G8 Lesson 2.1

What is this Module about?
• This module has been designed to provide Grade 7 and

Grade 8 students the basic learning materials which will
lead them to Animal Production National Certificate Level
II (NC II). This exploratory course under Technology and
Livelihood Education caters the four common
competencies that they ought to acquire namely:
1. Use farm tools and equipment;
2. Performing estimation and basic calculation;
3. Interpreting plans and drawings; and
4. Applying safety measures in farm operations.
LESSON 2
Performing Estimation and Basic
Calculation
• This lesson may serve as guide on how to utilize some
feed ingredients which are considered as non-vlaued stuff
most of the time.
• The lesson does not only satisfy the learners regarding
the knowledge that he may acquire but also create a good
attitude on how to formulate ration out of ingredients
found in the locality.
• This will also equip the learner a skill in applying
mathematical operations that is very essential in
computing for the cost and return analysis even in a small
scale business like animal production.
Upon the completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
LO 1. Perform estimation
LO 2. Perform basic workplace calculation
Glossary
• Accuracy - precision; exactness
• Crude protein - the measure of nitrogen content in food
• Calculation - a mathematical determination of the amount
or number of something
• Commercial feed - any mixed ration for animal feeding
offered for sale in the open market
• Cost - An amount paid or required in payment for a
purchase; a price
• Estimation - a rough calculation of the value, number,
quantity, or extent of something
Glossary
• Essential - absolutely necessary; extremely important
• Expenses - something spent to attain a goal or accomplish a
purpose
• Feed - an act of giving food
• Market - a place where products are bought and sold
• Percentage - a rate, number, or amount in each hundred
• Proportion - a part considered in relation to the whole
• Ration - a particular amount of food that is given to an animal for
one day
• Record keeping - the activity of organizing and storing all the
documents, files, invoices, etc. relating to a company’s or
organization’s activities
LO 1. Perform estimation
Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• identify job requirement

• estimate quantities and resources required to complete a
task
• calculate the duration of work completion
The Nutrients
• Nutrition - is the process of taking in and absorbing

nutrients.
• Nutrient - is a substance that is essential for body
maintenance, growth, reproduction and lactation. Most
feeds contain several kinds of nutrients but no one food
has all the nutrients that the body needs.
Six groups of Nutrients:
1. Water
2. Carbohydrates
3. Proteins
4. Fats
5. Minerals
6. Vitamins
1. Water
 the source is the drinking

water. It constitutes 65%-
70% of body weight of
animal at birth and 40%-
50% of body weight at
slaughter.
2. Carbohydrates
 energy-providing feed
components composed
of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen. They
should make up about
75 percent of an
animal's diet.
3. Proteins
• its function is to repair

worn out tissues. Together
with water, are the main
constituents of lean meat.
Examples are fish meal,
cowpea, and soybean
meal.
4. Fats
• also a source of energy

but is more expensive than
sources of carbohydrate
like tallow fats and oil.
• greasy substances found
in the tissues of animals
and some plants.
5. Minerals
• these are important
constituents of bones and
tissues. Sources are
limestone, oyster shell
6. Vitamins
• regulate body processes

and used as co-factors.
• are substances that our

bodies need to develop
and function normally.
Pearson Square Method:
• Pearson's Square is a • The pearson square

simple, quick way to method is a simple
calculate the amounts and easy method of
of feed necessary to determining the
meet a nutrient correct proportion of
requirement of two feed ingredients to
livestock and other obtain a desired level
animals. of nutrients.
Feed Formulation
• is the process of constructing a feed or diet formula.

Limitations:
• Only one nutrient can be considered at a time

• Only two ingredients can be used at a time
• This method can only be used when one ingredient has a
higher nutritional value (nutrient being considered) and
the other one has a lower value than the desired level.
• The safe maximum percentage of the ingredients cannot
be followed.
Definition of Crude Protein:
• A measure of the amount of protein in a feed determined

as the amount of nitrogen multiplied by 6.25. The factor
6.25 is the average grams of protein that contains 1 gram
of nitrogen. The word "crude" refers to the fact that not all
nitrogen in most feed is exclusively in the form of protein.
Sample Computation:
Formulate a feed with 16% CP, using the given feed

ingredients:
• Yellow corn (YC) - Crude Protein% (CP) is 8.5%

• Soybean meal (SBM) - Crude Protein% (CP) is 43.0%
Step 1:
Draw a square and write the desired protein percentage at

the center.
16%
Step 2:
Write the ingredients and their protein content on the upper

and lower left hand corners. Take note that the ingredient
having a lower crude protein has been placed on the upper
left hand while the other which has a higher crude protein
was placed on the lower left hand corner.
(energy source) Yellow corn 8.5%

