Books by Tim Kerig
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Understanding connectivity is a key to understanding decision making. Social network analysis off... more Understanding connectivity is a key to understanding decision making. Social network analysis offers formalized ways of describing and thus comparing attributes of actors related to each other in networks. Using quantitative spatial data, social network analysis promises deeper insights into how social positions are achieved and developed, as mirrored in the ancient fl ows of materials. The volume collects contributions of an international conference on network analysis in archaeology, held in 2015 at the University of Cologne as part of the DFG Research Training Group 1878 'Archaeology of Pre-Modern Economies'.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Zusammenfassung
In den vorliegenden Studien ist der Begriff der Arbeit zentral. Arbeit liegt der ... more Zusammenfassung
In den vorliegenden Studien ist der Begriff der Arbeit zentral. Arbeit liegt der Aneignung und Umwandlung natürlicher Ressourcen ebenso zugrunde, wie sie die Bedingungen und Spielräume wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Reproduktion wesentlich bestimmt. Die Studien fokussieren auf die Geschichte der Arbeit in der universalhistorischen Situation des Übergangs von der aneignenden zur produzierenden Wirtschaft in der spezifischen Ausprägung des Neolithikums nördlich der Alpen. Sie stehen in einer Traditionslinie, die im 19. Jh. beginnt und für die folgende Positionen wichtig sind: Erstens die Gliederung der Urgeschichte nach den jeweils verfügbaren im Fundmaterial erkennbaren Techniken und Praktiken (J. Lubbock 1834-1913), zweitens die Erkenntnis, dass diese Techniken und ...
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
by Tim Kerig, Inga Kretschmer, Andreas Maier, Isabell Schmidt, Stefano Bertola, Nadia Balkowski, Erich Claßen, Robin Peters, Guido Nockemann, Hans-Christoph Strien, Johanna Hilpert, Richard Bleckmann, Michel G L Errera, Marjorie de Grooth, Françoise Bostyn, Solène DENIS, Thomas Richter, Andrzej Pelisiak, Anna-Leena Fischer, and Jutta Lechterbeck Festschrift für Andreas Zimmermann
Erscheinungsdatum: 22. 07. 2016
ISBN: 978-3-7749-4022-2
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
by Stephen Shennan, Tim Kerig, Annelou Van Gijn, Pierre Pétrequin, Marjorie de Grooth, Michael brandl, Kevan Edinborough, Estella Weiss-Krejci, Serge Cassen, Michel G L Errera, and Daniel Modl
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Table of contents
Preface
Introducing Economic Archaeology: Examples from Neolithic agricu... more Table of contents
Preface
Introducing Economic Archaeology: Examples from Neolithic agriculture and Hallstatt princely tombs
Tim Kerig
Theories of Consumption
Perspectives from economic anthropology
Martin Rössler
The society in the making
The house and the household in the Danubian Neolithic of the Central European lowlands
Arkadiusz Marciniak
The value of things - The production and circulation of Alpine jade axes during the 5th – 4th millenia in a European perspective
Pierre Pétrequin, Serge Cassen, Michel Errera, Lutz Klassen, Anne−Marie Pétrequin, Alison Sheridan
From the Alps to Brittany and Scandinavia: The grand tour in the Neolithic
Magdalena S. Midgley
The economics of Neolithic swidden cultivation: Results of an experimental long−term project in Forchtenberg (Baden−Württemberg, Germany)
Wolfram Schier, Otto Ehrmann, Manfred Rösch, Arno Bogenrieder, Mathias Hall, Ludger Herrmann, Erhard Schulz
Land use and food production in Central Europe from the Neolithic to the medieval period - Change of landscape, soils and agricultural systems according to archaeobotanical data
Manfred Rösch
Evaluation of economic activity through palynological data: Modelling agricultural pressure on landscape (REVEALS and LOVE)
Jutta Lechterbeck
Quantitative approaches to reconstructing prehistoric stock breeding
Renate Ebersbach
Coping with crises I: Subsistence variety and resilience in the Late Neolithic lakeshore settlement Arbon Bleiche 3 (Switzerland)
Thomas Doppler, Sandra Pichler, Brigitte Röder, Jörg Schibler
Coping with crises II: The impact of social aspects on vulnerability and resilience
Brigitte Röder, Sandra Pichler, Thomas Doppler
Dispersed communities and diverse strategies
Late Neolithic economy on the Polish Lowland (3500−2500 BC)
Marzena Szmyt, Janusz Czebreszuk
Short settled Neolithic sites in the mountains − economy or religious practice? Case studies from the Polish Carpathians and German Mid−Mountains
Pawel Valde−Nowak
Prehistoric flint mining and the enigma of early economies
Jacek Lech
Bronze Age copper production in the Alps:
Organisation and social hierarchies in mining communities
Rüdiger Krause
Bohemia as a model territory for research on transport and trade in prehistory
Vladimír Salač
The Hellenistic to Roman Mediterranean: A proto−capitalist Revolution?
John Bintliff
Technology, land use and transformations in Scandinavian landscapes, c. 800–1300 AD 295
Ingvild Øye
Performance in experimental archaeology -
Any possibility for unambiguous statements?
Roeland Paardekooper
Summing it up: What is the intermediate total in European economic archaeology?
