AdHoc Networks

A novel infrastructureless mobile networks (MANETs) is a collection of wireless nodes that can dynamically form a network to exchange information. The special features of MANET bring this technology great opportunity together with severe challenges. This paper describes the fundamental problems of ad hoc networking by giving its related background including the concept, features, applications, issues of MANETs, investigates and presents recent research trends and identifies Simulators for MANETs[5]. Based on recent research interests of scholars we found that some issues such as routing and power management attracted much attention and issues such as IP addressing and fault tolerance will have wide scope in the future. In the qualitative analysis [5], we found that some factors such as scalability, stability, and reliability attracted much. The essential simulation metrics for various MANET issues are identified and Simulators are listed for experiment. The analysis results demonstrate the utilization trends for various MANET simulators.

Underwater wireless communication networks (UWCNs) are constituted by sensors and autonomous underwater
vehicles (AUVs) that interact to perform specific applications inside water. Commonly used Electromagnetic waves are not
suitable as the physical layer technology for UWCNs due to high path losses and larger antenna size. Most widely accepted
physical layer technology for UWCNs is acoustic waves. But they are adversely affected by ambient noise, multipath
propagation, and fading. In order to overcome these difficulties a new alternative technology for physical layer is needed.
Magnetic induction (MI) is a promising technique for UWCNs that is not affected by large propagation delays, multipath
propagation, and fading. The transmitter and receiver can be implemented by simple coils of wire. The transmission of
information is done through alternating magnetic field generated by the coils. MI have less path loss and Bit Error Rate
compared to other technique up to a particular transmission range. By using sufficient number of relay coils or repeaters in
between the transmitter and the receiver the transmission range can be increased. The power consumption and size of MI
transceiver are very small compared to other technologies. Magnetic induction techniques provide smooth transmission
through air water interface. So Communication between AUVs and docking stations, or control of AUVs from surface vessels
and shore is helpful in environmental and military applications. MI is strongly recommended as a physical transmission
technology for UWCN in both fresh water and sea water.

Ad-hoc sensor system and steering information in them is a noteworthy examination zone. There are a ton of conventions created to ensure from DOS assault, yet it is not totally conceivable. One such DOS assault is Vampire attack emptying of hub life out of remote adhoc sensor systems. In this paper, introduces a system to endure the assault by utilizing the PLGP strategy. On the off chance that this, any Vampire assault, the PLGP system takes part in the circumstances and conveys the parcel to goal without dropping the bundle. In this way giving a most extreme lifetime of the battery and solid message conveyance even if there should be an occurrence of Vampire attack

— In Computer Aided Decision(CAD) systems, machine learning algorithms are adopted to assist a physician to diagnose disease of a patient. The purpose of this study is to improve the prediction accuracy on medical datasets by hybridizing machine learning algorithms. In this paper Hybrid Machine Learning algorithm is proposed using two supervised algorithms, Naïve Bayes and JRIP. The methodology adopted in this paper for proposing new Hybrid Machine Learning Algorithm is implemented by using R programming language and weka software tool. Further, comparative study is made between individual algorithms and proposed hybrid algorithm to prove the improvement in prediction accuracy on medical datasets. The proposed algorithm shows enhanced performance compared to the individual classifiers and assist the physician in diagnosis.

In mobile ad hoc networks, the absence of infrastructure and the consequent absence of authorization facilities impede the usual practice of establishing a practical criterion to distinguishing nodes as trusted and distrusted. Since all nodes in the MANETs would be used as router during working period, secure routing protocols have vital rule in the security of the network. So evaluating the performance metrics of secure routing protocols and calculating the overhead of security design is very important in network engineering. In this paper the effects of Black hole attack on two different types of routing, OLSR as proactive routing protocol and AODV as reactive routing protocol are considered. In addition, the performance metrics of ordinary routing protocols (AODV and OLSR) are compared with a new secure routing protocol MAODV, in which neighbors of node help him to distinguish a trusted node. Finally, the simulation results show that the end-to-end delay of a network under black hole attack with different type of routing protocols, AODV, OLSR and MAODV. The simulation results illustrate good comparison of network performance parameters for different conditions such as node mobility and number of nodes.

Background & Objective: Vanet is ad-hoc or temporary network that supports vehicle to vehicle or vehicle to infrastructure communication. Nowadays due to the exponential rise in road traffic and accidents, it is necessary to have information about vehicle position, speed, direction, lane etc. that aware us from traffic, road condition etc. to avoid accidents. Research has been going on in the field of traffic congestion problem, mobility model and Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). To solve this complex problem a traffic simulator and a realistic scenario is needed but the issue is generating a realistic traffic scenario. Current work is focussed in this direction for building a realistic scenario of an area. Conclusion: In the current work, a realistic simulation in VANET is described and SUMO traces are integrated on network simulator-NS3.

