Adobe

This research aims at throwing the light on one of the few survived examples of Ancient Egyptian vaulted structures; those are the storerooms of the temples of the Ramesseum and Sety I built in the 13 th century BC. In the first case, only some of the adobe vaults and walls are still standing; whereas in the second case all the vaults collapesed and only the walls exist. Due to lack of maintanence and also scientific research on this topic, the survival remains may be lost forever. The research started with tracking the chronological developmenet, the architecture and the constuction of the adobe barral vault in Ancient Egypt. The two case studies of the research were visually inspected and the existing damage symptoms and causes were reported and investigated. A structural analysis were carried out to understand the structural behavior and the casues of damage. Finally, a number of interventions were proposed that may help the exsiting ruins to survive.

Adobe construction is the oldest building form on earth; it has been supporting the human evolution for more than 5000 years. Adobe has the advantage of cheap resources and the wide availability regardless of location. It is the most environment friendly construction method since it is fully recyclable and does not emit any greenhouse gasses.

Resumen La técnica del adobe es una de las más populares dentro del conjunto de las vernáculas. Dada su baja resistencia al pasaje del calor, usarla implica la construcción de muros anchos que, principalmente por inercia térmica, mantienen la temperatura interior estable en los espacios habitables que rodean. Esto no siempre es posible, pues el área ocupada por dichas paredes exteriores puede ser considerable. En terrenos pequeños este factor significa un problema. Por otra parte, los materiales y técnicas de uso común en la arquitectura contemporánea han acostumbrado a las personas a ver espesores de muros exteriores que difícilmente exceden los 30-35 cm. Por todo ello, rara vez se construye con esa técnica en la actualidad respetando los anchos necesarios. Como consecuencia, el comportamiento térmico de las modernas casas de adobe no suele cumplir ni con las normas ni con las expectativas de sus dueños que, en muchos casos, se han manifestado desilusionados con ellas. Espesores de muros de adobe macizos de 30 cm no consiguen lograr un buen aislamiento ni suministran la masa necesaria para lograr un adecuado retraso térmico. El uso de la cámara de aire permite reducir considerablemente los anchos que serían necesarios en un muro macizo de adobe, mejorando las cualidades térmicas de las paredes hechas con ese material. Esta solución surge como resultado del cálculo realizado siguiendo las indicaciones de las normas argentinas y buscando cumplir sus requerimientos.

Rural education in Peru has multiple shortcomings, among them the problem of "multigrade classrooms", which are environments whose infrastructure is extremely precarious, for this, in this research, the use of a construction technique called "domes" is proposed in super adobe ", for the creation of classrooms in these environments, due to the cleanliness of their materials and the integration with their immediate surroundings.

I am in a courtyard a Thousand and One Arabian Nights in its details. I call out the name of Hassan Fathy no one answers. There is an earthern pot in the centre and a low arch opposite. Through it I emerge into another courtyard, cooler and less dark. By a stairway sways a slim white cord. I pull. Somewhere above a tinkling sound.

Bells. I heard them all through my travels. In the remote islands of Yugoslavia at the stroke of every hour; the electrically-controlled bells in Ronchamp, France; low octave ones round the neck of Swiss cows, and the usually out-of-tune Big Ben. I pull again, and again the delicious sound.

Earthen construction during the 21rst century first decade has resurfaced worldwide as a sustainable, low environmental impact and great expressive material. The research and the number of projects
has been increased related to the growth of the associations, institutions, universities and events surrounding this sector. These projects have managed to modernize the traditional techniques of
building with earth in order to adapt them to today’s projecting needs, and have been widely recognized for its quality.
The aim of this article is to provide a global view on earth construction internationally, providing technical data of its utilization in contemporary
architectural projects.

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Questo lavoro intende documentare l’impiego della terra cruda nella costruzione di edifici, pratica adottata per secoli in diverse aree del mondo. Gli edifici in terra cruda risultano essere una tipologia edilizia ricorrente sul territorio lucano, documentata archeologicamente per questo territorio già dal VI sec. a.C., a testimonianza del largo impiego che si fece di un materiale quale l’argilla, di così facile reperimento e dalle ottime caratteristiche costruttive. Attualmente le nuove capacità tecniche hanno sviluppato standard edilizi differenti rispetto a quelli utilizzati fino a qualche decennio fa nei territori di Chiaromonte e Senise, e solo grazie al rinvenimento di alcuni esempi scampati all’incuria del tempo è stato possibile documentare, anche per l’epoca moderna, l’uso dell’Adobe. Costruire edifici con l’argilla è, inoltre, in linea con le recenti tendenze ecosostenibili in materia ambientale degli ultimi anni. Di seguito vengono analizzati gli esempi rinvenuti sul territorio dei due centri della Valle del Sinni, proponendo l’analisi funzionale, documentaria, tecnica ed etnoarcheologica di queste opere costruttive.