Tim Kerig, Andreas Zimmermann
List of contributors
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
European Neolithic by Tim Kerig
European Journal of Archaeology , 2021
The authors of this article consider the relationship in European prehistory between the procurem... more The authors of this article consider the relationship in European prehistory between the procurement of high-quality stones (for axeheads, daggers, and other tools) on the one hand, and the early mining, crafting, and deposition of copper on the other. The data consist of radiocarbon dates for the exploitation of stone quarries, flint mines, and copper mines, and of information regarding the frequency through time of jade axeheads and copper artefacts. By adopting a broad perspective, spanning much of centralwestern Europe from 5500 to 2000 BC, they identify a general pattern in which the circulation of the first copper artefacts was associated with a decline in specialized stone quarrying. The latter re-emerged in certain regions when copper use decreased, before declining more permanently in the Bell Beaker phase, once copper became more generally available. Regional variations reflect the degrees of connectivity among overlapping copper exchange networks. The patterns revealed are in keeping with previous understandings, refine them through quantification and demonstrate their cyclical nature, with additional reference to likely local demographic trajectories.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2024
What turns an invention into an innovation? How, if at all, might we observe this process archaeo... more What turns an invention into an innovation? How, if at all, might we observe this process archaeologically? Loosely put, new varieties of plants or animals might be considered as inventions (whether from deliberate breeding or by chance), but ones that are only taken up by humans more systematically as innovations when certain social, demographic, economic and environmental factors encourage such take-up. The archaebotanically-observed history of spelt wheat (Triticum spelta) is an interesting case in this respect. Prior to 3000 bce, spelt is occasionally found in very small amounts at sites in eastern Europe and southwest Asia, but is usually considered to be a crop weed in such contexts, rather than a cultivar. However, rather suddenly across Central Europe ~ 3000−2500 bce spelt appears more consistently at multiple Chalcolithic and especially Bell Beaker sites, in quantities which suggest a shift to its use as a deliberate crop. By the full-scale Bronze Age in this region, spelt becomes one of the major crops. This paper discusses this Central European process in greater detail via macro-botanical evidence. It argues that demographic factors during the Neolithic may have inhibited the spread of Asian spelt into central Europe, and that while small amounts of local European spelt were probably present earlier on, it was only at the very end of the Neolithic, in tandem with human population increases and major technological changes such as the introduction of the plough that spelt was taken up as a cultivar. In particular, a shift by some communities in the region ~ 3000−2500 bceo more extensive (and sometimes plough-enabled) agricultural strategies may have favoured deliberate cultivation of spelt on less productive soils, given this variety's relative robustness to harsher conditions. In other words, a combination of conditions was necessary for this innovation to really take hold.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Antiquity, 2023
The Big Exchange project investigates large-scale exchange systems in Eurasia and Africa (8000-1 ... more The Big Exchange project investigates large-scale exchange systems in Eurasia and Africa (8000-1 BC). We concentrate on raw materials of known origin ('sourced finds'). Network analysis of tools and artificial intelligence methods are used to analyse the combined data sets. We invite broad collaboration on bimodal exchange networks.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Social differentiation and connectivity are obviously connected to social
inequality, but this re... more Social differentiation and connectivity are obviously connected to social
inequality, but this relation needs further investigation. We start from a
historical positioning of the term ‘social inequality’ within the current archaeological discussion. Here we focus on households as the principal units of decision-making. In accordance with current research and for the time being, we accept differences in house floor areas as wealth differences. To describe wealth or income inequality in archaeology, the well-known Gini coefficient has been used several times since the 1980s. Here, the Gini coefficient is explained and, for the first time, the concepts of the inequality frontier and the inequality extraction ratio (which are based on the Gini coefficient) are introduced into archaeology. As a case study, the development of inequality is investigated for
household sizes in two important sites of the Bulgarian Aeneolithic – the tell sites of Poljanica and Ovčarovo, respectively. Finally, an important unresolved problem can be identified and discussed: where is the fundamental place of social inequalities within past societies, especially within what has been denoted as segmentary societies?
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
in press
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Journal of Archaeological Science, 2014
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Radiocarbon, 2020
New radiocarbon (14C) dates suggest a simultaneous appearance of two technologically and geograph... more New radiocarbon (14C) dates suggest a simultaneous appearance of two technologically and geographically distinct axe production practices in Neolithic Britain; igneous open-air quarries in Great Langdale, Cumbria, and from flint mines in southern England at ~4000–3700 cal BC. In light of the recent evidence that farming was introduced at this time by large-scale immigration from northwest Europe, and that expansion within Britain was extremely rapid, we argue that this synchronicity supports this speed of colonization and reflects a knowledge of complex extraction processes and associated exchange networks already possessed by the immigrant groups; long-range connections developed as colonization rapidly expanded. Although we can model the start of these new extraction activities, it remains difficult to estimate how long significant production activity lasted at these key sites given the nature of the record from which samples could be obtained.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 2019
Neolithic stone axeheads from Britain provide an unusually rich, well-provenanced set of evidence... more Neolithic stone axeheads from Britain provide an unusually rich, well-provenanced set of evidence with which to consider patterns of prehistoric production and exchange. It is no surprise then that these objects have often been subject to spatial analysis in terms of the relationship between particular stone source areas and the distribution of axeheads made from those stones. At stake in such analysis are important interpretative issues to do with how we view the role of material value, supply, exchange, and demand in prehistoric societies. This paper returns to some of these well-established debates in the light of accumulating British Neolithic evidence and via the greater analytical power and flexibility afforded by recent computational methods. Our analyses make a case that spatial distributions of prehistoric axeheads cannot be explained merely as the result of uneven resource availability in the landscape, but instead reflect the active favouring of particular sources over known alternatives. Above and beyond these patterns, we also demonstrate that more populated parts of Early Neolithic Britain were an increased pull factor affecting the longer-range distribution of these objects.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Uploads
Books by Tim Kerig
In den vorliegenden Studien ist der Begriff der Arbeit zentral. Arbeit liegt der Aneignung und Umwandlung natürlicher Ressourcen ebenso zugrunde, wie sie die Bedingungen und Spielräume wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Reproduktion wesentlich bestimmt. Die Studien fokussieren auf die Geschichte der Arbeit in der universalhistorischen Situation des Übergangs von der aneignenden zur produzierenden Wirtschaft in der spezifischen Ausprägung des Neolithikums nördlich der Alpen. Sie stehen in einer Traditionslinie, die im 19. Jh. beginnt und für die folgende Positionen wichtig sind: Erstens die Gliederung der Urgeschichte nach den jeweils verfügbaren im Fundmaterial erkennbaren Techniken und Praktiken (J. Lubbock 1834-1913), zweitens die Erkenntnis, dass diese Techniken und ...