Node in wireless multihop networks requires cooperation from peer neighbours to relay packets towards intended destination in ensuring optimal rate of successful data transmission. However, willingness of node to cooperate cannot be guaranteed due to the need to conserve resources that compelling selfish behaviour. Thus, node forwarding behaviour needs to be evaluated to detect selfishness and enforce punishment. Ironically, accurate evaluation of node behaviour is commonly affected by false judgment due to stochastic perceptions of an observer node especially when it is done using single set of actions (SSA) approach. In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of an enhanced mechanism of SSA named Compare and Measure Selfishness Detection (CMSD) based on its promptness and accuracy elements in detecting selfish node. Catering several network scenarios, our analysis shows that the promptness element introduced in CMSD is able to provide more complete behaviour information at reasonable delay trade-off in comparison to SSA, which requires extra observation sessions and induce the need of getting global opinions to collect node behavioural history. In addition, by using CMSD, node behaviour can be identified more accurately and false judgment can be detected earlier as demonstrated using our proposed matrix of judgment. We also propose a general framework of an extended version of CMSD named CMSD with Evidence (CMSDE) and provide brief explanation.

In mobile ad hoc networks, the absence of infrastructure and the consequent absence of authorization facilities impede the usual practice of establishing a practical criterion to distinguishing nodes as trusted and distrusted. Since all nodes in the MANETs would be used as router during working period, secure routing protocols have vital rule in the security of the network. So evaluating the performance metrics of secure routing protocols and calculating the overhead of security design is very important in network engineering. In this paper the effects of Black hole attack on two different types of routing, OLSR as proactive routing protocol and AODV as reactive routing protocol are considered. In addition, the performance metrics of ordinary routing protocols (AODV and OLSR) are compared with a new secure routing protocol MAODV, in which neighbors of node help him to distinguish a trusted node. Finally, the simulation results show that the end-to-end delay of a network under black hole attack with different type of routing protocols, AODV, OLSR and MAODV. The simulation results illustrate good comparison of network performance parameters for different conditions such as node mobility and number of nodes.

This paper presents a novel fuzzy-based intelligent architecture that aims to find relevant and important associations between embedded-agent based services that form Ambient Intelligent Environments (AIEs). The embedded agents are used in two ways; first they monitor the inhabitants of the AIE, learning their behaviours in an online, non-intrusive and life-long fashion with the aim of pre-emptively setting the environment to the users preferred state. Secondly, they evaluate the relevance and significance of the associations to various services with the aim of eliminating redundant associations in order to minimize the agent computational latency within the AIE. The embedded agents employ fuzzy-logic due to its robustness to the uncertainties, noise and imprecision encountered in AIEs. We describe unique real world experiments that were conducted in the Essex intelligent Dormitory (iDorm) to evaluate and validate the significance of the proposed architecture and methods.

In the last years mobile networking via smart phones and mobile telephones is widely realized as an infrastructure based networking. The provider grants an affordable and stable access to the Internet, which can be used by applications in the same way as it is used on stationary computers. However, many mobile devices support a variety of communication interfaces that are suitable for ad-hoc communication. Routing in ad hoc network is a great problematic, since a good routing protocol must ensure fast and efficient packet forwarding, which isn't evident in ad hoc networks. In literature there exists lot of routing protocols however they don't include all the aspects of ad hoc networks as mobility, device and medium constraints which make these protocols not efficient for some configuration and categories of ad hoc networks. Thus in this paper I propose an improvement of Dynamic Source Routing Protocol DSR in order to include some of the aspects of ad hoc networks as mobility and energy by proposing a new metric to evaluate route based on intermediate nodes weight computed by combining the stability and the battery power of nodes to choose the most stable and powered nodes for packet forwarding.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), crossed by many subjects, is the advanced research hotspot field of recent international attention. Both academia and industries have shown great interests in Wireless Sensor Networks. The number of sensor nodes in WSN is numerous and a single node is extraordinarily limited in resources, so the important aim of designing routing protocol of WSN is to reduce the overall energy-dissipated in the networks and to maximize the lifetime of networks. We bring forward some improvements to the LEACH protocol based on analyzing the shortages of it. In this paper we have implemented an improved cluster based Multi- hop LEACH routing which does inter cluster and intra cluster multi-hoping used another cluster head as vice cluster head (the node that will become a CH of the cluster in case of CH dies). Hence, inter-cluster and intra-cluster routing are jointly used. Simulation of the improved Multi-hop LEACH is carried out on Omnet++. By analyzing and comparing the simulation results, it is shown that it can increase the lifetime of network effectively and reduce energy consumption in wireless sensor networks.