El articulo presenta un estado del arte sobre el patrimonio arquitectonico de tierra en el territorio europeo. Tras las misiones llevadas a cabo en diversas regiones y paises que permitieron entrevistar a especialistas regionales y encuestar a expertos internacionales, se determinaron las principales culturas constructivas tradicionales de tierra en la Union Europea. Este manuscrito presenta los grandes grupos constructivos que constituyen el patrimonio de tierra dentro del territorio europeo: las “tecnicas mixtas”, constituidas por un entramado con relleno de encestado en su interior; el “adobe”, unidades moldeadas de tierra y secadas al sol; la “tapia”, hecha por compresion de tierra entre tapiales; y la “pared de mano”, compuesta por capas superpuestas de tierra plastica. La investigacion pretende exponer las cuatro grandes familias de culturas constructivas de tierra y sus variantes en el continente europeo, asi como reflexionar sobre el futuro de este vulnerable patrimonio en v...

This ethno-geoarchaeological study considers the formation of archaeological deposits through a study of abandoned contemporary mudbrick structures on the Taraco Peninsula, Bolivia. The study site was
a domestic compound with rooms for different functions that had been abandoned for over 50 years. Structures were in variable states of decay in terms of roof cover, walling integrity and abandonment fills.  eoarchaeological samples were collected from intact and weathered adobes, earthen hearths, mud plaster, and flooring. Adobes and mud plaster were locally derived from topsoil containing archaeological sediments with added gravel and plant temper. This study found a relatively light anthropogenic
signature for decayed earthen houses.
Rising damp exfoliated mud plaster despite un-mortared cobble wall foundations. Organic matter from roof fall attracted thriving soil faunal populations, which furthered site destruction through bioturbation,
particularly packed earth floors. Sediments derived from weathered mudbrick retained little evidence of prior use as construction materials unless exposed to heat. Sediments exposed to high-temperatures produced the most distinctive rubified features but were structurally compromised. Isolated thermal features from decomposed adobe would not be distinguishable from other hearth types. Adobes exposed to low or moderate heat had few distinctive features in thin section. Intact adobes and floors that were
not exposed to heat have fewer pores than natural sediments and distinctive grass inclusions. These adobes disarticulated into loose sediments when exposed to weathering. Adobe fall outside the crumbling structures blended into topsoil. This study sheds light on functional attributes of pre-Columbian construction practices. Thick, fine textured sterile flooring is commonly encountered in the study region. This would control bioturbation from roof fall in a previous occupation enabling reconstruction in abandoned dwellings. In contrast to the contemporary dwelling, prehistoric mortared cobble foundations would resist rising damp. Cobbles without mortar may relate more to design and construction than durability. These contrasts between
contemporary and prehistory construction practices reflect differences in the design, construction costs and functional use-life of adobe structures.

The art of photography has taken a long time to be developed as it what it is now, showing truly a product of tireless experimentation of testing to see how the world looks and how it can be recorded through glimpses of the moments that are happening to people. Here in this paper, the researcher wants to analyze the techniques of developing old school photos in comparison to rasterized graphic editing in the form of Adobe Photoshop Lightroom, a versatile software for developing photos for many purposes. After the analysis of the two subjects, it is noteworthy that the techniques of the past using film cameras and darkroom developing, specifically through the development of the chemical and physical properties, still has reflected some important aspects through the development of modern graphic editing in rasterized photos, such in the form of the different panels and setting that are found in the develop module in Adobe Photoshop Lightroom.

