Tools and Techniques For Classroom Assessment (1) - 1

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Tools and Techniques in

classroom assessments
Submitted by,
Jessy Mol A S
TOOLS FOR CLASSROOM
ASSESSMENT
What is evaluation?

Evaluation is assessing the strengths


and weakness of program, polices,
products and organizations to improve
their effectiveness.
WHAT IS EVALUTION TOOL?

Evaluation tool means a written


instrument used to assess the
performance of educators as required
by the act.
What is assessment?

Objectively determining the present


state or condition of a thing or process.
UNIT III

Tools and Techniques for


classroom assessment
Tools and Techniques for classroom
assessment
• Observation
• Self reporting
• Anecdotal record
• Check list
• Rating scale
• Different kinds of Test etc.
Types of observation

• Participant Observation
• Non – Participant Observation
• Uncontrolled Observation
• Controlled Observation
Participant Observation

The observer becomes full fledged member of


the group which wants to study. He participates
all the activities of the group and observed the
persons performance, attitudes, leadership,
sociability and other personality traits etc.
Non Participant Observation

The observer observes the group under


study without actively participating in
its activities.
Uncontrolled Observation

Observing students in the classroom,


playground, library and common places without
their knowledge is called uncontrolled
observation.
Controlled Observation

Observer conduct observation of


participants in a controlled
environment like laboratory.
Procedures to be followed for Good
observation
• Observe the whole event.
• Observe only one aspect of an individual’s behaviour at a
time.
• Observe without the knowledge of the observed and record
what is observed.
• Observer should not mix his opinions and guesses with the
observed data.
• Observation should be continuously carried out within the
Steps involved in carrying out good
observation
• Proper Planning
• Execution
• Recording the data.
• Studying
• Interpreting the recorded data.
Proper Planning

• Determining the details to be collected through


observation.
• The individual and group to be observed.
• Observers should be given clear briefing about places
of observation, timings, time interval and other
predetermined details.
• Selecting the method of recording the observation
Advantages of Observation
• Observation is suited not only for individuals but also groups.
• Observers need only a short term training.
• Suited all age groups and both genders.
• Not expensive.
• Natural environment provides reliable information.
• Tools can be designed to meet any situation.
Limitations
• The personal likes and dislikes of the observer will affect the
quality of observation.
• Only expressed behaviour could be observed.
• Inner feelings cannot be found out.
• Recording may not be done on the spot.
• The data recorded may not accurate.
• Observation requires more time.
What is self reporting

SR is a method which involves asking a


participant about their feelings, attitudes,
beliefs and so on

(or)
SRT is an inventory of statements designed
to evaluate the behavioral, personality and
emotional functioning of children etc
Examples for self reporting techniques

• Questionnaire
• Opinionnaire
• Check list
• Interest Inventory
• Attitude Scale etc
QUESTIONNAIRE
• Questionnaire refers to a device for securing answers to
questions by using a form which the respondent fills in
himself.
• A list of questions may be given to those persons whose
personality we want to assess, The individual are asked to
write answers given to these questions.
Types of Questionnaire

• Close-ended questions
• Open-ended questions.
Open-ended questions

• Open-ended questions start with


“Why?” “How?” and “What?” They
encourage a full answer, rather than the
simple “yes” or “no” response.
Closed-ended questions
• Closed-ended questions are questions that can only be
answered by selecting from a limited number of options,
usually multiple-choice questions with a single-word answer
, 'yes' or 'no', or a rating scale (e.g. from strongly agree to
strongly disagree)
TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE

• Open-ended questions: OPQ are questions


that allow someone to give a free-form answer.
• Closed-ended questions : CEQ can be
answered with “Yes” or “No,” or they have a
limited set of possible answers (such as: A, B,
C, or All of the Above)
Opinionnaire
• Opinionnaire means an objective survey instrument based on
participation and administrative theory using social resonance
technology developed by the Forum Foundation.
• Administrative theory (based on the concept of departmentalization,
which means different activities to be performed for achieving the
common purpose)
• Social resonance technology (advanced social listening platform)
Opinionnaire
• An opinionnaire is different from a "questionnaire" which is an
objective, random-sample survey instrument based on statistical and
mathematical theory.
• An opinionnaire uses yes/no, multiple choice and value questions or
statements, to which participants respond objectively in a manner
that allows for easy tabulation of participant opinions.
Difference between Questionnaire and
Opinionnaire
• Questionnaires are quantitative tools for
problem detection.
• Opinionnaires provide indicators of potential
problems and point to possible ways in which
performance might be improved.
Anecdotal Record

• Anecdotal Record is a factual description


of the meaningful incidents and events
which the teacher has observed.
DEFINITION
• Anecdotal Record is a report of the informations
about the significant episodes which happened in
a students life.