Preface
Introducing Economic Archaeology: Examples from Neolithic agriculture and Hallstatt princely tombs
Tim Kerig
Theories of Consumption
Perspectives from economic anthropology
Martin Rössler
The society in the making
The house and the household in the Danubian Neolithic of the Central European lowlands
Arkadiusz Marciniak
The value of things - The production and circulation of Alpine jade axes during the 5th – 4th millenia in a European perspective
Pierre Pétrequin, Serge Cassen, Michel Errera, Lutz Klassen, Anne−Marie Pétrequin, Alison Sheridan
From the Alps to Brittany and Scandinavia: The grand tour in the Neolithic
Magdalena S. Midgley
The economics of Neolithic swidden cultivation: Results of an experimental long−term project in Forchtenberg (Baden−Württemberg, Germany)
Wolfram Schier, Otto Ehrmann, Manfred Rösch, Arno Bogenrieder, Mathias Hall, Ludger Herrmann, Erhard Schulz
Land use and food production in Central Europe from the Neolithic to the medieval period - Change of landscape, soils and agricultural systems according to archaeobotanical data
Manfred Rösch
Evaluation of economic activity through palynological data: Modelling agricultural pressure on landscape (REVEALS and LOVE)
Jutta Lechterbeck
Quantitative approaches to reconstructing prehistoric stock breeding
Renate Ebersbach
Coping with crises I: Subsistence variety and resilience in the Late Neolithic lakeshore settlement Arbon Bleiche 3 (Switzerland)
Thomas Doppler, Sandra Pichler, Brigitte Röder, Jörg Schibler
Coping with crises II: The impact of social aspects on vulnerability and resilience
Brigitte Röder, Sandra Pichler, Thomas Doppler
Dispersed communities and diverse strategies
Late Neolithic economy on the Polish Lowland (3500−2500 BC)
Marzena Szmyt, Janusz Czebreszuk
Short settled Neolithic sites in the mountains − economy or religious practice? Case studies from the Polish Carpathians and German Mid−Mountains
Pawel Valde−Nowak
Prehistoric flint mining and the enigma of early economies
Jacek Lech
Bronze Age copper production in the Alps:
Organisation and social hierarchies in mining communities
Rüdiger Krause
Bohemia as a model territory for research on transport and trade in prehistory
Vladimír Salač
The Hellenistic to Roman Mediterranean: A proto−capitalist Revolution?
John Bintliff
Technology, land use and transformations in Scandinavian landscapes, c. 800–1300 AD 295
Ingvild Øye
Performance in experimental archaeology -
Any possibility for unambiguous statements?
Roeland Paardekooper
Summing it up: What is the intermediate total in European economic archaeology?
Tim Kerig, Andreas Zimmermann
List of contributors
European Neolithic by Tim Kerig
inequality, but this relation needs further investigation. We start from a
historical positioning of the term ‘social inequality’ within the current archaeological discussion. Here we focus on households as the principal units of decision-making. In accordance with current research and for the time being, we accept differences in house floor areas as wealth differences. To describe wealth or income inequality in archaeology, the well-known Gini coefficient has been used several times since the 1980s. Here, the Gini coefficient is explained and, for the first time, the concepts of the inequality frontier and the inequality extraction ratio (which are based on the Gini coefficient) are introduced into archaeology. As a case study, the development of inequality is investigated for
household sizes in two important sites of the Bulgarian Aeneolithic – the tell sites of Poljanica and Ovčarovo, respectively. Finally, an important unresolved problem can be identified and discussed: where is the fundamental place of social inequalities within past societies, especially within what has been denoted as segmentary societies?
In den vorliegenden Studien ist der Begriff der Arbeit zentral. Arbeit liegt der Aneignung und Umwandlung natürlicher Ressourcen ebenso zugrunde, wie sie die Bedingungen und Spielräume wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Reproduktion wesentlich bestimmt. Die Studien fokussieren auf die Geschichte der Arbeit in der universalhistorischen Situation des Übergangs von der aneignenden zur produzierenden Wirtschaft in der spezifischen Ausprägung des Neolithikums nördlich der Alpen. Sie stehen in einer Traditionslinie, die im 19. Jh. beginnt und für die folgende Positionen wichtig sind: Erstens die Gliederung der Urgeschichte nach den jeweils verfügbaren im Fundmaterial erkennbaren Techniken und Praktiken (J. Lubbock 1834-1913), zweitens die Erkenntnis, dass diese Techniken und ...
Preface
Introducing Economic Archaeology: Examples from Neolithic agriculture and Hallstatt princely tombs
Tim Kerig
Theories of Consumption
Perspectives from economic anthropology
Martin Rössler
The society in the making
The house and the household in the Danubian Neolithic of the Central European lowlands
Arkadiusz Marciniak
The value of things - The production and circulation of Alpine jade axes during the 5th – 4th millenia in a European perspective
Pierre Pétrequin, Serge Cassen, Michel Errera, Lutz Klassen, Anne−Marie Pétrequin, Alison Sheridan
From the Alps to Brittany and Scandinavia: The grand tour in the Neolithic
Magdalena S. Midgley
The economics of Neolithic swidden cultivation: Results of an experimental long−term project in Forchtenberg (Baden−Württemberg, Germany)
Wolfram Schier, Otto Ehrmann, Manfred Rösch, Arno Bogenrieder, Mathias Hall, Ludger Herrmann, Erhard Schulz
Land use and food production in Central Europe from the Neolithic to the medieval period - Change of landscape, soils and agricultural systems according to archaeobotanical data
Manfred Rösch
Evaluation of economic activity through palynological data: Modelling agricultural pressure on landscape (REVEALS and LOVE)
Jutta Lechterbeck
Quantitative approaches to reconstructing prehistoric stock breeding
Renate Ebersbach
Coping with crises I: Subsistence variety and resilience in the Late Neolithic lakeshore settlement Arbon Bleiche 3 (Switzerland)
Thomas Doppler, Sandra Pichler, Brigitte Röder, Jörg Schibler
Coping with crises II: The impact of social aspects on vulnerability and resilience
Brigitte Röder, Sandra Pichler, Thomas Doppler
Dispersed communities and diverse strategies
Late Neolithic economy on the Polish Lowland (3500−2500 BC)
Marzena Szmyt, Janusz Czebreszuk
Short settled Neolithic sites in the mountains − economy or religious practice? Case studies from the Polish Carpathians and German Mid−Mountains
Pawel Valde−Nowak
Prehistoric flint mining and the enigma of early economies
Jacek Lech
Bronze Age copper production in the Alps:
Organisation and social hierarchies in mining communities
Rüdiger Krause
Bohemia as a model territory for research on transport and trade in prehistory
Vladimír Salač
The Hellenistic to Roman Mediterranean: A proto−capitalist Revolution?