Keywords: photography, photograph development, Adobe Photoshop Lightroom

Resumen: En el Ecuador existe una gran cantidad de estructuras patrimoniales hechas con materiales frágiles como el adobe. Eventos sísmicos recientes han puesto en manifiesto el pobre desempeño de este tipo de estructuras debido a su gran masa y poca capacidad de resistir cargas sísmicas. Este artículo presenta la evaluación del edificio del antiguo Colegio Simón Bolívar y varias técnicas de reforzamiento en el sistema de muros portantes de esta estructura patrimonial de adobe con irregularidad en planta, que está ubicada en el casco colonial de la ciudad de Quito. Este estudio supone que las fuerzas externas actúan en dirección del plano más resistente de la pared y que los muros de adobe tienen poca capacidad de resistir cargas laterales fuera del plano. Basado en estas condiciones, un análisis de sensibilidad de la discretización para elementos finitos se presenta mediante el uso de un programa comercial y se determinan valores empíricos que relacionan la proporción entre las dimensiones de los elementos finitos y la longitud principal de los muros. Por lo tanto, esta propuesta para el mallado de los elementos finitos busca obtener proporciones iniciales para hacer un primer análisis de calibración de los elementos mediante el control de esfuerzos y desplazamientos. El presente trabajo evalúa el mallado de elementos finitos comúnmente utilizado para el análisis de estructuras bidimensionales por lo que se destaca la importancia de la calibración inicial del mallado de elementos para obtener resultados confiables.


Abstract: Ecuador has many heritage structures made of fragile earth-based materials like adobe. Recent seismic events have revealed the poor performance of these structures due to their large mass and low capacity to withstand seismic loads. This article presents the evaluation of Simon Bolívar high-school old building and different reinforcement techniques in this heritage structure of adobe wall system with plan irregularities, located in Quito downtown. This study considers that the external forces are acting in the direction of the strongest plane of the wall, and adobe walls have low capacity against plane lateral loads. Based on those conditions, a sensitivity analysis of the finite element discretization is presented with the use of a commercial program, and empirical values that relate the proportion of the finite element and the main length of the wall are determined. Thus, this proposal of finite element meshing aims to obtain initial ratios for elements size to make a first calibration analysis by controlling stresses and displacements. This proposal evaluates the finite element meshing commonly used in bidimensional structures, so the importance of the initial meshing calibration to obtain reliable results is pointed out.

A Eficácia Histórica e Construtiva da Argila, é uma publicação digital /e-book, primeiramente disponibilizada na Plataforma Kobo pela Editora Kotev (São Paulo, SP), em Março de 2017. Em Junho de 2018, este mesmo material foi transformado em texto de acesso livre na Internet em Formato PDF. A Eficácia Histórica e Construtiva da Argila foi elaborado a partir de diversos ensaios preliminares e pareceres de consultoria desenvolvidos pelo autor no âmbito do polo cerâmico de Tatuí (SP). Todos os direitos editoriais, corporativos e de autor estão devidamente preservados pelas legislações nacional e internacional em vigor (Editora Kotev ©, 2018, International Standard Book Number - ISBN nº. 1230001605075). A formatação de A Eficácia Histórica e Construtiva da Argila contou com a Assistência de Editoração, Pareceres Técnicos e Tratamento Digital de Imagens do webdesigner Francesco Antonio Picciolo, E-mail: francesco_antonio@hotmail.com, Home-page: www.harddesignweb.com.br. A edição em Formato PDF de A Eficácia Histórica e Construtiva da Argila é de acesso digital livre na Internet, sendo vedada qualquer reprodução comercial desta obra. São permitidos links de divulgação de A Eficácia Histórica e Construtiva da Argila obrigatoriamente direcionados para endereço eletrônico http://mw.pro.br/mw/a eficácia histórica e construtiva da argila, procedimento que deve estar respaldado em autorização prévia da Editora Kotev. Contato através do e-mail: editorial@kotev.com.br. Sendo citada, é obrigatória a menção bibliográfica da obra com base nas Normas ABNT, tal como indicado: Waldman, Maurício. A Eficácia Histórica e Construtiva da Argila. Prefácio de Constantino Bueno Frollini. Construção Civil: Série Economia dos Materiais, Nº. 1. São Paulo (SP): Editora Kotev. 2017.

PREFÁCIO

CONSTANTINO BUENO FROLLINI

A Eficácia História e Construtiva da Argila, de Maurício Waldman, é uma obra que preenche diversas lacunas na literatura nacional sobre a argila, esse elemento da natureza tão utilizado em incontáveis áreas da indústria, tanto em passado remoto quanto nos dias atuais.

Todavia, trata-se de tema pouco abordado de maneira séria, e com frequência, com muitas omissões nos aspectos logísticos, técnicos, científicos, históricos, sociais e culturais, fato que ocorre inclusive na produção da academia brasileira de modo geral.

A curiosidade, obstinação científica e currículo impecável do autor, somados a paixão pela natureza, já abordada em muitos outros trabalhos, credenciam-no a abordar o tema com segurança, trazendo a nós leitores um texto com bastante clareza e objetividade.

