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    Transcription and Translation and the Genetic Code

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    Transcription and Translation and the Genetic Code

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    Transcription and Translation and the Genetic Code

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    lya tt

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    Transcription and Translation and the Genetic Code

    Videos
    DNA to Protein 2.41
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG7uCskU
    OrA
    Professor Dave Explains 6.26m
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKIpDtJdK
    8Q&t=293s

    G11 Biology 2017-2018

    Learning Objective:
    1. Specifics of transcription and translation.
    2. Explain the properties of the Genetic Code
    Success Criteria
    3. Define transcription and translation.
    4. Describe how the triplet code and be transferred to a protein using at least four given terms.
    5. Explain the properties of the genetic code.
    Terminology
    English Google Russian 

    Transcription транскрипция
    Translation Перевод
    Codon - triplet Кодон - триплет
    Anticodon – anti-triplet Антикодон - антитриплет
    Genetic code, codon chart Генетический код, кодонная диаграмма
    Messenger RNA (mRNA) Мессина РНК (мРНК)
    Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Рибосомная РНК (рРНК)
    Transfer RNA (tRNA) Передача РНК (тРНК)
    Nuclear pore Ядерная пора
    Template (antisense) Шаблон (антисмысловой)
    5’ to 3’Sense, coding, non-template 5 'to 3'Sense, кодирование, не шаблон
    3’ to 5’ Antisense, non-coding, template 3 'to 5' Антисмысловое, некодирующее,
    Degenerate, Degenerative – Redundant шаблонное
    Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Вырожденный, дегенеративный -
    Ribonucleic acid (RNA) избыточный
    RNA polymerase Дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота (ДНК)
    Рибонуклеиновая кислота (РНК)
    РНК-полимераза
    DNA Replication DNA  DNA
    Replication Key
    What is the purpose
    transcription and translation?
    Transcription and translation take the information in DNA
    and use it to produce proteins. Transcription uses a
    strand of DNA as a template to build a molecule called
    RNA. The RNA molecule is the link between DNA and the
    production of proteins.
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKIpDtJd
    K8Q

    Watch and discuss video material


    Transcription Translation
    Purpose

    Definition

    Products

    Location
    Transcription Translation
    Purpose The purpose of transcription is to The purpose of translation is to
    make RNA copies of individual synthesize proteins, which are
    genes that the cell can use in the used for millions of cellular
    biochemistry. functions.

    Definition Uses the genes as templates to Translation is the synthesis of a


    produce several functional forms protein from an mRNA
    of RNA template. This is the second
    step of gene expression. Uses
    rRNA as assembly plant; and
    tRNA as the translator to
    produce a protein.

    Products mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and non- Proteins


    coding RNA( like microRNA)
    Location Nucleus Cytoplasm
    Protein Synthesis
    Activity
    Fill the Diagram In
    Central Dogma of Biology

    DNA  DNA DNA  RNA RNA  protein


    (DNA polymerase) (RNA polymerase) (Ribosome)

    Where in the cell do these processes occur?


    Protein Synthesis – DNA mRNA
    Professor Dave Explains 6.26m
    mRNA  protein
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKIpDtJdK8Q&t=293s
    TransCription - DNA to mRNA

    3’

    5’
    DNA to Protein 2.41 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG7uCskUOrA
    TransLation – mRNA to Protein

    Where does it occur?


    What types of RNA are used?
    Define TransCription and TransLation
    Transcription:
    Transcription is the process by which the DNA molecule (genetic material and
    hereditary information) is copied to form a single stranded molecule messenger RNA
    (mRNA). Transcription takes place in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, then after
    modification, the mature mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm through
    the nuclear pore.

    Translation:
    The mRNA molecule is now in the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
    (anticodon) carries a specific, amino acid complementary to the mRNA
    (codon) at the ribosome (rRNA). At the ribosome amino acids are
    synthesized by dehydration reaction to form a polypeptide (protein).
    Remember amino acids have a peptide bond.
    1. An mRNA strand has 76 codons. How many amino acids will be in the polypeptide? ______
    2. A polypeptide contains 103 amino acids. What is the length of the gene (unit = base pairs)? ______
    Compare TransCription with TransLation
    Sort
    Product is a
    Occurs on
    Product is mRNA polypeptide /
    ribosome
    protein

    Nucleotides
    Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine
    Occurs in the Occurs in the
    Uracil nucleus cytoplasm

    mRNA, tRNA, Requires RNA


    Uses a template
    rRNA polymerase
    5’ to 3’Sense, coding, non-template - 3’ to 5’ Antisense, non-coding, template

    Sense Strand 5’  3’
    1. Is also called the coding strand or non-template strand.
    2. Is the same as mRNA except that thymine in DNA is replaced by Uracil in RNA.
    3. The sense strand contains the information for codons via mRNA.

    Antisense 3’  5’
    1. Is also called the non-coding strand or template strand.
    2. Is a template for the synthesis of mRNA – antisense is complementary to sense strand.
    3. Antisense contains the code for anticodons – except T in DNA is U in RNA
    Compare eukaryote to prokaryote
    Remember all living things use the same process of
    transcription and translation.

    What is different? What is the same?


    Genetic code
    Properties of the Genetic Code
    Degenerate: Having one or more base triplet to code
    for one amino acid. 64 combinations of GCAU, but
    only 20 amino acids. Stop codons are not amino
    acids.
    Universal: Most living organisms use the same 64
    combinations of the 20 amino acids. All living
    organisms use the codon AUG, amino acid
    methionine, making it the universal START codon.
    Practice
    TRANSCRIPTION # 1
    Given DNA base sequence: T A C G C T T G G T G A C C G A C T

    Complimentary DNA strand: __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

    mRNA base sequence: __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __


    TRANSLATION

    tRNA's anticodon base sequences: __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

    Amino Acid translation: _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______


    TRANSCRIPTION # 2
    Given DNA base sequence:
    T A C T G C G G G A A G C G T A C T
    Complimentary DNA strand:
    __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
    mRNA base sequence:
    __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
    TRANSLATION
    Codon 1 Codon 2 Codon 3 Codon 4 Codon 5 Codon 6
    mRNA base sequence:
    __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
    tRNA's anticodon base sequences:
    __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
    Amino Acid translation:
    _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
    The genetic code – mRNA codon chart
    What did we learn?
    How we can use the new knowledge in our
    life?

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