The research on WSN (wireless sensor networks) has recently received attention by an advantage of monitoring different kinds of simulation or application environments by sensing their physical phenomenon. Sensor nodes can somehow be related to embedded systems, in terms of application specific and their limited components. There are some important parameters are like energy efficient data packet delivery, No. of dead nodes, prolonged network lifetime, scalability, and data delivery time for every sensor network applications. Clustering in sensor nodes is a very effective and efficient technique for achieving these parameters. In this work, an algorithm is prototyped. This algorithm is an enhanced LEACH protocol that enhances the lifetime and reducing the energy consumption when compared with the existing routing protocols. The protocol is based on existing E3PSC protocol which uses the concept of static clustering. So this paper shows significant improvement in network lifetime, throughput and no. of alive nodes using enhanced protocol with compared to existing protocols.

This paper simulates and investigates the performance of four widely-used channel estimation techniques for MIMO-OFDM wireless communication systems; namely, super imposed pilot (SIP), comb-type, space-time block coding (STBC), and space-frequency block coding (SFBC) techniques. The performance is evaluated through a number of MATLab simulations, where the bit-error rate (BER) and the mean square error (MSE) are estimated and compared for different levels of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The simulation results demonstrate that the comb-type channel estimation and the SIP techniques overwhelmed the performance of the STFC and STBC techniques in terms of both bit-error rate (BER) and mean square error (MSE).

This paper focuses on an essential task of the enhanced NodeB eNodeB element in LTE architecture, the Radio Resource Manager RRM, which aims to accept or reject requests for connection to the network based on some constraints and ensuring optimal distribution of radio resources between Users Equipments UEs. Its main functionalities include Admission Control AC and Packet Scheduling PS. This paper will center mainly on the PS part of the RRM task, which performs the radio resource allocation in both uplink and downlink directions. Several approaches and algorithms have been proposed in the literature to address this need (allocate resources efficiently), the diversity and multitude of algorithms is related to the factors considered for the optimal management of radio resource, specifically, the traffic type and the QoS (Quality of Service) requested by the UE. In this article, an art’s state of the radio resource allocation strategies and a detailed study of several scheduling algorithms proposed for LTE (uplink and downlink) are made. Therefore, we offer our evaluation and criticism.

"Technologies for Freedom" is a sentence in Manuel Castells’ "Communication and power"; they are intended as a "material basis and cultural movements in their struggle against capitalist globalization", and against the consequent displacement of decision-making places from democratic instances.
In order to confirm the validity of this statement, this thesis initially wanted to develop a theoretical approach that would allow to compare the thought of some of the most important experts in the impact of digital technology on our society and, later, to verify its compliance in political upheaval that characterized the year 2011.
Trying not to be determinist, we have realized that many of the theories of authors like Bauman, Castells, John Friedmann, Hardt and Negri, Latouche, Mezza, Rheingold, Sassen, and others, could contribute to the definition of a single theoretical framework in which the digital, and particularly the Web 2.0, is actually helping to create a new man: today, as in italian Rinascimento, is no longer sufficient to stand on the nineteenth-twentieth century giants’ shoulders, but people claim to be an active participant in social, economic and political choices.
Beyond the obvious effect of "amplification of informations", there was evidence that three changes are characterizing people who are questioning the current arrangements of power, and any change has been associated with a precise method in digital social use:
· Disintermediation: Awareness of the failures of the short century and acquisition of
new sense of responsibility;
· User-generated content: Analysis and construction of a shared alternative; it consists in
the production of new meaning;
· Adhocracy: The action, the tendency to form spontaneous groups in the network, also
chasing minimum goals; fact that in 2011 took a lot more political characteristics.
Even using the parallelism between the movements of the 2001 Social Forum and those of 2011, steps were taken to see if what is proposed is theoretically then actually occurred in the Arab Springs protests, in the indignados and Occupy Wall Street movements. To verify this statement has been used the comments that journalists, writers and bloggers produced for networks and web.
The conclusion of the thesis is that the dynamics that made the 2011’s protesters occupy the squares of Arab and Western worlds are not detectable in the protests of previous years, except for the first period of the 2001 Social Forum, characterized by spirit of Genoa: the horizontality of the decisions taken both at birth and in the management of movements, refer to the three steps described above.