A Eficácia História e Construtiva da Argila é um convite para conhecer a argila, desde as características físico-químicas do material e suas aplicações na indústria, como também nos leva a dar um passeio pela história da Humanidade num olhar amplo, analisando esse elemento natural que acompanha a vida do ser humano desde os primórdios de sua história.

O livro faz o leitor refletir sobre as possibilidades e potencialidades de utilização do material, que promete muitas outras descobertas e benefícios para a Humanidade.

O texto de A Eficácia História e Construtiva da Argila demonstra objetivamente a predisposição do material como elemento natural mais indicado a ajudar a sociedade humana em encontrar o equilíbrio entre civilização, industrialização e meio ambiente.

Por isso mesmo A Eficácia História e Construtiva da Argila se posiciona como texto de grande importância para o conjunto do público leitor, inspirando novas expectativas para a construção civil e para a economia brasileira.

The adobe technique is one of the most popular within the set of vernaculars. Due to its low resistance to heat transfer, using it implies the construction of wide walls that, mainly due to thermal inertia, keep the interior temperature stable in the surrounding living spaces. This is not always possible, since the area occupied by said outer walls can be considerable. In small areas, this factor means a problem. On the other hand, the materials and techniques commonly used in contemporary architecture have accustomed people to see thicknesses of exterior walls that hardly exceed 30-35 cm. Therefore, it is rarely built with this technique at present respecting the necessary widths. Therefore, the thermal behavior of modern adobe houses does not usually comply with standards nor with the expectations of their owners, who in many cases have expressed their disappointment. Thickness of solid adobe walls of 30 cm cannot achieve a good insulation nor provide the mass necessary to achieve adequate thermal delay. The use of the air chamber allows reducing considerably the widths that would be necessary in a solid wall of adobe, improving the thermal qualities of the walls made with that material. This solution arises as a result of the calculation made following the indications of the Argentine standards and seeking to fulfill its requirements.

The present paper deals with the in situ mechanical characterization of 2000 years old adobe bricks from the archaeological site of Nisa Partica in Turkmenistan. For this purpose, a portable instrument was designed to perform compression, three point bending, and ‘Brazilian’ tests. This simple instrument allowed in situ measurement of compressive and tensile strengths of the material, providing stress–strain curves that have been used to calibrate simple constitutive relationships. Finally, bricks were mineralogically and petrographically characterized. The paper shows that with simple tools it is possible to measure the main mechanical properties of adobe bricks even in critical in situ conditions.

The southeast of the kingdom of Morocco, including the Tinejdad region at the southeast , has a remarkable earthen architecture. It is built by combining two techniques, that of rammed earth and that of adobe. This work is carried out with the aim of preserving and developing this ancestral know-how. The study is initially a characterization of the soil used for earthen construction in the region; the grain size and plasticity of the soil showed that it was not very clayey and moderately plastic (clayey sand) and it was suitable for earthen construction. The characterization also concerned the fibers traditionally used, namely wheat straw and barley straw. Secondly, the study focuses on the influence of different fibers, those mentioned above as well as sawdust and the crushing of barley straw on the mechanical characteristics of adobe in relation to its compressive strength and bending strength. Several fiber mass ratios were studied, and an improvement in compressive strength and bending strength was observed for the different fibers. The fibers have also provided a great improvement in the ductility of the adobe and a decrease in the modulus of elasticity. The optimal mass ratio of the fibers was 2% for the different fibers studied.

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Računovodsko-finančno poslovanje zajema velike količine različnih digitalnih dokumentov, ki bodo obravnavani v tej nalogi. Pozornost bo namenjena potencialnim skritim podatkom (metapodatki), ki jih ti dokumenti nosijo in možna tveganja, ki jih ti podatki prinesejo uporabniku in njegovim avtorjem. Ker je danes poslovanje zelo digitalizirano je to zelo pomembna tematika za celotno organizacijo in predvsem za uporabo finančno-računovodske forenzike, ki je tako ob pomoči računalniške forenzike lahko še bolj učinkovita. Naloga je razdeljena v štiri dele, pregled literature o računalniški forenziki za uporabo v finančno-računovodski forenziki, nadaljevanje z razumevanjem kaj metapodatki so, metapodatki po posameznih oblikah dokumentov, ki se uporabljajo v poslovanju in še zaključek z komentarjem.