John Bintliff
Technology, land use and transformations in Scandinavian landscapes, c. 800–1300 AD 295
Ingvild Øye
Performance in experimental archaeology -
Any possibility for unambiguous statements?
Roeland Paardekooper
Summing it up: What is the intermediate total in European economic archaeology?
Tim Kerig, Andreas Zimmermann
List of contributors
inequality, but this relation needs further investigation. We start from a
historical positioning of the term ‘social inequality’ within the current archaeological discussion. Here we focus on households as the principal units of decision-making. In accordance with current research and for the time being, we accept differences in house floor areas as wealth differences. To describe wealth or income inequality in archaeology, the well-known Gini coefficient has been used several times since the 1980s. Here, the Gini coefficient is explained and, for the first time, the concepts of the inequality frontier and the inequality extraction ratio (which are based on the Gini coefficient) are introduced into archaeology. As a case study, the development of inequality is investigated for
household sizes in two important sites of the Bulgarian Aeneolithic – the tell sites of Poljanica and Ovčarovo, respectively. Finally, an important unresolved problem can be identified and discussed: where is the fundamental place of social inequalities within past societies, especially within what has been denoted as segmentary societies?
seriation. The eigenvalue-solution can be displayed in a coordinate
system for showing the well known arch or parabola
effect. There are serious obstacles for the use of these
eigenvalues -or the differences between them- as arguments
for phasing Petrie-matrices. Detrendet Correspondence
Analysis (DCA) is an alternative algorithm, widely used in
ecology, but not yet for seriation. DCA allows one to obtain
an eigenvalue-solution different from that of CA, designed
especially for eliminating the parabola effect. Displayed in a
coordinate system the DCA eigenvalues allow a sounder procedure
of phasing by measuring equally scaled distances. An
example from the early Neolithic Mid-European
Linearbandkeramik will show that these distances can be
used as a measure of culturally represented time: The scaling
of the DCA-solution leads to a general scale as an independent
tool for quantifying changes in material culture by
explicit archaeological means.
The Linear Band Pottery Culture (LBK) of Hesse is one of the classical research fields of Central-European Neolithic studies
and has gained new attention in the last few years. The percentages of lithic raw materials at the single sites allow
to reconstruct the flow of the raw material along interregional communication networks (fig. 2). Especially the hindered
or inhibited exchange of silex between neighbouring settlement areas is astonishingly clear: already in earliest LBK times
networks develop, which reach into the non-Neolithic west and into the Neckar area respectively (fig. 1). It is possible to
contrast the lithic networks with the stylistic groupings of pottery (fig. 3): The multivariate statistical method detrended
correspondence analysis (DCA) is used to show the chronology of pottery styles on the first axis and their local groupings
on the second axis. A measure of similarity is introduced to compare contemporary pottery assemblages. Overlaying the
raw material networks with stylistic groupings of pottery shows situations in which the boundaries of both match each
other. These frontier situations represent zones of inhibited exchange between neighbouring areas – pointing to social
change also manifested in massacres as well as in earthworks of that time.
Tracer des frontières : à propos de la chronologie des différences régionales et sociales dans le Néolithique
ancien de la Hesse
Le Rubané de la Hesse fait partie des problématiques privilégiées de la recherche néolithique centre-européenne et elle a suscité un regain d’intérêt au cours de ces dernières années. A partir des pourcentages des matières premières lithiques
de certains sites, il est possible de reconstruire la transmission de ces matières premières et le réseau de communication
interrégional sous-jacent (fig. 2). Ce sont plus particulièrement les frontières de la transmission du silex entre territoires
avoisinants qui ressortent clairement. Dès la phase la plus ancienne du Rubané, des réseaux se mettent en place et
s’étendent d’une part vers l’ouest, non encore néolithisé, et d’autre part à la région du Neckar plus au sud (fig. 1). La
répartition spatiale des groupes céramiques est superposée à cette cartographie (fig. 3). La méthode de l’analyse des
correspondances détendancée (DCA) offre la possibilité de représenter sur le premier axe le temps et sur le deuxième
axe les caractéristiques stylistiques régionales. Une mesure d’écart est introduite à l’aide de laquelle on peut indiquer
la ressemblance stylistique entre différents assemblages céramiques. De cette façon, les réseaux de communication
et les groupes stylistiques peuvent être mis en relation. Des situations de «frontière» sont clairement identifiables. En
revanche, la représentation des limites des aires de répartition quant aux vestiges archéologiques, ne sont pas interprétées
en tant que frontières entre différentes entités territoriales : l’échange de plus en plus freiné entre villages voisins
est un indice pour des bouleversements sociaux qui se manifestent parallèlement dans la présence de massacres et dans la construction d’enceintes rubanées.
