Amsterdam

Hoe een historische bron of gebeurtenis geïnterpreteerd kan worden is in velen gevallen per persoon verschillend en is daarom ook een van de eerste dilemma’s waar een historicus tijdens het onderzoek
voor kan komen te staan. In dit historische stuk zal aan de hand van de aangeleverde bronnen behorende bij de casus: ‘Het fatale dilemma. De geschiedenis van de Joodse Raad in Amsterdam (1941-1943)’, de onderzoeksvraag, ‘Welke invloed oefende de Joodse Raad (1941-1943) uit op de deportatie van de Nederlandse joden tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog?’, beantwoord worden.

Until recently, knowledge-intensive work activities have predominantly taken place in office buildings as a specialized form of economic infrastructure. New digital technologies together with an economic and organizational transition from closed firms to open platforms has changed the pattern of work within the modern metropolis. The office building is no longer the sole workplace typology and work activity has intensified in other urban locations. The questions then are: "How might smart cities reinterpret workplace culture at the urban scale outside the framework of office buildings typology?" and "Which tools and methodologies can be used to make digital workplace culture visible at the urban scale?" In order to answer these questions, workplaces are observed not as private architectural spaces but as compositions of "subjective urban experiences". A Twitter data analysis provides evidence of workplace spatial culture within the innovative global cities of Amsterdam, London and Paris, interpreted as behavior settings. This analysis shows that office pattern locations are generally distributed independently to knowledge intensive business services and workplace demand, as expressed through social media analyses. In addition to office buildings, transit hubs, urban amenities and new digital services play a key role in reframing workplace location. Moving beyond generic visions for digital work in outer spaces, big data therefore provides specific insights and incentives for considering workplace design at the urban scale.

Het is 1759. Jan Christiaan Prijn legt een notariële verklaring af. Hij is de eerst bekende zwarte man in dienst van een Amsterdamse chirurgijn. Geboren in New York, werkte hij hier enkele jaren, voordat hij als lichtmatroos aanmonsterde bij de VOC.

Although planned as the " City of Tomorrow " , the Bijlmer district in Amsterdam quickly became the quintessential symbol of urban decline. Today, even with half of the planned renewal of the Bijlmer completed, the alleged success of this urban revitalisation programme is questionable. Parts of the black middle class did not move out and some are even returning to the Bijlmer; the combination is producing a type of " black gentrification " , which forces the " undesirables " like drug users, homeless people and undocumented immigrants to leave. This revanchist renewal not only benefits the middle and lower-class population of the district, but it also serves the interests of private developers. European revanchism makes the city safe for corporate investment and aims to restore social order as well as stimulating the development of a strong middle class. This paper demonstrates how hard revanchist policies are demanded not only by private developers but also by the middle and lower classes, and they exist alongside soft " caring " policies, even for the " undesirables " . 
Keywords: revanchism, urban revitalisation, gentrification, Amsterdam, black middle class, homeless people, modernist urban planning, undesirables, drug use, public space, high-rise flats

In this essay I want to figure out in which ways the Squat Group Kinderen van Mokum fit into what we know about contemporary problems in Amsterdam, especially concerning the youth. In analysing literature and comparing that to the characteristics of the activist group, I want to know in what way the activism of Kinderen van Mokum is a response to the problems that young people face in Amsterdam.

De Amsterdamse stadsdelen West en Nieuw-West werken samen aan de ontwikkeling van de Brettenzone, het gebied tussen de Haarlemmerpoort en Halfweg, ten noorden van de Haarlemmertrekvaart. De afdeling Landschap van de Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed heeft op verzoek van de beide stadsdelen een landschapsbiografie van het gebied opgesteld, in de vorm van een historische atlas. Hierbij werd samengewerkt met het Stadsarchief Amsterdam. Deze is onlangs in boekvorm verschenen. Het ontwerpbureau Löhmann’s Architecture - Urban & Industrial Design heeft op basis van de onderzoeksresultaten een toekomstvisie opgesteld, die als leidraad kan dienen voor ingrepen in het gebied. Het project Biografie van de Brettenzone wil daarnaast een bijdrage leveren aan de ontwikkeling van de methodiek waarmee de problematiek van andere stadsrandzones kan worden benaderd.