16%
(protein source) Soybean meal 43.0%
Step 3:
Subtract diagonally the lower from the higher value. Write

the answer at the opposite corner of the square.
Yellow corn 8.5 27.0 Yellow corn
16%
Soybean meal 43.0 7.5 Soybean meal

34.5
Step 4:
Thus, 27.0 parts of corn and 7.5 parts of soybean meal

(34.5 parts total) will provide 16% protein.
Step 5:
The proportions can be changed into kilogram per 100 kg

mixture by dividing each of the figures in the right hand (27
and 7.5).
Thus:
27.0/34.5 x 100 = 78.26 or 78.0 kg corn
7.5/34.5 x 100 = 21.73 or 22.0 kg soybean meal
100.0 kg
Step 6:
Therefore, in order to prepare a 16% crude protein mixture

from corn and soybean meal, the farmer has to mix 78.0 kg
of corn and 22.0 kg of soybean meal per 100 kg of the
mixture.
Crude Protein Content of Common Feedstuffs
Ingredients/ CP% Ingredients/ CP% Ingredients/ CP%
Energy Energy Energy
Source Source Source
Cassava meal 2.8 Sorghum 9.0 Fish meal 50% 50.0
Corn yellow 8.5 Wheat pollard 16.0 Fish meal 55% 55.6
Corn white 8.5 Protein source Fish meal 60% 60.0
Corn bran 9,4 Copra meal 18.0 Ipil-ipil leaf 22.0
meal
Molasses, 3.0 Corn germ 16.0 Meat and bone 45.0
Cane meal meal
Rice bran, D1 13.5 Corn glutten 17.0 Meat and bone 50.0
feed meal
Rice bran, D2 11.0 Corn glutten 42.0 Skim milk, 33.0
meal dried
Soy bean meal 43.0 Whey 13.0
Crude Protein Requirement of Swine and Chicken
Ration/body wt. (kg) Crude Protein (%) Ration/age (weeks) Crude Protein (%)
Broiler type
Booster/-5 kg 24.00 Chick booster (CB)/0-2 21.0
Pre-starter/5-10 kg 21.00 Broiler starter (BS)/2-5 20.0
Starter/10-20 kg 18.0 Broiler finisher (BF)/5-8 18.0
Grower/20-35 kg 16.0 Chick booster (CB)/0-2 21.0
Grower/35-60 kg 15.0 Chick starter (CS)/2-6 18.0
Finisher/60-100 kg 14.0 Chick grower (CG)/6-12 16.0
Gestating 14.0 Pullet developer 16.0
(PD)/12-20
Lactating 15.0 Laying Mash I (LM)/20- 16.5-17.0
42
Laying Mash II (LM)/42 16.0
and above
Activity Sheet No. 2.1
Procedure:
1. Collect some healthy leaves of the ipil-ipil tree.

2. Sun-dry the leaves for two days or until the leaves could
be crushed by your bare hand.
3. The result is now your ipil-ipil leaf meal ready for feed
mixing.
Discussion:
1. You wish to mix your own feeds using two of the most
available feed ingredient in your place which is the ipil-
ipil leafmeal and rice bran D1. You decided to compound
50kg for your finishing hog which has a CP requirement
of 14%. How much of each ingredients should you used
to satisfy the protein requirement of your animal? Use
the Pearson Square Method to solve the problem.
Discussion:
2. Try to compute your own feed mixture using the different

feed stuff given. Explain why you choose these ingredients,
and explain in front of the class how you arrived with your
answer.

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What is this Module about?

• This module has been designed to provide Grade 7 and

Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

• identify job requirement

• Nutrition - is the process of taking in and absorbing

 the source is the drinking

• its function is to repair

• also a source of energy

• regulate body processes

• are substances that our

• Pearson's Square is a • The pearson square

• is the process of constructing a feed or diet formula.

• Only one nutrient can be considered at a time

• A measure of the amount of protein in a feed determined

Formulate a feed with 16% CP, using the given feed

• Yellow corn (YC) - Crude Protein% (CP) is 8.5%

Draw a square and write the desired protein percentage at

Write the ingredients and their protein content on the upper

(energy source) Yellow corn 8.5%

Subtract diagonally the lower from the higher value. Write

Soybean meal 43.0 7.5 Soybean meal

Thus, 27.0 parts of corn and 7.5 parts of soybean meal

The proportions can be changed into kilogram per 100 kg

Therefore, in order to prepare a 16% crude protein mixture

1. Collect some healthy leaves of the ipil-ipil tree.

2. Try to compute your own feed mixture using the different

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