Reinforced Concrete

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REINFORCED
CONCRETE
STRUCTURE
ENGR. MUHAMMAD BAQIR
M.E Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Larkano | GCT Larkano
CONCRETE & REINFORCED CONCRETE 2
Concrete:
• Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or
other aggregates held together in a rocklike mass with a
paste of cement and water. Sometimes one or more
admixtures are added to change certain characteristics of
the concrete such as its workability, durability, and time of
hardening. As with most rocklike substances, concrete has
a high compressive strength and a very low tensile
strength.
CONCRETE & REINFORCED CONCRETE 3
Reinforced Concrete:
• Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete
and steel wherein the steel reinforcement provides
the tensile strength lacking in the concrete. Steel
reinforcing is also capable of resisting compression
forces and is used in columns as well as in other
situations, which are described later.
REINFORCED CONCRETE 4
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 5
Advantages:
• Reinforced concrete, as a structural material, is widely used in many types of structures. It is competitive with steel if
economically designed and executed. The advantages of reinforced concrete can be summarized as follows:
1. It has a relatively high compressive strength.
2. It has better resistance to fire than steel.
3. It has a long service life with low maintenance cost.
4. In some types of structures, such as dams, piers, and footings, it is the most economical structural material.
5. It can be cast to take the shape required, making it widely used in precast structural components. It yields rigid members
with minimum apparent deflection.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 6
Disadvantages:
• The disadvantages of reinforced concrete can be summarized as follows:
1. It has a low tensile strength of about one-tenth of its compressive strength.
2. It needs mixing, casting, and curing, all of which affect the final strength of concrete.
3. The cost of the forms used to cast concrete is relatively high. The cost of form material and artisanry may equal the cost
of concrete placed in the forms.
4. It has a low compressive strength as compared to steel (the ratio is about 1 : 10, depending on materials), which leads to
large sections in columns of multistory buildings.
5. Cracks develop in concrete due to shrinkage and the application of live loads
WORKING STRESS METHOD 7
Working
2 Stress Method (WSM):
• The working stress method is a straightforward approach to design concrete structures. It calculates stresses within
materials like concrete and steel to ensure they stay within safe limits under expected loads. This method assumes
that these materials behave elastically, meaning they return to their original shape after loads are removed. It's
commonly used for simpler structures where loads and behavior are well understood.
• It is traditional designing method used to design Reinforced Concrete Structures, Steel Structures, Timber Structures
• It is based on elastic theory and assumes that both steel and concrete are elastic and obey Hook’s Law.
• Stress is directly proportional to strain up to the point of collapse called yield point.
• WSM uses factor of safety for stresses only.
• For materials not for loads.
ULTIMATE LOAD METHOD 8
Ultimate Load Method (ULM):

• This method is based on the concept of designing a structure to withstand the maximum expected loads without
collapsing or failing. It involves determining the maximum load that a structure can support without experiencing a
catastrophic failure. The ultimate load method is more focused on the strength and resistance of the structure against
extreme loading conditions.
LIMIT STRESS METHOD 9
Limit Stress Method (LSM):

• This method focuses on ensuring that the structure remains serviceable and safe against failure throughout its
intended design life. It considers both the ultimate limit state (ULS), which deals with the structure's strength and
stability, and the serviceability limit state (SLS), which addresses issues such as deflection, vibration, and durability.
Limit state design aims to ensure that the structure does not reach a state where it becomes unfit for its intended use.
• It is combination of working strength and ultimate load method of design.
• Uses Partial Factor of Safety.
• The acceptable limit of safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called Limit stress method.
Types of Limit Stress
• Limit stress of strength
• Limit stress of serviceability
WSM VS LSM 10
WSM LSM
• Low load is used. • Ultimate load is used.
• No warning sign (Sudden collapse without • It will first show warning sign (Before
cracking warning). collapse).
• It is used where load does not exceed. • Design for fluctuating loads.
• Eg. Water Tanks • Allows to cross the Elastic limit and enter into
Plastic limit.
Uses Partial Safety Factor
1. For Materials
2. For Lad
WSM VS LSM 11
WSM VS LSM 12
WSM VS LSM 13
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THANK YOU
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Ultimate Load Method (ULM):

Limit Stress Method (LSM):

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