It is estimated that nearly three billion people are living in water scarce conditions. This research uses modeling and field studies to assess the quantity, quality, and economics of distillate produced for drinking water from a brackish water source using two single-sloped, single-basin (SSSB) distillation reactors. The reactors were constructed from adobe and concrete in San Luis Potosí, Mexico and tested from August to October of 2011. The cost of one adobe reactor with an evaporative area of 0.72 m2 is 535 pesos, whereas the same size reactor made from concrete costs 770 pesos. Results show that desalination reactors made from adobe produce 0.848 (L m-2d-1) and reactors made from concrete produce 0.979 (L m-2d-1) of distillate, while similar reactors made from other materials are estimated to produce over 2,100 (L m-2d-1) under similar meteorological conditions. These volumes represent approximately 10 percent of drinking water needs of a local family with typical water use habits, however, after five years of operation the unit cost of potable water would be reduced by 50%. Results also showed that the concentrations of total dissolved solids in the source water decreased from 1,102 (mg L-1) to 40 (mg L-1) over the study’s duration for a removal of 96% which is comparable to current desalination systems (97%). Finally, the results were modeled using a regression analysis to estimate the distillate yield based upon ambient temperature and solar radiation. The model was then applied using historical global climate data estimate the appropriateness of the adobe SSSB globally.

https://ergasteriaproject.com/presentacion-de-dos-nuevas-ponencias-en-padova/

The manufacture of salted fish in the Cádiz Bay reached a great popularity during the Phoenician and Punic era and continued in Roman times. The distribution and trade of these products throughout the Mediterranean were linked to the growth of a powerful supplementary pottery industry. The massive quantities of amphorae suitable for maritime trade required annually for the fishy business led to the creation of dozens of ceramic kilns that supplied the Bay of Cadiz region, producing fineware, cooking wares and terracottas in addition to amphorae.

These pottery workshops have been documented in sites such as Pery Junquera, Gallineras, Villa Maruja, Calle Real, Camposoto or Torre Alta, and the earliest productions can be dated in the 6th century BC. Most of them remained active until the establishment of Roman-style ateliers during the 2nd century BC. In Torre Alta and Camposoto some well-preserved examples of Phoenician and Punic kilns were unearthed and studied (and are still in situ or included in the local museum exhibition). The research conducted on those kilns has made possible to identify the raw materials used, the evolution of the construction techniques and the adoption of new features taken from the Carthaginian and Roman artisanal traditions.

Using archaeological digital tools such as photogrammetric documentation and 3D modeling we have carried out a historical, typological and architectural analysis of the kilns, studying their origin, features and evolution, and also focusing on simulating of their production timing and capacities. Results of this ongoing research and of new forthcoming projects will be presented in this paper.

As a traditional building material, earth consumes minimum energy in its production, recycle/disposal processes after completing its useful life, does not require construction of any facilities and provides a healthy built environment for the building users during usage-given that the material is acquired from a clean resource. Used since the earliest human settlements, earth architecture is the evidence of cultural progress of the humanity, thus recognized as a common cultural heritage by the international preservation realm. Earth architecture is very vulnerable, under the constant impact of natural and anthropogenic threats. Therefore, there are several initiatives of worldwide organizations working on safeguarding the earthen heritage at risk. Since 1970s, ICOMOS organized a series of conferences for a deeper understanding of earthen architecture, while UNESCO launched World Heritage Programme on Earthen Architecture for the conservation, revitalization and valorization of earthen architecture. In terms of sustainability of vernacular architecture in Turkey, there are institutional (TÜBA, universities, local governments, etc.) and individual (especially preservation and building science experts) academic studies on its documentation and inventory. The aim of this paper is to make a research on the documentation and inventory studies on earthen architectural heritage in Turkey, which constitutes an important component of vernacular architecture. It is intended to increase the potential of national presence in local, regional, national and international studies for the preservation and revitalization of earthen buildings and thus contribute to the production of new knowledge for the sustainability of vernacular architectural heritage.

The very word homeless evokes a feeling of pity and insecurity. The social animal that
humans are require the safety and security of a shelter that belongs to him/ her. A shelter wherein he/ she can find peace and an opportunity to bring up his/ her children. The self-respect and esteem that goes along with ownership of one’s own home, fosters a sense of well being and belonging. With this inborn craving once satisfied the individual can be expected to put in his/ her best for the society that he/ she belongs to. In no case should an individual or family group be made to feel as outcasts. To be exposed to the vagaries of nature or the arbitrariness of landlords leaves a sense of despondency or else a growing frustration and inner rage against society. This must be addressed and removed in a satisfactory manner. By this I mean to say that providing a. cheap and dingy hovel in sordid surroundings would aggravate rather than alleviate the problem. A way to provide inexpensive yet well suited; modern and indeed futuristic housing needs to be adopted.
Sardar Taimur