In dit artikel zal ik nagaan hoe de Amsterdams-joodse
boekindustrie zich aanpaste aan nieuwe politieke en sociale
omstandigheden en wat dit betekende voor de relatieve positie van
het Hebreeuwse boeken vis-à-vis anderstalige werken. Daar
concentreer ik me op, en wel met name op de eerste helft van de
eeuw. Amsterdam – hier als pars pro toto voor Nederland – is
overigens een casus voor de bredere ontwikkelingen in de diverse
West-Europese landen en vraagt daarom – te zijner tijd – om nader
vergelijkend onderzoek.

In 1925, Dutch architect Jan Frederik Staal takes part to a national competition for the construction of an Opera House in the Museumplein in Amsterdam. The project should represent the artistic and cultural values of the entire nation. The aim of this contribution is to investigate the relationship between the history of the place and the project, thus identifying a continuity between the happening of the project and the reasons of the construction of the historical city. In the Dutch historical city, it is therefore possible to identify the founding principles that make up the theoretical framework that is essential to the understanding of the happening of the project of the theater. In this sense, the project shows a strong tendency to move in continuity and consistency with the history and the features of the country.

Jacob van Ruisdael's dramatic landsape paintings, in particular his wild waterfalls, were already cherished by his contemporaries. They seem like a faithful representation of reality, especially the depictions of Castle Bentheim which he painted thirty times, but a look at the still extant castle shows an entirely different image. Who were the customers for these and the countless images of Haarlem, the so-called "Haarlempjes", and do these customers reveal anything about the dramatic depictions shown by Ruisdael?

The City Restoration of Amsterdam (Stadsherstel Amsterdam) is an example of achievements of private initiative with public supports in the field of heritage conservation. Since 1956 the company has shown its perseverance in saving historic urban ensembles of Amsterdam that led to an acknowledgement from UNESCO as a world heritage city in 2010. It is a private company with social mission: targeting profitable ends by keeping standard of restoration.

This article discusses the first series of performances of Joost van den Vondel’s Brothers in Amsterdam in 1641. The drama focuses on the heart-rending decision king David has to take to follow God’s will to ratify the executions of Saul’s sons and grandsons. With the staging of Brothers Vondel made an experiment in spreading the Word of God as profoundly, but also as respectfully as possible. He avoids showing the executions explicitly. Instead he uses diverse dramatic and visual means to urge the theatregoers to create strong mental images and thus to empathize maximally with David. Vondel’s experiment in theatre practice has striking parallels with theatre theory of the same period. In his poetics Vondel’s close friend Gerardus Vossius initiates modern discussion on the overwhelming effect of dramatic performances. With the help of Longinus’s On the Sublime Vossius makes a distinction between the ‘cheap’ momentary effect of staging explicit cruelties and the long-lasting effect of our imagination. By placing the performance of Brothers at the center of attention we get a privileged view on theatre practice and related theoretical discussion on the effect of the dramatic performance in the Dutch Golden Age.

Book Review: Talking Prices by Olav Velthuis

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
I. Introduction
II. Juxtaposition of art and commerce: the trichotomy of the avant-garde galleries, conservative dealers and auction houses
III. Money as the building block of relationships between artists, dealers and collectors
IV. Pricing works of art: bending rationality and twisting the economic principles
V. Social fabric of the art market
VI. Conclusion