Grenzen ziehen: Zur Chronologie regionaler und sozialer Unterschiede im hessischen Altneolithikum
Die hessische Bandkeramik gehört zu den klassischen Schwerpunkten mitteleuropäischer Neolithforschung und hat in
den letzten Jahren wieder verstärkt an Beachtung gewonnen. Ausgehend von den prozentualen Häufigkeiten lithischer
Rohmaterialien an einzelnen Fundorten lässt sich die Weitergabe dieser Rohmaterialien und damit das zu Grunde liegende interregionale Kommunikationsnetzwerk rekonstruieren (Abb. 2). Insbesondere Grenzen der Silexweitergabe
zwischen benachbarten Siedlungsgebieten werden erstaunlich deutlich. Bereits in ältestbandkeramischer Zeit entstehen
Netzwerke, die einerseits in den noch nicht neolithisierten Westen und andererseits in das südlich gelegene Neckargebiet
reichen (Abb. 1). Diesem Befund werden keramische Stilgruppen gegenkartiert (Abb. 3): Das Verfahren der
detrendeten Korrespondenzanalyse (DCA) erlaubt es hier, auf der ersten Achse Zeit und auf der zweiten regionale
Stilausprägung darzustellen. Ein Abstandsmaß wird eingeführt, mit dessen Hilfe die stilistische Ähnlichkeit zwischen
Keramikinventaren angegeben werden kann. Kommunikationsnetzwerke und Stilgruppen werden so zueinander in Beziehung gesetzt. »Grenzsituationen« sind deutlich zu erkennen. Die dargestellten Grenzen räumlicher Verteilungen archäologischen Materials sollen dabei weniger als Grenzen zwischen territorialen Gebilden verstanden werden: Der
zunehmend gehemmte Austausch zwischen benachbarten Siedlungen wird als Indiz sozialer Umwälzungen gewertet,
wie sie sich auch in Massakern und in der Anlage bandkeramischer Erdwerke manifestieren."
Ashkawta Rash Cave was investigated in two short excavation campaigns in 2018 and 2021. Hundreds of anthropogenic layers testify to the use of the cave over the last three millennia. In this article, we combine ethnoarchaeological and measurement technology related issues with the excavation results. After reviewing the archaeological and ethnographical literature we describe various economic practices, such as the stockpiling of dairy products, which can be demonstrated or at least made probable in the cave and its immediate surroundings. We catalogue different uses of the cave and date them wherever possible. Furthermore we describe general modes of cave use within the pastoral economy of northern Zagros, namely the phases of site formation with deposition and accumulation, followed by systematical removal of cave sediments and cultural layers. Grazing initially brings considerable amounts of material into the cave, then these layers, several metres thick, are removed again and again. As a result, future investigations can identify from remote wheter caves in the area yield potential undisturbed strata sequences or not. At the same time, this recognises an important process in the formation of the specific cultural landscape.
Keywords: Iraqi Kurdistan; Iron age; Islamic archaeology; Ethno-archaeology; Cave site; Imaging techniques
link:
https://archeorient.hypotheses.org/16090
prehistorian of our time is hardly ever cited in German-speaking Central
Europe. The chapter discusses possible reasons analyzing the few existing
references in German archaeological literature. The authors argue that
there is a need to integrate some important elements of Clark's
materialism holism, und systemic approach, in today 's Central European
archaeology. Reconstructing history of Central European scholarly
reception of Clark's writings should heb to overcome both national
stereotypes as well as the division in the two cultures of scientific
archaeology und an archaeology contributing to the humanities.
A Comparative History of Reception
Abstract:
It seems as if »Grahame Clark, whom many would concur in naming as the foremost prehistorian
of our time« (Willey 1991) did not attract much attention in German-speaking
archaeology. But the ties of the Cambridge prehistorian to German archaeology were closer
as hitherto known. Clark’s writings are centres of reference of a wider European debate
taking place immediate aft er World War II. German-speaking reviewers well recognised
an anglo-saxon rationalistic economic tradition – and rejected it. In the following years
Clark oriented his work increasingly to a scientifi c, international, comparative archaeology.
A short excursus to Leonhard Franz should help to show the diff erences between the
development of the fi eld in the United Kingdom and Central Europe.
Keywords: economic archaeology; history of research; Central European archaeology; archaeology
in Great Britain; theoretical archaeology
of diversity, creating various opportunities and
inequalities. Historically, urban centres attracted
people with economic, social, and cultural activities,
offering benefits that could outweigh higher
inequality levels. In contrast, rural areas presented
different forms of well-being based on unique socioeconomic
structures. This session examines the
relationships between hinterlands and cities, and
equality and inequality. We invite papers on well-being
and inequality in population centres and peripheral
contexts from the Neolithic to the
Middle Ages.
Understanding urbanisation’s inequalities poses
challenges in comparing distant times and places,
making exploring the connectivity between historical
and prehistorical contexts crucial. Discussions on
methods, source quality, and theoretical approaches
across research traditions are necessary.
We seek contributions using archaeological evidence
that include:
• Comparative analyses of well-being and inequality
in urban and rural settings.
• Integration of methods, quality of sources, and
theoretical approaches from different research
traditions.
• Case studies on the spatial distribution of cultural,
social, and economic diversity.
• The role of participation and diversity in urban
settings and its interaction with inequality
We encourage interdisciplinary approaches
integrating archaeology with anthropology,
history, and sociology to provide a comprehensive
understanding. Papers should offer empirical
analysis and contribute to broader theoretical
discussions on the dynamics of inequality and wellbeing
in urban and rural contexts.
archaeology is transforming how researchers explore,
analyse, and interpret the past. This session will delve
into current AI methodologies, including machine
learning, computer vision, and natural language
processing, that are being leveraged to enhance
archaeological research. Contributions can cover
a diverse range of applications, from automated
artefact recognition and classification to predictive
modelling of archaeological sites and the digital
reconstruction of ancient structures.
Participants have the possibility to engage in
critical conversations about the technical aspects
of implementing AI in archaeology, the challenges
encountered, and the future directions of this
interdisciplinary collaboration. By showcasing
successful projects and emerging trends, this session
aims to spark dialogue and idea exchange among
researchers, practitioners, and technologists. We
invite scholars, practitioners, and technologists to join
us in this dynamic discussion on the synergy between
AI and archaeology. Your participation will help
advance this transformative field, foster innovation,
and uncover new dimensions of our shared human
heritage.
As a matter of fact, the preceding abstract was
generated by OpenAI’s GPT-3.5 through the client
ChatGPT. The organisation of the session is part of
ROOTS as well as of the Datencampus project Big
Exchange, a joint AI project of Prehistory and Data
Science funded by the state of Schleswig-Holstein.
bereits als Globalisierung zu verstehen, oder ist erst die imperialistische Inbesitznahme im 19. Jahrhundert so zu bezeichnen? War vielleicht sogar das 19. Jahrhundert globalisierter als das 21.? Oder kann womöglich schon die Ausbreitung des Römischen Reiches, oder bereits des Alexanderreiches, als Globalisierungsprozess verstanden werden?
