistakes

Fully guaranteed results

powerfully smashed window

beautifully decorated room

honestly confessed sin

 NOUN PHRASE = ADVERB + PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES + NOUN

ADVERB V3 as participle adjective + Noun

• CHOSEN

dimly lit room

colorfully painted room

sparsely attended church

long unknown source

easily solved problem

densely populated area

shortly given notice

properly stored document

 NOUN PHRASE = ADVERB + PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES + NOUN

ADVERB Ving as participle adjective + Noun

• CHOSEN

intensely burning forest

cautiously hiding man

fast moving car

loudly crying baby

powerfully shaking house

increasingly interesting case

intellectually challenging question

 NOUN PHRASE = ADVERB + PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES + NOUN

ADVERB Adjective + Noun Adjective + Noun

touching homily
• CHOSEN

emotionally touched congregation

greatly disappointing product disappointed customer

embarrassing statement embarrassed speaker

deeply terrifying experience terrified people

powerfully relaxing holiday relaxed tourist

increasingly annoying insect annoyed people

worrying development worried society

 NOUN PHRASE = NOUN + PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES + NOUN

NOUN V3 as participle adjective + Noun

• CHOSEN

sin broken world

ink stained table

coffee tainted shirt

junk filled drawer

ashes filled box

rat infested island

bug infested bed

alchohol treated wound

 NOUN PHRASE = NOUN + PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES + NOUN

NOUN Ving as participle adjective + Noun

• CHOSEN

cigar chomping army

meat eating animals

life changing fact

bone chilling cold

life threatening disease

history shaping moment

growth producing nutrient

anxiety triggering movie

 SUBJECT VERB OBJECT ADVERB

emotionally touching was written by a parist priest

homily

deeply embarrassed speaker left immediately

• C
H
O
Newly
S ordained priest his ministry in a country side
will start
E
N

The government has paid attention to the increasingly worrying development since late March

I am talking to the persistently annoying sales people

 Feel/grow/become/look + V3
•
•
•

I feel blessed. I feel interested. she felt tired.

•

I feel comforted •
•

I grow She grew tired.

•

interested.
I feel cared for.
• •

I became interested. She became tired.

I feel forgotten.
• • •

I feel ignored. she looked interested. She looked tired.

Linking verbs + V3
 76

Let’s pause for a while!

s o
a r n ed
e l e
hav
t we
w h a
n ge
a r ra
t ’s r t s.
Le c ha
r i n
fa
Participle Adjective Active sentence Passive Sentence Participle Adjective
V1
The priest blesses people.

V2 •

The priest blessed people.

Blessed
V3 people
V3
The priest has blessed people/ People are blessed by •

the priest I feel

Blessing priest V-ing
The priest is blessing people. blessed.

V1
.
•

V2
Forgiven
V3 …
•

Forgiving … V-ing I feel

forgiven.
Participle Adjective Active sentence Passive Sentence Participle Adjective
V1

V2

V3 V3
… feel
forgotten
V-ing

V1
.
… feel …
V2

V3
•

touching
touched … …
V-ing
 Part 5:
PARTICIPLE CLAUSE (REDUCED CLAUSE)
Passive without to be?
V-ing without to be?
relative pronoun clauses in sentences can be cut short by crossing out who, which,
that and turn the clause verbs into either V3 (passive clause) or V-ing (active clause)
 Relative Clauses
• Relative pronouns: Who, which, whom, that

• Relative clauses:
The criminals, who escaped from jail last night , are very dangerous.

The criminals, who were arrested by the police last week , had broken into
many homes.
 Can we reduce some words? Yes, we call it reduced or
participle clause
• Now, please cross out who, which, whom, that & if any
TO BE
• Convert active clause into v-ing ; for passive clause, leave V3 as it is.

The criminals, who escaped from jail last night, are very dangerous.

The criminals, escaping from jail last night, are very dangerous.

who were arrested by the police last week

The criminals, , had broken into many homes.
arrested by the police last week
The criminals, , had broken into many homes.
.
 Can we reduce some words? Yes, we call it reduced clause or participle clause

• Now, please cross out who, which, whom, that & TO BE if any
• Active clause => V-ing & Passive clause => V3.