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Angel Versetti

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The Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU) is an internationally renowned research university. Since its founding in 1880 interdisciplinary research has been leading in its education. The university consists of nine faculties with teaching facilities for 24.000 students. With over 140 English-taught Bachelor's and Master's programmes, the university offers a wide range of study options. The campus is a centrally located hub where people easily feel at home. https://vu.nl/en/education/summerschool | AMSTERDAMSUMMERSCHOOL@VU.NL | +31 20 598 4717

In this article it will be shown that the so-called Berlin Sketchbook, associated with the workshop of Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen (ca. 1460 - 1533), can be firmly attributed to his grandson, printmaker and cartographer Cornelis Anthonisz (1500/05 - 1558). For Anthonisz., this little booklet served as a didactic and creative drawing book in which he
recorded motifs with seeming nonchalance; his sketchbook appears to have been an archive of images and visual test bed in one.

Holland was in de Gouden Eeuw het economische kerngebied van de Republiek. De steden, vooral Amsterdam, lieten een ongekende bevolkingsgroei zien. De contouren van de huidige Randstad werden in die tijd getrokken. Deze groei kreeg in Amsterdam de vorm van twee enorme stadsuitbreidingen, met daarin de grachtengordel, een nieuw stedelijk woon- en werkgebied dat in schaal, vormgeving en luxe in Europa niet eerder vertoond was. Maar ook het Hollandse platteland ging mee in de groei. De hoge prijs van landbouwgrond leidde tot steeds ingrijpender projecten in het Hollandse landschap. De bekendste voorbeelden waren droogmakerijen, waaronder de Beemster geldt als het meest geslaagde voorbeeld. De Beemster was het resultaat van particuliere projectontwikkeling met stedelijk kapitaal. Er was niet alleen een functionele link met Amsterdam – het nieuwe landbouwareaal diende voor de voedselproductie voor de steden – maar de opdrachtgevers, ontwerpers en uitvoerders van de droogmakerij waren deels dezelfde als die van de grachtengordel. Deze investeringen in de steden en het platteland vertegenwoordigden grote economische waarde, die werd beschermd door middel van inundatie van polders. De laatste waterlinie in deze traditie was de Stelling van Amsterdam. Inmiddels staan de grachtengordel, de Beemster en de Stelling op de werelderfgoedlijst. In dit artikel wordt de historische samenhang tussen de drie Noord-Hollandse werelderfgoederen beschreven.

A research on commercial gentrification in the 'Indische Buurt' neighbourhood in Amsterdam-Oost. High end commercial development (bars, coffee shops, restaurants and stores) has accelerated in the last several years. This research found that the municipality played an active role in the residential and commercial gentrification of the neighbourhood.

Starting with the urban changes in the1990s, Vinex policies aimed at interrelating the city center and peripheric areas through developing and evaluating existing housing stock at the waterfront, and stimulating affordable and attractive housing production. The Ij-plein located on the northern bank of Ij River in Amsterdam and designed by seven architectural firms managed by Koolhaas and O.M.A. in the 1980s, stands at the threshold of a critical importance in confronting the change of urban policies. Before this change, Koolhaas and O.M.A. approached Ij-plein with a reluctant and skeptic approach. The housing area aimed to implement a compact urban plan through involving various functions and typologies inspired from various plan schemes of modernist architects; including Le Corbusier, Jan Duiker and Lotte Stam-Beese. The plan of the housing area is designed as fragments with different typologies and forming a cinematic relationship observing change, while both being an observer and observed.

When evaluated within a large spatio-temporal context, it is observed that the housing area is distant from the idea of the house as a marketable object or a landmark compared to its neighbourhood. According to Christiaanse, Ij-plein is an “urban sensibility and typological inventiveness” and forms a regarding strategic waterfront location. From another point of view, the area fails in creating low-density and a schema and cuts lively and dynamic urban center.
Therefore, in this article, Koolhaas and O.M.A’s dialogues and approach strategies on the design of the IJ-plein at the threshold of change in urban policies are evaluated regarding the context of Deleuze and Guattari’s rhizomatic Amsterdam city center term.