Was wäre dann mit dem vorangegangenen Perserreich?
Hybrid: Audimax CAP2 – Hörsaal C at Kiel University and on ZOOM
Exchange networks structure and development are essential for explaining social and economic inequalities. The conference aims to detect those inequalities within the distribution of sourced raw materials over time and space. It centres on large-scale exchange networks from the Neolithic to the Iron Age.
For access to the zoom conference please contact:
Linda Seifert stu227208@mail.uni-kiel.de
Social inequality and agricultural change are both "hot topics" in current societal debates, especially when facing the challenges of global climate change. It is obvious that there is a systemic connection between agricultural production and social inequalities. Those connections are evident, but the complexity of these interactions is not well understood: Archaeological approaches which assess social inequality and agricultural change offer a unique long-term, deep-time perspective. Today, vast amounts of archaeological and archaeobotanical data is available. New perspectives towards social inequality in archaeology have arisen in the last couple of years through the implementation of economic, demographic, and evolutionary methods. The Gini-index for measuring social inequality, for example, has been successfully applied to different archaeological datasets. Progress in scientific methods makes it possible to analyse agricultural change in greater detail. Isotope analyses, sediment aDNA analyses, high resolution pollen analysis and land cover reconstructions enable us to measure land use change on various scales. Modes of production and societal organisation are intertwined. This applies to the level of societal organisation, ownership of production and the mobilisation of the workforce, to name but a few. In this session we want to address the following issues: Does production determine societal complexity? Does social inequality constrain choices in the past and is it possible to discover path dependencies? What sources do we have and how do we combine them? This session aims to explore the complex interconnections between production and social inequality. We invite evidence-based papers which discuss changes in social inequality, agricultural production, (or a combination of the two) on local, regional, interregional, and continental scales for all archaeological periods.
Reichtum und somit als wichtiger Faktor in der Entwicklung hin zu zunehmend sozialer Ungleichheit. Ist diese These haltbar?
Im Vortrag wird auf Grundlage des laufenden "Big Exchange"‐Projektes die Fragestellung insbesondere für Steinrohmaterialien näher beleuchtet. Zur Verfügung stehen unterschiedliche Austauschnetzwerke aus ganz Europa und aus der Zeit von 8.000 bis 1 vor unserer Zeitrechnung. Diese Netzwerke werden anhand von mehreren Millionen Funden rekonstruiert und gesamthaft analytisch betrachtet. Im Vortrag wird ein neues Modell der Rohmaterialversorgung für die Zeit der altneolithischen Bandkeramik vorgestellt, das kulturelle Faktoren weit stärker gewichtet als dies
bislang möglich war. Auch das Wechselspiel zwischen Steinrohmaterialien und frühem Metall im entwickelten Neolithikum zeigt unerwartete Ergebnisse. Im Laufe des Projektes sollen diese Netzwerke präziser beschrieben und mit Mitteln der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) auf wiederkehrende Muster hin untersucht werden.
aus Mas d’Azil
Antrittsvorlesung als Privatdozent an der Fakultät für Geschichte, Kunst- und Orientwissenschaften, Universität Leipzig 20. 12. 2016
Vorgestellt wird ein Objekt aus dem Musee d’Arhologie
Nationale Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Inv. MAN-
4 vom südwestfranzösischen Fundort Mas d’Azil, Ariege
(s.u.). Es handelt sich, wie wahrscheinlich gemacht werden kann, um das aus Rentiergeweih geschnitzte Hakenende einer Speerschleuder des Magdalénien mit figürlicher Verzierung. Dargestellt sind auf der einen Seite Köpfe jeweils eines jungen und eines ausgewachsenen Pferdes sowie ein partiell skelettierter Pferdeschädel und ein Feld mit kommataartigen Zeichen. Auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite sind zwei Pferdeköpfe und wohl ein Tierbein abgebildet. Das Artefakt wird in den lokalen und regionalen archäologischen Kontext eingeordnet; die Stellung des Objektes im Rahmen der paläolithischen Kunst soll bestimmt werden.
Zunächst werden zeitliches wie räumliches Vorkommen, Funktionsweise und die jagdliche Bedeutung des Stückes vor dem technologischen sowie dem klimatischen, wildbiologisch/faunistischen und demographischen Hintergrund der Pyrenäenregion dargestellt. Dieser archäologisch gut beschriebenen Sphäre wird eine weitere parallel gesetzt - die der Bilder. Zwei Prämissen dienen als Ausgangspunkt:
1) Kleinkunst sei dafür gemacht, in Bewegung wahrgenommen zu werden. Ihr Sinn entfalte sich sinnlich: haptisch, in Ausdehnung, in Gewicht und eben auch visuell.
2) Es gibt keinen Grund anzunehmen, Bilder des Paläolithikums seien einfacher verständlich als heutige Bilder („Bild“ hier im weitesten medienwissenschaftlichen Sinne). Bildwissenschaftliche Arbeiten können – extrem verkürzt und nicht ohne Polemik – zwei Lagern zugeordnet werden: „Einfühlende“ Phänomenologie, die Bilder als Bewusstseinsphänomene auffasst auf der einen Seite,
adenrerseits „analytische“ )eihe - bzw. Systemtheorien, die an der Logik der Bilder arbeiten. Ausgangspunkte für letztere sind etwa die Arbeiten Umberto Ecos zur Semiotik oder die Theorie symbolischer Welterzeugung Nelson Goodmans. Dem kann hier auch eine letztlich auf Niklas Luhmann zurückgehende Sichtweise beigestellt werden, die Kunst als Kommunikationssystem begreift und zwar wortwörtlich: nur in der Kommunikation wird Kunst erzeugt, sie ist einmalige kommunikative Äußerung. Probleme der Repräsentation in der Paläolithforschung, etwa im Sinne Horst Bredekamps, sind nicht Thema des Vortrages.