The children, who are hiding in the restroom , are planning a surprise for their friends.
The children, hiding in the restroom , are planning a surprise for their friends.

who were confused over the new policy

The parents, , planned to report the school to the authority.
The parents, confused over the new policy , planned to report the school to the authority.
.
 You can move reduced clause to the beginning of the sentence

who are hiding in the restroom

The children, , are planning a surprise for their friends.
The children, hiding in the restroom , are planning a surprise for their friends.
Hiding in the restroom , the children are planning a surprise for their friends.

The parents, who were confused over the new policy , planned to report the school to the authority.
The parents, confused over the new policy , planned to report the school to the authority.
. Confused over the new policy ,the parent planned to report the school to the authority.
 reduced clause / participle clause

• Now, please cross out who, which, whom, that & TO BE if any
• Active clause => V-ing & Passive clause => V3.

The Sunday Mass, which normally lasts around 75 minutes , is cut short during the pandemic.
normally lasting around 75 minutes

which has been tested on volunteers for 2 weeks

The new vaccine, , is under the supervision of the Health
Ministry.
having been tested on volunteers for 2 weeks
 Can we reduce some words? Yes, we call it reduced clause

• Now, please cross out who, which, whom, that & TO BE if any
• Active clause => V-ing & Passive clause => V3.

God, who chose Israelites to rule over the land , was angry over their infidelity.
choosing Israelites to rule over the land

The Israelites, who was chosen by God to rule over , hurt their covenant many
times over.
chosen by God to rule over
 How to create reduced clauses?
• Now please be cruel and cross out who, which, whom, that & TO BE if any
• Active clause => V-ing & Passive clause => V3

God, who promised Israelites His Kingdom , was angry over their infidelity.
promising Israelites His Kingdom

The Israelites, who were abandoned by their leader , hurt their covenant with God.

abandoned by their leader

An Anthropologist On Mars
(line 69) Perhaps an inner life known or shown only to a few others?
 Perhaps an inner life which is known or which is shown only to a few
others
(line 80) his clear powers of observation and deduction, which are
unclouded by the everyday emotions of ordinary people.

(line 85) Asperger himself wrote of “autistic intelligence,” and saw it as a

sort of intelligence which is scarcely touched by tradition and culture.

(line 94) everyone who was interested in autism has heard of her.
Participle Adjective Participle Clause Active sentence Passive Sentence Participle Clause Participle Adjective
V1
The priest blesses
some people.

V2
The priest blessed Blessed
some people. people

V3
The priest has The people feel
Blessing The priest, who are blessed some people Some Those people,who blessed
blessing people in people were were blessed by
priest the priest, came to The people found
need, is new in this V-ing blessed by the
themselves blessed
church. The priest is blessing priest seek help.
some people.

V1
She surprises her sister
on her birthday..
Surprised siste
Surprising party
V2
.

V3 The sister, surprised

The sister found the
by the party, started
party surprising The sibling, surprising to hug her sibling.
her sister on her The sister feel
birthday, had surprised.
planned the party
V-ing
secretly. The sister finds
herself surprised
Participle Adjective Participle Clause Active sentence Passive Sentence Participle Clause Participle
Adjective
V1
The class will
interest the students

V2

V3
The
. The students, interested
students will be in the class, plan to
V-ing interested in the attend all the
class. lectures.

V1
She comforts her friend
with some wise words.

V2
.

V3

V-ing
Participle Adjective Participle Clause Active sentence Passive Sentence Participle Clause Participle
Adjective
V1
The parents control
her children’s diet.
The children
V2
find the
parents
controlling Controlled
V3 diet

V-ing

V1
The war hurt many
soldiers
V2
.

V3

V-ing
How to use each verb in a sentence and a phrase?
V1 V2 V3 Ving

CHOOSE CHOSE CHOSEN CHOOSING

God has chosen Israelites God is choosing Israelites

God chooses Israelites God chose Israelites S + has/have/had + V3

S + V1 Israelites was chosen by

S + V2 S + to be + Ving
God
S + to be + V3

Chosen nation Choosing group

V3 + subject Ving + subject

God, choosing Israelites to rule

The nation, chosen by God, was
over the land, was angry with
abandoned for 40 years. their infidelity.
(N, V3 …) (N,V-ing…)
Let’s practice more

V1 V2 V3 Ving

run ran run running

hit hit hit hitting