Keywords: rhizome, Vinex policies, waterfront, Amsterdam

Between 1585 and 1663, during Amsterdam’s Golden Age, the city’s built-up area increased by more than fivefold. This growth over the centuries captured the attention of historians and city planners who analysed Amsterdam’s development from a variety of angles. However, there are two aspects that have attracted most of the attention: the large scale of the city’s expansions and their methodical planning. This second aspect has, since the nineteenth century, been seen mainly from the point of view of the townscape as a whole. Amsterdam was presented as a large-scale,
scenographic composition, a ‘Versailles of the North’, and as a consequence, a work of genius. Later on, researchers began to study the city’s ground plan. Amsterdam’s development was seen as an elaboration of the ‘città ideale’, the apex of urban planning.
In this study, urbanism and city development are looked at from a more pragmatic point of view. The ideal, theoretical city was replaced by the actual city, and, therefore, the optimal city. This study views Amsterdam as an unruly physical reality with an unpredictable spatial and social
dynamism, that had to be organised and managed by the city’s officials, while they coped with the existing landscape, hydrological circumstances, the state of technology and the rudimentary legal instruments that were available to them at the time.
The city’s ground plan was the result of a complex process in which different, sometimes incompatible, interests had to be balanced. A city design is not an isolated work of art, but a solution (or an attempted solution) for a broad range of problems within a specific situation. The city’s government was responsible for Amsterdam’s defence, functioning traffic and water
infrastructures, the provision of sufficient numbers of empty lots for new construction and for the management of various other urban services. This task must be considered in relation to the circumstances in which urban development took place during this period: soil conditions, water
management, traffic, a shortage of space for housing, harbour activities, trade and industry, spontaneous urbanisation, private landownership, and the entire network of infrastructures in which the city was entangled. But the city’s ground plan was not just the result of physical factors. Indeed, the social reality was also a prominent factor in the constitution of Amsterdam’s ground plan. The field of urbanism was a game of interests, interactions and sometimes confrontations between the forces of urbanisation and city design. Each of these factors had its influence on the planning processes and their outcomes. Furthermore, there were also the various instruments of urbanism: the methodology behind fortification plans, city design and the apportioning of parcels, as well as the legislative options.

Ben Ingwersen en de scholenbouw in Amsterdam-West

Jaap Evert Abrahamse en Yteke Spoelstra

Op 18 maart 2013 werd in het Evoluon een lijst met nieuwe rijksmonumenten uit de periode 1959-1965 bekend gemaakt. Zes jaar geleden werd een zelfde lijst voor de periode 1940-1958 gepresenteerd. Jacob Berend (Ben) Ingwersen (1921-1997) is een van de weinige architecten die voorkomt op beide lijsten. De onbekende Ingwersen bevindt zich daarmee onder de grote architecten van de naoorlogse periode. Er is weinig over zijn werk gepubliceerd – Ingwersen heeft het kennelijk zover gebracht met alleen de kwaliteit van zijn ontwerpen.
Ingwersen werkte aanvankelijk op het architectenbureau van Commer de Geus, dat al snel De Geus en Ingwersen werd genoemd. Zijn eerste werk was de Ambachtsschool Patrimonium in de Wibautstraat uit 1950 – onlangs in gebruik genomen door het Cygnus Gymnasium. Deze school is de eerste van de twee nieuwe rijksmonumenten. Het tweede gebouw van Ingwersens hand dat onlangs rijksmonument is geworden is het multifunctionele Autopon op de Overtoom. Beide gebouwen vertonen onmiskenbaar de invloed van Le Corbusier, Ingwersens grote voorbeeld.
In de jaren zestig ontwikkelde Ingwersen zich tot een echte specialist in de bouw van nieuwe scholen. Ook in de zich snel ontwikkelende Westelijke Tuinsteden ontwierp hij een aantal scholen. Van de acht middelbare scholen die hij bouwde, zijn er nog zes over. Een van zijn topontwerpen is het ranke gebouw  van de Scholengemeenschap Pascal (tegenwoordig Calvijn met Junior College) aan de Schipluidenlaan. Vooral de aula met het hangende dak – hypparschaal – heeft een bijzondere ruimtewerking die niet makkelijk geëvenaard kan worden als het gebouw ooit gesloopt wordt. De bekendste is de in 1973 gebouwde en inmiddels gesloopte Osdorper Scholengemeenschap. Dat gebouwencomplex was zijn tijd ver vooruit, vooral omdat de – inmiddels lang vergeten – gedachte van de egalitaire middenschool erin terug te vinden was, ver voordat die gemeengoed werd.
Op 17 april zal Jaap Evert Abrahamse een korte inleiding geven over leven en werk van Ben Ingwersen. Yteke Spoelstra zal specifiek ingaan op een aantal scholen in Amsterdam-West.