Profile-cast is a service paradigm within the communication framework of delay tolerant networks (DTN). Instead of using destination addresses to determine the final destination it uses similarity-based forwarding protocol. With the rise in popularity of various wireless networks, the need to make wireless technologies robust, resilient to attacks and failure becomes mandatory. One issue that remains to be addressed in behavioral networks is node co-operation in forwarding packets. Nodes might behave selfishly (due to bandwidth preservation, energy /power constraints) or maliciously by dropping packets or not forwarding them to other nodes based on profile similarity. In both cases the net result is degradation in the performance of the network. It is our goal to show that the performance of the behavioral network can be improved by employing self-policing scheme that would detect node misbehavior and then decide how to tackle them in order to ensure node cooperation or so that the overall performance does not fall below a certain threshold. For this various existing self-policing techniques which are in use in ad-hoc networks will be first tried on this behavioral scenario. At various stages simulation would be used to measure performances of the network under different constraints, and after subjected to different techniques

Mobile  devices  are  the  fundamental  requirement  of
communication  network  where  user  wants  to  freely  move
without  breaking  the  signal.  The  Mobile  devices  today  are
capable enough to communicate independently.  A Mobile Ad
Hoc Network (MANET) is a group of wireless mobile nodes
which  can  communicate  without  any  pre-existing
infrastructure  by  creating  dynamic  network.  This  paper
discuss Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) environment with
the  varying number of nodes. The research  presents  the three
reactive  routing  protocols  i.e.  Dynamic  Source  Routing
(DSR), Destination Sequence Distance Vector and Ad hoc On
Demand  Distance  Vector  (AODV)  with  their  results  to  the
MANET in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, routing load
and  throughput.  Simulation  is  carried  out  by  NS2  (Network
Simulation).  The  experiment  results  reflect  that  AODV
performance it better than DSR DSDV.

Ad hoc network is an infrastructure less and decentralized type of network in which there exist no access point or router to provide service. Each node in Ad hoc network exists as a router in order to forward and receive the packets. Routing protocols in Ad hoc networks can be classified into two categories which are Proactive and Reactive. This paper presents the comparative study of few reactive and proactive routing protocols. In reactive routing protocols, the routes are discovered by the source node at the time of its requirement thus avoiding unnecessary energy consumption in frequent beaconing unlike proactive routing protocols, in which the routes are always available whether the source node needs or not.

Wireless sensor networks are very broadly used in many applications. Sensor networks still have
problems in conveying data from one sensor node to other node. Routing algorithms are developed for wireless
sensor networks. In this paper, some of them are discussed. These protocols still have some problems in sensor
networks. Ad hoc networks and WSNs are similar to each other as both depend on hop-to-hop routing. So,
protocols developed for ad-hoc networks are also used in many sensor applications. But sensor nodes are not
much capable for these protocols.These protocols with some changes can be used in sensor networks.In this
paper ADSR is discussed, which is developed for WSNs and derived from changes done in DSR, which was
developed for MANETs. Moto of this paper is to give an idea that other protocols which were developed for
MANETs can be completely used in WSNs, by having angle-based mechanism, as described in ADSR.

One of the most attractive field for research for researchers and authors so the Wireless adhoc networks.So, this paper will describe the background and basic features of Open Short Path First (OSPF) routing protocol due to multi-access networks. Explaining and practice on the OSPF configuration commands.Describe, modify and calculate the metric (Cost) used by OSPF due to adhoc networks. Illustrating the Election parameters made by DR/BDR (Designated and Back Designated) Routers used in multi-access wireless networks. This paper will use OSPF routing protocol because of its average administrative distance with all routing protocols.

Modbus is the de facto standard communication protocol for the industrial world. It was initially designed to be used in serial communications (Modbus RTU/ASCII). However, not long ago, it was adapted to TCP due to the increasing popularity of the TCP/IP stack. Since it was originally designed for controlled serial lines, Modbus does not have any security features. In this paper, we wrote several benchmarks to evaluate the performance of networking devices that run Modbus TCP. Parameters reported by our benchmarks include: (1) response time for Modbus requests, (2) maximum number of requests successfully handled by Modbus devices in a specific amount of time, and (3) monitoring of Modbus devices when suffering a Distributed Denial of Service attack. Due to the growing adoption of IoT technologies, we also selected two widely known and inexpensive development boards (ESP8266 and Raspberry Pi 3 B+/OpenPLC) to realize a performance evaluation of Modbus TCP.

Ad hoc networks are a wireless networking paradigm for mobile hosts. Unlike traditional mobile wireless networks, ad hoc networks do not rely on any fixed infrastructure. Instead, these networks are self-configurable and autonomous systems which are able to support movability and organize themselves arbitrarily. These unique characteristics of ad hoc networks pose a number of challenges for the implementation of security infrastructure in the wireless network system design. In this paper, we study the ad-hoc architecture thus understanding the vulnerabilities and security goals. Further, we discuss the various security attacks and explore approaches to secure the communication.