CHAPTER TWO Heat Transfer By Conduction

CP5093 Heat Transfer & Equipment

Specially Prepared for DCHE Stage 1B
 ’ s La w Analogy
Fourier Between
y to Thermal
& appl Electrica
&
various s l Flow
onfi gu ration
c

Learning Objec-
tives pr
o
 NOW WE ARE GOING TO TAKE A
NEW STEP

Establish expression of R
plane wall; cylindrical & spheri-
cal wall

˙ ∆𝐓 ˙ 𝐝𝐓
𝐐= 𝑸=− 𝐤𝐀
𝐑 𝐝𝐱
2.4 Steady State Heat Transfer
2.4.1 Plane Walls

˙ ∆𝐓
𝐐=
𝐑 T1 A
˙ 𝐝𝐓 T2
𝑸=− 𝐤𝐀 Q
𝐝𝐱
x1 x2
 Integrating equation:
x2 T2
dT
Q̇ =− kA ⟹ Q̇ ∫ dx=− kA ∫ dT
dx
x1 T1

𝑥2 𝑇2 T 2 −T 1
⟹ Q̇ [ 𝑥 ] =− kA [ 𝑇 ]
𝑥1 𝑇1
⟹ Q̇=−kA
x2 − x1
T 1 − T 2 Temperature Difference
Q̇ = = ˙ ∆𝐓
∆x Thermal Resistance 𝐐=
kA 𝐑
∆𝐱
𝐑=
𝐤𝐀
Examples of Conductive Heat Transfer
Solution
T 1− T 2
Example 1 Apply Fourier’s Law, Q̇ = ∆x
A brick wall of thickness 25cm and kA
thermal conductivity 0.69W/m·K is Given:
maintained at 200C at one surface T1 = 200C T2 = 100C
and 100C at the other surface. x = 25cm = 0.25m, k = 0.69W/m·K
Determine the heat flow rate
across a 5m2 surface area of the A = 5m2
wall. T 1− T 2 20 −10
Q̇ = = =138 W
∆x 0.25
kA 0.69 ×5
Example 2 Solution
T 1− T 2
Apply Fourier’s Law Q̇ =
∆x
One face of a copper slab is kA
maintained at 10000F and the
other face is at 2000F. Given: T1 = 10000F ; T2 = 2000F
How much heat is conducted
x = 3 inches = 0.25ft
through the slab per unit area if
the slab is 3 inches thick? k = 215 Btu/hr·ft·0F
The thermal conductivity of copper
may be taken as Q̇ T 1 −T 2 1000−200 Btu
= = =688000 2
k = 215 Btu/hr·ft·0F
A ∆x 0.25 hr∙ ft
k 215
 2.4.2 Cylindrical Walls ˙ = ∆𝐓
𝐐
Assume: steady state, one directional flow, radial flow 𝐑

Inside Radius: r1 T2 T1
Outside Radius: r2
Inner surface temp: T1 r1

Outer surface temp: T2 L r2

Thermal Conductivity of
Cylindrical Wall : k
Q
At any radius r, where r1 < r < r2; the steady state rate of ˙ ∆𝐓
𝐐=
heat transfer by conduction is: 𝐑
dT
Q̇ =− kA
d𝑟
At radius r, the curved surface area normal to the radial heat flow q
is 2rL, therefore,
dT
Q̇ =− k (2 πrL)
dr

Q̇
1
r()
dr =− 2 πkL ∙ dT
Integrating r2 T2
∆𝐓
Q̇ ∫
r1
( )
1
r
dr=− 2 πkL ∫ dT
T 1
˙
𝐐=
𝐑

Q̇ ¿ ¿

Q̇ ∙ ln
( )
r2
r1
=− 2 πkL [ T 2 −T 1 ]
 Rearranging 2 πkL
Q̇ = [T 1− T 2]
ln
( )
r2
r1
˙ ∆𝐓
𝐐=
𝐑
( T 1 −T 2 )
𝐫𝟐
Q̇=
¿¿
𝐥𝐧
𝐫𝟏
𝐑=
𝟐 𝛑 𝐤𝐋
 Solution
dT
Apply Fourier’s Law Q̇ =− kA
Example 3 dr
dT
⟹ q=− k
For a hollow iron cylinder dr
(ID: 40mm, OD: 50mm) with Given q = 50,000 W/m2 ; k = 50 W/m-K
k = 50W/m·K, determine the dT
temperature drop per mm radial q  k
dr
distance if the heat flux is found
dT q
to be 50kW/m2.  
dr k
50000 W/m 2

50 W/m K
K K
1000 1
m mm
2.4.3 Spherical Walls ∆𝐓
˙
𝐐=
Assume: steady state, one directional flow, radial flow 𝐑
T2

T1
Inner radius: r1
r2
Outer radius: r2
Thermal Conductivity of r1
sphere: k

𝐐
˙
 ˙ =∆𝐓
At any radius r, where r1 < r < r2, the steady state rate of 𝐐
heat transfer by conduction is: 𝐑
dT 2 dT
Q̇=− kA =− k ( 4 π r )
dr dr
Integrating
r2 T2
1
Q̇ ∫ 2 dr =− 4 πk ∫ dT
r r
1 T 1

[ ]
𝑟2
1 𝑇
𝑄˙ − =− 4 𝜋 𝑘 [ 𝑇 ] 𝑇 2

𝑟 𝑟 1
1
 Rearranging
Q̇
[1 1
−
r1 r 2 ]
=4 πk [ T 1 −T 2 ]

Q̇
[𝑟 2 −𝑟 1
𝑟1 𝑟2 ]
=4 πk [ T 1 − T 2 ]

˙ ∆𝐓
𝐐= T1 −T 2
𝐑 Q̇ =

𝐑=
𝐫𝟐− 𝐫𝟏
𝟒 𝛑 𝐤 𝐫𝟐𝐫𝟏
[ r2 − r 1
4 πk r 1 r 2 ]
 SUMMARY
Mechanism of Conduction
Fourier’s Law
- Plane Wall
- Cylindrical Wall
- Spherical Wall
- Composite Wall

Analogy between electrical and heat

transfer system
Solve Conductive Heat transfer
THAN problem using Fourier’s Law
K
YOU
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