Jaap Evert Abrahamse studeerde Architectuur- en Stedenbouwgeschiedenis aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. In 2010 promoveerde hij cum laude aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op het proefschrift De grote uitleg van Amsterdam. Stadsontwikkeling in de zeventiende eeuw. Hij werkt als senior onderzoeker historische stedenbouw bij de Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed. Op dit moment werkt hij aan een aantal onderzoeksprojecten, waaronder de Atlas van de verstedelijking in Nederland, de Atlas Amstelland en een project over Nederlandse architecten in de Zuid-Afrikaanse Republiek in de tweede helft van de negentiende eeuw.

Yteke Spoelstra volgde de Rietveld Academie voordat ze haar studie Kunst- en Architectuurgeschiedenis aan de Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam in 2002 cum laude afrondde. Zij heeft voor Bureau Monumenten en Archeologie in Amsterdam het rapport geschreven over de grote scholeninventarisatie 1850-1965. Ook de Leidse scholen zijn door haar geïnventariseerd. Voor de Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed schreef zij als co-auteur het categoriaal onderzoek over Monumentale kunst. Als zelfstandig onderzoeker werkt zij nu in opdracht van de gemeente Amsterdam aan cultuurhistorische waardestellingen van kunstwerken in de openbare ruimte zoals de oostlijn van de metro.

Although academic scholarship has addressed how city governments have responded to declining housing affordability in the aftermath of crisis, few studies have done so from a comparative perspective. Filling this gap in the literature, this paper studies two distinctive, but nevertheless commonly 'unaffordable' city contexts: Amsterdam and Miami. First, it reconstructs how both cities responded differently to otherwise common housing challenges by prioritizing public interventionist (Amsterdam) and public entrepreneurial (Miami) housing strategies. Second, it unravels how the underlying logics and market outcomes of both approaches have nevertheless become similar. To varying degrees, both cases reveal a (i) progressive shift in social housing provision from lower income groups towards middle-income groups, and (ii) the increased importance of market logics within the affordable housing sector at large. Despite good intentions, the paper concludes that both cities struggle with addressing affordable housing needs in what are, after all, neoliberal housing contexts. In the absence of greater state commitments, local willingness to contest housing financialization runs into the limits of affordable housing governance.

Een stroomgebied gebaseerde benadering van het veenlandschap geeft nieuwe inzichten in de ontginning van het Amstelland. Er blijkt sprake te zijn van één rivier die oorspronkelijk afwaterde via de Winkel op het Gein. Latere doorgravingen voor afwatering hebben het beeld vertroebeld waardoor de Holendrecht en de Amstel door Amsterdam als natuurlijke hoofdwateren zijn gezien.

