1.aircraft Power Systems

Aircraft power systems
Schrötter
2024
Recommended literature:
Aircraft systems – Ian Moir, Allan Seabridge (2008) (Third edition)
Civil avionics systems – Ian Moir, Allan Seabridge, (2013) (Second edition)
Aircraft electrical and electronic systems (principles, maintenance and

operation) – Mike Tooley, David Wyatt (2009).
Aircraft digital electronic and computer systems (principles, operation and

maintenance) – Mike Tooley (2007).
Module 13 for B2 certification – Aircraft structures and systems (ACTECHBOOKS)

Power systems
Traditional power system of the aircraft
4
AEA EA
Traditional concept
8
9
Electrical power systems
Electrical power systems
a) Power sources: primary, secondary (converters).
b) Power distribution: distribution + control and protection devices.
c) Power loads.
ELECTRICAL LOADS
PRIMARY (EQUIPMENT)
POWER electric drives / electric motors
ELECTRICAL electric lighting
CONVERTER
ENERGY electric heating / de-icing
SOURCE avionics systems - control circuits,
displays, communication circuits,
navigation,…
13
Classification of electrical power sources on aircraft
Electrical power sources
Primary Secondary
Main sources: DC and AC generators Static converter (semiconductors):
(engine propelled) rectifiers (AC to DC), inverters (DC to
AC), DC-DC, AC-AC.
Auxiliary sources: generators Rotary inverter (obsolete)

(propelled with APU) DC to AC
Emergency sources: batteries, Transformer (AC/AC),

hydraulically proppeled emergency Autotransformer
generaor, RAT
(External sources)
On Ground Power Sources
Built in power plant or the mobile electric power plant. The units may be self-propelled,
towable, or merely transportable. They may be powered by diesel fuel, jet fuel, gasoline, or
electricity. The AC frequency is automatically controlled by a governor that controls the
speed of the power plant. The voltage is controlled by a voltage regulator.
NA—DC output
NB—AC output
NC—AC/DC output
Aircraft electrical systems - electrical power sources
Devices transforming some type of energy to electrical energy: main batteries,
batteries of appliances, main generators, APU generator, RAT generator.
28V DC, 3x 115/200V AC (400Hz) = traditional concept
±270V DC, 3x230/400V AC (360-800 Hz) = MEA
Aircraft electrical
systems - electrical power sources
Main gen.: A320: 90 kVA, 115 V / 200 V, 400 Hz
: B787: 250 kVA, 230 V / 400 V, f – var.
APU gen.: A320: 90 kVA, 115 V / 200 V, 400 Hz

: B787: 225 kVA, 230 V / 400 V, f – var.
Aircraft electricalsystems - electrical power sources
RAT – Ram Air Turbine:
hydraulic gen., electric gen. If
rpm of RAT is at least
95%, then electrical energy
is supplied to the system.
Batteries: usually two (Main, Auxiliary) 22-30 V, NiCd, Lead-Acid, Li-Ion.
1 battery – 30 minutes.
Emergency generator: (for AIRBUS aircraft)
The blue hydraulic circuit drives an emergency
generator, that supplies emergency AC power to
the critical system if all three main generators fail.
It generates 5 kVA 115/200 V – 400 Hz.
Generator control unit:
• Keeps the generator at a constant speed
• Controls generator’s output voltage
• Controls generator’s contactor
Aircraft electrical systems – converters of el. energy
AC-AC (value, frequency), AC-DC, DC-AC, DC-DC.
DC to AC
converter
Rotating inverter Transformer

Aircraft electrical systems - distribution system
• optical fibres,
• copper wires,
• wireless connections.
Copper wires
• Distribution of analog and digital signal.
• Distribution of energy (power): DC, AC (1 or 3 phase el. power).
• Wires joined to cables, plug and socket connections, attached to
frame, mark on isolation, special requirements on isolation.
• Copper wires are 5x – 15x heavier than optical fibers (save the
weight as many as 1300 kg).
• A 380 – 5700kg of copper wires, length 450km.
Aircraft electrical systems - distribution system
Protection units: voltage and current protection – circuit breakers , fuses, SSPC.
Switching units: switches, relays, contactors.
Relay
SSPC
Solid State Power Controller
Circuit breaker
Fuse
Electrical loads
Appliances (loads) are devices transforming electrical energy to other
kind of energy: lighting, deicing, heating, air conditionig, galleys,
electromotors, PBW – control surfaces, avionic systems: communication,
navigation, radars, PC (LRU), A/D-C, D/A-C.
EMA
EHA
Basic requests for electrical equipment of aircrafts
• Reliability and safety • Resistance to fire and explosion

• Quality of electrical power • Independence of operation from
• Minimal weight and size position in space
• Mechanical strength • Independence of operation from
pressure, temperature and
• Electrical strength humidity
• Thermal strength • Low level of interference of radio
equipments
Conditions for the operation of aircraft electrical equipments
• Temperature of environment:
-60 to + 70 °C ( v < 1M)
-60 to +130 °C ( v > 2,2M ) • Vibrations
• Accelerations (+, –)
• Air pressure:
on the ground: 100 kPa • Impacts (firing)
height = 20 km: 5,5 kPa • Flight on the back
height = 30 km: 1,2 kPa
Kvalita elektrickej energie je daná:
* U STRIEDAVÉHO ELEKTRICKÉHO SYSTÉMU
- fázovým uhlom 120° medzi fázami (116-124°)
- sínusový tvar krivky
- ustálená frekvencia
- veľkosť napäťového impulzu pri zapnutí a vypnutí spotrebičov
- rozdelením spotrebičov medzi fáze s čo najmenším rozdielom v záťaží (10%)
* U JEDNOSMERNÉHO ELEKTRICKÉHO SYSTÉMU
- ustálenou hodnotou napätia
- zvlnením vyrábaného napätia
- veľkosťou impulzu pri prechodovom režime a zmene záťaže
- kvalitou pripojenia mínusovej svorky na kostru
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Aircraft power systems

Aircraft systems – Ian Moir, Allan Seabridge (2008) (Third edition)

Aircraft electrical and electronic systems (principles, maintenance and

Aircraft digital electronic and computer systems (principles, operation and

Module 13 for B2 certification – Aircraft structures and systems (ACTECHBOOKS)

Auxiliary sources: generators Rotary inverter (obsolete)

Emergency sources: batteries, Transformer (AC/AC),

APU gen.: A320: 90 kVA, 115 V / 200 V, 400 Hz

Rotating inverter Transformer

• Reliability and safety • Resistance to fire and explosion

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