Im quantitativen Vergleich mit Lochstäben wird klar, dass für Speerschleudern andere Regeln für die Sichtbarkeit der Motive gegolten haben müssen. Anhand der Darstellung aus Mas d’ Azil im Kontext gleichzeitiger Kleinkunst kann erstmals ein ikonographisches Feld beschrieben werden, dass um die Darstellung von (teil-)entfleischten Pferdeschädeln und um Darstellungen des Zerwirkens und Teilens kreist. Diese Beziehungen können in ihrem Vorhandensein formal beschrieben werden, ihre Richtung (Vorbild/Nachahmung) und Stärke bleibt intersubjektiv kaum erfassbar. Zur zusammenfassenden Darstellung ist daher eine multidimensionale Skalierung hinsichtlich des Vorhandenseins solcher Beziehungen in Material, Funktion, Motiv, Fundort angemessen. Es kann gezeigt werden, wie die Kunst der Eiszeit Teil hat an beiden Ökologien: Ohne ein Verständnis ihrer Natur bleibt sie ebenso unverstanden wie ohne ein Verständnis für die grundlegende Tatsache, dass die Ökologie eines Bildes eben Bilder sind.
Nachdem in Deutschland vor fast siebzig Jahren der Kontakt zwischen einer naturwissenschaftlich orientierte Pleistozänarchäologie und einer einfühlend-deutenden Kunstgeschichte unmöglich wurde, sollten heute insbesondere analytisch-bildwissenschaftliche Ansätze den Dialog zwischen der Archäologie des Paläolithikums und der Kunstwissenschaft erlauben. Bedingungen sind ein klares natur- wie geisteswissenschaftliches Methodenbewußtsein und die explizite Theoriebildung.
Literatur:
É. Piette, L’art pedat l’age du ree Paris ; D. Garrod, Palaeolithic Spear-Throwers. PPS 21, 1955, 21-35; U. Eco, Opera aperta (Milano 1962) [dt. Das offene Kunstwerk (Frankfurt 1973)]; ders., La struttura assente (Milano 1968) [dt. Einführung in die Semiotik (München 1972)]; N. Goodman, Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols (Indianapolis 1968/1976) [dt. Sprachen der Kunst - Entwurf einer Symboltheorie (Frankfurt 1995)]; A. Leroi-Gourha, Prhistoire de l’art oidetal Paris [dt.: Prähistorishe Kust: Die Ursprüge der Kunst in Europa (Freiburg 1971)]; U. Stodiek, Zur Technologie der jungpaläolithischen Speerschleuder. Eine Studie auf Basis archäologischer, ethnologischer und experimenteller Erkenntnisse. Tübinger Monographien zur Urgeschichte 9 (Tübingen 1993); J. Clottes, La vie et l'art des Magdaléniens en Ariège (o.O. 1999); J. Elkins, The Domain of Images (London 1999); R.D. Guthrie, The nature of Palaeolithic art (Chicago 2005); P. Cattelain, Propulseurs magdaléniens: marqueurs cultureles régionaux? Mémoire XXXIX de la Société préhistorique française 2005; ders., „Mobilis in mobili“
- Le cheval dans l ’ art mobilier paléolithique In: ders. / N. Bozet (Hg.), Sur la Piste du Cheval (Treignes 2007) 31-44; C. Schwab, La Collection Piette (Paris 2008); G. Bosinski, Tierdarstellungen von Gönnersdorf - Nachträge zu Mammut und Pferd sowie die übrigen Tierdarstellungen. RGZM Monographien 72 (Mainz 2008); K. Sachs-Hombach: Bildtheorien – Anthropologische und kulturelle Grundlagen des Visualistic Turn (Frankfurt 2009); J. Cook (Hrsg.), Ice Age art – arrival of the modern mind (London 2013); W. Pichler / R. Uhl, Bildtheorie – zur Einführung (Hamburg 2014). I. Kretschmer, Demographische Untersuchungen zu Bevölkerungsdichten, Mobilität und Landnutzungsmustern im späten Jungpaläolithikum (Rahden 2015).
Crafts can be seen as a group of services, processing primary products by adding knowledge and skills, both high educational investments. Keeping the body of knowledge, controlling the transmission of skills and building legal and practical restrictions against competitors protect the investment in labour of e.g. members of a guild.
The widespread working definition of craft as production beyond self-sufficiency and below the industrial level may be appropriate in most state societies, but the term is problematic especially in economic systems, which are neither redistributive and to a certain extend centralized nor market-driven. In archaeology, differentiating crafts from household production requires production volumes beyond the need of a self-sufficient household as well as a visible degree of the division of labour. But to which extent are those crafts economic and societal institutions?
In the paper Neolithic mining serves as an example of non-industrial mass production under the circumstances of societies often called “tribal” and economies described in terms of reciprocity. Summed radiocarbon probabilities from mines are used as proxies for production volume. These can be corrected by a similar proxy for population numbers to gain an economic cycle in production volume per year and capita. The relation between the distance from source and settlement on one side and the booms and busts of economic cycles on the other can be observed for the first time.
The paper aims on the production of value by adding knowledge and skills to the labour of Neolithic prospectors and miners.
Ref.: T. Kerig / K. Edinborough / S. Downey / S. Shennan, A radiocarbon chronology of European flint mines suggests a link to population patterns. In T. Kerig / S. Shennan (eds.), Connecting Networks: characterising contact by measuring lithic exchange in the European Neolithic (Oxford: Archaeopress 2015) 116-164; S. Shennan / S. S. Downey / A. Timpson / K. Edinborough / S. Colledge / T. Kerig / K. Manning / M. G. Thomas, Boom and Bust in Europe’s Early Farming Populations. Nature communications 1 Oct 2013; T. Kerig, Ein Statuenmenhir mit Darstellung einer Axt vom Eschollbrückener Typ? Zu einem enigmatischen Steindenkmal aus Gelnhausen-Meerholz (Main-Kinzig-Kreis). Prähistorische Zeitschrift (Berlin) 85, 2010, 59-78
The European wide expansion of what has been called the Bell Beaker phenomenon remains an enigma of European prehistory. While most of the recent research stresses the ideological aspects of using Bell Beaker material culture, here we take a regional and economical perspective from the Western Lake Constance region (SW Germany). We look for the chronological relationships and the economic choices of the Bell Beaker phase and of its closest neighbours in time and space: the Late Neolithic Corded ware and the Early Bronze Age.