• ----- RATHS LOUIS


Size of the card 3”x 5”
Salient features of Anecdotal record
• Factual information about the event will be recorded.
• Only one incident at a time will be observed and recorded.
• Size is 3” 5”
• Entries of events will be arranged chronologically.
• Each teacher will maintain separate cards.
• Incidents happening in various places like playground, hostel, laboratory,
field trip, assembly hall, rest room and other places will be collected and
included in the anecdotal record.
• Description about an incident/ teachers comments should be kept
separately.
• It will be kept confidentially.
Advantages
• Students behaviour is observed under varied situations.
• It is useful to cross check the information obtained from
other sources.
• Teacher gets opportunities to know about his students fully.
• Collecting information is very useful in studying the
behaviour of small children and mentally retarded.
Limitations
• It takes lot of time.
• Present behaviour of the students differs very much
from the recorded behaviour.
• Recorded informations will be useful, if they are
accurate and comprehensive.
• Real nature cannot become clear.
Check list
• Checklist is a list of all the things that you
need to do, information that you want to find
out, or things that you need to take
somewhere, which you make in order to
ensure that you do not forget anything.
Check List
• Chick list is useful in collecting educational statistics, to find
out the needs of students, facilities available in educational
institutions and observe and record students behavioural
traits.
• (e.g) Put tick mark in the bracket against the statement.
• I make friends easily. ( )
• I take much care about my belongings. ( )
Advantages
Answers are obtained directly from the
respondents.
Used easily by the investigator.
Few minutes to fill the details.
Large amount of data can be obtained very quickly
and cheaply.
Left out data could be easily obtained back.
Data obtained from closed form of questions can be
easily tabulated and analyzed.
Disadvantages
• We cannot expect all the respondents will be giving answers.
• Not helpful to gather complex information.
• Reliability (diff. test, diff. examiners, diff.time –score same)
data collected using self reporting devices is mostly low.
• Chances for questions being misunderstood and answered
accordingly.
• Most of the self reporting devices contain fixed choice
questions.
• Lack flexibility and Low response rate.
Types of Rating Scale

• Numerical Rating Scale


• Descriptive Rating Scale
• Graphic Rating Scale
Rating Scale
• Rating scale is a device containing a set of graded
categories that helps an individual to express his/her
judgement.
• On the basis of findings of observation each item
will be given a rating by the observer.
Numerical Rating Scale

• NRS indicate the rating serial numbers are used like


1,2,3,4,5 or -2,-1,0,1,2, or symbols like A,B,C,D etc.
• Generally 1 is considered to be lowest and 5 highest.
• Similarly A is considered lowest and E as highest.
Descriptive Rating Scale
• The observers will be asked to indicate any
one of the descriptions given in the verbal
form.
• (e.g)

• Very High High Average Low Very Low


Graphic Rating Scale

The rated value is indicated as a dot


in a graduated line.
Uses of Rating Scale

 Teacher Rating :
(e.g) Selection for post, Promotion, Sanction increment etc
 Personality rating for various purposes.
 Testing the validity.
 Judging the competitors.
Merits of Rating Scale
• It is easy to evaluate.
• Less time consuming.
• Not much training is needed for the raters.
• Assessed various activities like personality, teaching,
performance of educational institutions, cultural program
etc.
Limitations
• The rater may find difficult to understand the qualities to be assessed.
• Personal likes and dislikes influencing the rating.
• Errors may occur
• Five types of error.
• Generosity error
• Constant severity error
• Average error
• Halo error
• Logical error.
Five types of Error
• Generosity error : Rating liberally about the persons who are very popular.
• Constant severity error: Some raters may think everyone is inferior to
them and award low marks.
• Average error: Some evaluators by providing average rating to all.
• Halo effect: Evaluate various aspects of person’s qualities. Superficial
general impression is taken as a basis for rating.
• Logical error: Evaluator rates closely related or unrelated aspects of
qualities.(e.g) while evaluating an answer script, the answers written in
beautiful handwriting may be given high marks by the teacher.

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