Project Cardio Vascular System - MB

Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology
By
Manobalan Mahesh
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY
Circulatory System
The heart is a hollow muscular organ made of specialised cells that
allow it to act as a pump within the circulatory system
Cardiovascular and • Blood

lymphatic systems make up • Nutrients
To and from the
the circulatory system a • Hormones
Cells of the body
vast network of organs and • Oxygen and other
vessels responsible for the gases
flow of:
The Lymphatic system The Cardiovascular system
• Lymph • Blood
• Lymph nodes • Blood vessels
• Lymph vessels • Heart
The Heart
The Heart is:
• Located between the lungs in the centre and

to the left of the midline
• It is cone shaped and about the size of your

own clenched fist
• Can never stop pumping
Primary Function is to drive blood through the cardiovascular system delivering :
• Oxygenated blood to the tissues and organs of the body sufficient for their
metabolic needs
• Deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gaseous exchange
Cardiovascular system
The average human adult has 4-6 litres of blood

repeatedly cycled throughout the body in a
closed circulatory system.
It is called a closed system because the blood is

contained within the heart and blood vessels at
all time and blood always flows in a forward
direction.
Arteries arterioles Capillaries Veins

/ organs
Heart Ventricles Heart / atria
Structures
Human heart is divided into 4 chambers
• 2 Atria and 2 Ventricles – these are hollow
chambers which receive blood
• They are surrounded by myocardial cells
which are able to relax and contract
The cardiovascular system consists of

circuits:
• Pulmonary circuit provides blood flow

between the heart and lungs
• Systemic circuit allows blood to flow to and
from the rest of the body
• Coronary circuit provides blood to the
heart
The heart valves ensure that blood flows

in
one direction through the system
Coronary Circuit
Conduction system
There are 2 basic types of cardiac cell

(Myocytes)
• Myocardial cells
contractile
respond to an electrical impulse
and contract
• Specialised cells
the conduction system generates electrical
impulses and transmits them through the
myocardium
Site of electrical Rate of impulse

impulse generation /
generation min
SA node 60 - 100
AV node 40 - 60
Ventricles < 40
Contraction of a chamber = Systole
The Cardiac Cycle Relaxation of a chamber = Diastole
End diastolic volume
End systolic volume

Introduction of Key Terms
End Diastolic Volume = amount End Systolic volume = amount
of blood in the ventricles at the of blood In the ventricles at the
end of filling / diastole end of contraction / systole
The ventricles never completely empty
Stroke Volume = The amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles per beat / contraction
(approx 70mls in a healthy adult male
EDV – ESV = SV
Introduction of Key Terms
Cardiac Output (CO)
Amount of blood ejected by the heart per minute = cardiac output (CO)
In a healthy resting adult CO = approx 5-6 litres
CO = Heart Rate x Stroke volume
Ejection fraction is a measurement of the percentage of blood leaving your

heart each time it contracts.
Usually measured with imaging e.g. ECHO / cardiac catheterisation / MRI.
Cardiac output and Ejection fraction are important indicators of how efficiently
the heart can meet the demands of the body
Key points
The output form the right and left side of the heart must always balance.
• THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD IN THE • THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD IN THE VENTRICLES AT

VENTRICLES AT THE END OF FILLING THE END OF CONTRACTION OR SYSTOLE = END
BEFORE SYSTOLE = END DIASTOLIC SYSTOLIC VOLUME - THE VENTRICLES NEVER
VOLUME COMPLETELEY EMPTY
End diastolic volume End systolic volume
EDV – ESV = SV
End diastolic volume = 125mls End systolic volume = 50mls
The amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles per beat = stroke volume - approximately 70mls in a
healthy adult male. In this example: 125ml – 50 mls = 75mls
Key points
Amount of blood ejected by the heart per minute = cardiac output (CO)
in a healthy resting adult CO = approx 5-6 litres
CO = Heart Rate x Stroke volume
E.g. C0 = 70bpm x 75mls = 5,250mls
Ejection fraction is a measurement of the percentage of blood leaving your

heart each time it contracts. Usually measured with imaging e.g. ECHO /
cardiac catheterisation / MRI.
Cardiac output and Ejection fraction are important indicators of how efficiently
the heart can meet the demands of the body
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Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology

Cardiovascular and • Blood

The Lymphatic system The Cardiovascular system

• Located between the lungs in the centre and

• It is cone shaped and about the size of your

• Can never stop pumping

Primary Function is to drive blood through the cardiovascular system delivering :

The average human adult has 4-6 litres of blood

It is called a closed system because the blood is

Arteries arterioles Capillaries Veins

The cardiovascular system consists of

• Pulmonary circuit provides blood flow

The heart valves ensure that blood flows

There are 2 basic types of cardiac cell

Site of electrical Rate of impulse

End diastolic volume

End systolic volume

The ventricles never completely empty

In a healthy resting adult CO = approx 5-6 litres

CO = Heart Rate x Stroke volume

Ejection fraction is a measurement of the percentage of blood leaving your

• THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD IN THE • THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD IN THE VENTRICLES AT

End diastolic volume End systolic volume

End diastolic volume = 125mls End systolic volume = 50mls

CO = Heart Rate x Stroke volume

E.g. C0 = 70bpm x 75mls = 5,250mls

Ejection fraction is a measurement of the percentage of blood leaving your

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