We focus on the regional archaeological settlement history, we present the hitherto richest European Bell Beaker associated collection of palaeobotanical macro-remains, and we use our high-resolution palynological work on annually laminated lake sediments. These different lines of evidence are tied together by an absolute chronology derived from new radiocarbon AMS dates (now more than 200) and from the dendro-dates from the World Heritage wet preserved pile dwellings.
We show the preceding Late Neolithic, the actual Bell Beaker, and the following Early Bronze age economies each relying on different agricultural strategies that focus on distinct parts of the landscape. There is no link obvious between Late Neolithic and Bell Beaker, but between Bell Beaker and Early Bronze Age. Related to different modes of production, differences in ideology become visible in food preferences as well as in other parts of the material culture.
We conclude that the Bell Beaker economy represents a re-orientation of the mode of production focusing on single, rather small farmsteads which often do not leave a distinct signal in the archaeological record.
J. Lechterbeck's work contributes to the project “Vegetation history and archaeobotany of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age at Lake Constance“ (PI M. Roesch) funded by the German Research Council DFG. The contribution of T. Kerig has been made possible by the ERC-Grant 249390-EUROEVOL (PI S. Shennan).
"
Archäologische Modellvorstellungen sind häufig historisch oder ethnographisch inspiriert, wobei nicht direkt beobachtbaren Parametern („latente Variablen“) eine große Bedeutung zukommt. Solche latenten Variablen können z. B. Angaben zur Bevölkerungsdichte, zur Intensität des Kultgeschehens oder zur Akzeptanz von Neuerungen sein; eine typische Aussage wäre etwa „auf den durch Bevölkerungsanstieg verursachten sozialen Stress wird mit vermehrtem Kult und einer Ablehnung des Fremden reagiert“.
Zur Überprüfung solcher Hypothesengebilde wurden insbesondere in den Kognitions-, Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften kausalanalytische Verfahren entwickelt. Wir berichten hier von Erfahrungen mit sog. Kovarianzstrukturanalysen, wie sie zumeist unter dem Stichwort Strukturgleichungsmodell (SEM) firmieren: Es handelt sich um Mehrgleichungsmodelle, die dazu konzipiert sind, eine Theorie („Strukturmodell“) konfirmatorisch abzusichern. Testbare Hypothesen dienen zur Formulierung von quantitativ überprüfbaren Aussagen („Messmodelle“). Entscheidend ist dabei, dass das gesamte System der Hypothesen durch Gleichungen verbunden und daher auch in seiner Gesamtheit zugleich überprüfbar gemacht wird.
Das Verfahren kann in erster Näherung als Schätzverfahren für die Anpassungsgüte eines Modells an die empirischen Daten verstanden und als eine Kombination von Faktoren- und Regressionsanalysen beschrieben werden. Eine Reihe von Software steht hier für unterschiedliche Anwendungen zur Verfügung (PRELIS/LISREL, NEUSREL, AMOS für Windows, daneben OpenMx in R). Die Ansprüche an die empirischen Daten als Grundlage des Messmodells sind hinsichtlich Umfang und Spezifikation (klassischerweise unabhängig, multinormalverteilt, lineare Zusammenhänge u.a.) der Eigenschaften als hoch zu bezeichnen, so dass wir nicht von einer allgemeinen Anwendbarkeit in der Archäologie ausgehen; fruchtbar könnten die Methoden bei der Auswertung großer bestehender Datenmengen vor allem dann werden, wenn Sie zur Prüfung komplexer Theorien oder zukünftig als Teil explorativer Prozeduren genutzt werden.
Unser Strukturmodell bezieht sich auf die mitteleuropäische Pflanzenproduktion vor Einführung des Pfluges sowie auf pflugbauliche Betriebssysteme, beziehungsweise auf deren jeweilige Nebeneffekte, für die Messmodelle erstellt werden können. Das Strukturmodell wurde anhand von historischen und ethnographischen Daten erstellt. Es wird zunehmend durch Schätzungen - u.a. lineares Programmieren - in seinen Restriktionen bestimmt (DFG Projekt „Ökonometrie des mitteleuropäischen Neolithikums“). Die Messmodelle nutzen archäobotanische, insbesondere palynologische Daten (DFG Projekt „Vegetationsgeschichtliche und archäobotanische Untersuchungen zur neolithischen und bronzezeitlichen Landnutzung am Bodensee“). Es werden besonders die Erfahrungen mit der Erstellung von Messmodellen referiert werden. Der Vortrag ist als Bericht zu work in progress zu verstehen.
Lit.: K. G. Jöreskog / D. Sörbom, LISREL 7: A Guide to the Program and Applications (Chicago 1989). B. M. Byrne, Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS. Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. Multivariate Applications Series (Mahwah 2001). -- R. B. Kline, Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (New York 2005)."
There are different ways of using the Tableau: One can display actual numbers, for example the demand for or the output of a certain good. For intercultural comparisons the demand for goods can be given in the cells of the Tableau. Comparisons may be made between archaeological stages or between economic systems. It is possible to show a stage of a development or to give the difference between two economic systems in terms of a ratio. This means every good becomes assessable and every arbitrary mix of goods – a “market basket” – becomes inter−culturally assessable. For quantitative analyses all goods must be valued using a common unit of measure, whether it be money, expenditure in kilojoules, or hours of work (slightly modified from Kerig T. 2009. Towards an Econometrically Informed Archaeology: The Cologne Tableau (KöTa). In Lambers K, Posluschny A, Herzog I (eds.). Layers of perception – CAA 2007. Bonn: Habelt. no pag.).