Voor vrijwel alle ontginningsblokken blijkt een naam aanwezig in de geschreven bronnen, waardoor blijkt dat Waver dat volgens de bronnen gelijktijdig in handen was van de Hollandse graaf als het Kapittel van Sint Marie in Utrecht op twee verschillende gebieden langs de Waver moet gaan. Verkerk signaleerde dat Kudelstaart en Schonendorp synoniemen zijn in de bronnen en toch beide los worden gebruikt. Dit blijkt te verklaren uit twee parallelle ontginningen die samen optrokken. Het blijkt mogelijk om ontginningen globaal te dateren via de relatieve dateringen. Het Blokland bij Mijdrecht speelt hierbij een hoofdrol door zijn afwijkende afwatering, wat wijst op een ontginning van dit beloken (latere) land tussen 1156 en 1202. De ontginningen aan gegraven waterlopen en zijn ouder dan dit beloken land, terwijl de ontginningen aan natuurlijke waterlopen op hun beurt voor de gegraven waterlopen komen. Dat plaatst de natuurlijke waterloop-ontginningen in de late 10e en 11e eeuw en de gegraven waterloopontginningen in de late 11e en vroege 12e eeuw.

Deze benadering leidt tot de conclusie dat het oude "Amstelveen" bij Uithoorn moet worden gezocht in plaats van het huidige Amstelveen. Hieruit volgt ook dat de vermelding uit 1275 van twee kerken bij Ouderkerk van de Amstel niet kan zien op het oude Amstelveen-Uithoorn, noch op het latere Amstelveen omdat dit pas in de 14e eeuw lijkt op te komen. Vermoedelijk betreft het daarom de een vermelding van de Oude kerk in Amsterdam.

This research papers investigates the events around the arrest of Anne Frank and her companions on August 4, 1944. It questions the assumption of actual betrayal and explores other explanations for the raid on the building at the Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.

The city centre of Amsterdam is transforming to a more attractive place for pedestrians and cyclists, by creating more space for these slow modalities. Entrepreneurs see their profits growing, since an attractive city centre attracts more customers for their commercial facilities. However, the shops need to be supplied as well. With more space given to the slow modalities, the urban logistics sector has less space to deliver goods. On the other side the logistics movements have many negative effects on the walkability in cities too. This can be marked as a paradox, where entrepreneurs on one side profit from the more attractive city centre, while on the other side they have problems with supplying their shops and catering facilities. In practice urban logistics and walkability are conflicting with each other. In Amsterdam this is a current issue, where the pressure on the city centre is much discussed. This research takes the view of the pedestrian and analyses the pressure of urban logistics on the city centre. By looking at the Haarlemmerstraat/Haarlemmerdijk it became clear that the urban logistics are affecting the shopping area in such a negative way that the walkability in the street is under pressure. This is not striking, because with 30.000 cyclists, and a few thousand pedestrians a day the street is already crowded. Taking in mind that the high commercial density and high commercial diversity of the approximately 250 commercial facilities leads to 200-300 logistics movements a day the problem is even getting worse. Nevertheless a reduction between 10% and 20% of logistics movements is possible by implementing potential solutions. This will solve part of the problems in the Haarlemmerstraat/Haarlemmerdijk and enlarge the walkability in the area. However more research is needed to get a better insight in the whole logistics process. Also the stakeholders should cooperate more to reach this goal and the gap between the policymakers and the real life situation should be bridged.

'The Changing State of Gentrification' (2001) by Jason Hackworth and the late Neil Smith is one of the most influential papers ever published in TESG. By introducing three waves, or periods, of practices and patterns of gentrification, it changed the way we think about gentrification. This Introduction to the Forum discusses the three waves introduced by Hackworth and Smith as well as fourth wave introduced by Lees et al. Finally, I will argue that during the global financial crisis we have entered fifth-wave gentrification. Fifth-wave gentrification is the urban materialization of financialized or finance-led capitalism. The state continues to play a leading role during the fifth wave, but is now supplemented—rather than displaced—by finance. It is characterized by the emergence of corporate landlords, highly leveraged housing, platform capitalism (e.g. Airbnb), transnational wealth elites using cities as a 'safe deposit box', and a further 'naturalization' of state-sponsored gentrification.