Ancient Turks

Hasan Enver Pasha was born in Istanbul in 1857 and died in the same city in 1929. Having received a military education, he served as an officer and diplomat during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II (r. 1876-1909). After his
retirement, he wrote twenty-one short articles in 1917 and 1918 about ancient Turkic history and language, which were published in the journal Edebiyat-ı Umumiye Mecmuası (Journal of General Literature). Although Hasan Enver Pasha never received a professional education in early Turkic history and Turkology, his biggest inspiration in his articles was his father, Mustafa Celâleddin Pasha (1826-1876), whose name before conversion to Islam was Konstanty Borzęcki. Born into a noble Polish family, Borzęcki joined the Revolutions of 1848 but later took refuge in the Ottoman Empire, where he became Muslim and changed his name to Mustafa Celâleddin. The pasha served in the Ottoman army as an officer and wrote a book in French in 1869 titled Les turcs anciens et modernes (Ancient and Modern Turks). This book argues that the Turks were an “Aryan” (Indo-European) people, which meant that they were ethnically related to Balkan Christians who at that time were constantly rebelling against Ottoman rule, and thus Turks should be considered a European people rather than Asian. Like his son, Mustafa Celâleddin Pasha had not also received professional education in these subjects, and his theories had more political motives
than scientific ones. This was also the case with Hasan Enver Pasha’s articles, whose scientific inconsistencies have been put forward by late 20th-century Turcologists. Nonetheless, Mustafa Celâleddin Pasha’s book and Hasan Enver Pasha’s articles are significant in terms of Turkish intellectual history, as they were among the earliest works written on pre-Islamic Turkic history and linguistics by Ottoman citizens. Although of non-Turkic origin, Mustafa Celâleddin Pasha was one of the earliest pan-Turkists in the Ottoman Empire, and his book was very influential in shaping the historical perceptions of pan-Turkist Ottoman intellectuals. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the Republic of Turkey, was also highly influenced by this book. Eventually, the claims in this book contributed to
formulating the Turkish History Thesis, which became the official history view of Turkey during the 1930s. As Hasan Enver Pasha’s articles were not brought together and published as a book, they escaped the attention of scholars for several decades and their significance in Turkish intellectual history was forgotten for a long time. However, these articles seem to have gained attention among pan-Turkist environs at the time of their publications, and they acted as a bridge between Mustafa Celâleddin Pasha’s book published in 1869 and the adoption of the Turkish History Thesis during the 1930s. Starting from the late 20th century, Hasan Enver Pasha’s articles began to be studied by Turcologists, and finally, they were gathered together, transcribed into the Turkish Latin alphabet and published as a book by me in 2021.

. The proverb that says, "The strong in body will defeat one, the strong in mind of a thousand"(literally translation) arose because of such situations. Not being afraid of death, and being so brave to challenge it, is an experience that is very familiar to the Turkmen people. Think of the Scythians. Almost all historians were surprised by their fearlessness. Scythians are archers, Scythians are riders of winged horses, Scythians are free inhabitants of the steppes, Scythians are revelers. In our opinion, the similarity in spirit is manifested due to the common origin. Among the Turkmen heroes, the Dali Domrul comes to mind when it comes to such bravery. Do you remember the Dali Domrul, who challenged the servant of the Almighty, the angel of death himself, Azrael? (see, B. Atayeva, "Dovhe koja’s son Dali Domrul" scientific article, the magazine "Medeniyet" ("Culture") 2020, July-August, fourth issue, Turkmenistan

Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi
Bahar 2015 - 1 (1)
AKKADCADA TÜRKÇE İZLERİ VE DİL KURALLARI IŞIĞINDA AKKADCA VE
TÜRKÇE DİLLERİ ARASINDA BAĞLAR
Turkish Marks In Akkadian And Bonds Between Akkadian And Turkish In
The Light Of Language Rules
Elşad ALİLİ

BEHİSTUN ÜÇ DİLLİ YAZITI
ASUR ÇİVİ YAZILI BELGELER
IŞIĞINDA
VE
ANTİK GREK(YUNAN) KAYNAKLARINDA BULUNAN

MED İSKİT / SAKA TÜRK BAĞI (KELİMELER)

SUS BÖLGESİ
Ve
Antik Greek kaynaklarında İskitçe sözcükler
Ve
Türk Dil ailesi sözcükleri ile karşılaştırma

"Yazılı kaynaklara göre İskitçe sözlük Abaris-Hyperborean (İskit) bir bilgenin adı. Antik Yunan şairi Pindar (MÖ 522-442) Abaris'in MÖ 7. yüzyılın sonu-6. yüzyılın başında yaşamış bir İskit olduğunu düşünmektedir. Sofist Himerius (MS 315-386) da Abaris'i bir İskit olarak adlandırmıştır. Yunan filozof Pontuslu Heraklides (MÖ 388-310) Abaris'e bir dizi teolojik eser atfetmiştir. Platon'un "Devlet" adlı eserinin scholium'unda "Pisagor, diğer şeylerin yanı sıra, Hyperborean Abaris ve büyücü Zarate'yi dinliyordu" şeklinde bir ifade yer almaktadır. (Tr. Bars = barlar, leopar, aslan; Bulgar, Rus ve İngiliz kraliyet mensuplarının yanı sıra, çoğu kraliyet soyundan gelen çok sayıda Türk şahsiyeti de içeren popüler bir isim; "a" protez bir sesli harf gibi görünüyor, ancak "ak" = Tr. beyaz, asil ve benzerleri anlamına gelebilir; "a" aynı zamanda Çinlilerden ödünç alınmış veya ödünç verilmiş, saygı gösteren bir Tr. biçimidir. Ayrıca kaçarken Macarlar'a katılan bir Türk boyu Kubar da vardır, isimleri Abar ile eşanlamlı olabilir: Kuu-Bar = Beyaz Barlar; ve bir devlet Barsil = Barlar Ülkesi))"

1-İskitlerin MÖ 1300-1200
Doğu’dan..
Kafkas, Kuzey Karadenize geçişi..

2-Herodotos’un (Turkai ismini yanlış okuması)
kullandığı
Ἰύρκαι kelimesi iota yerine tauta harfiyle yazıldığında Τύρκαι
(Turkai) şeklinde okun..

3-Doğrudan Türk isminin
M.Ö. 450 lerde var oluşu

"İSKİTLERİN KÖKENİ ÜZERİNE DEĞERLENDİRMELER:
COĞRAFİ YORUM

RECONSIDERATIONS ON THE ORIGINS OF SCYTHIANS:
GEOGRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION

Muzaffer DEMİR
Prof. Dr.

-Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi
-Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü"

ESİK KURGANI
SAKA / İSKİT TÜRKLERİNİN YAZISI

Esik Kurganı ve Altın Elbiseli Adam,
İskit Türkleri

"Hem ÇİVİ YAZILI METİNLER
hem İskitlerin kullandığı bazı kelimeleri veren antik Grek kaynakları
hem Esik kurganından çıkarılan yazıskitlerin dili hakkında kısmen de olsa bir hükme varmamızı mümkün kılmaktadır

İskit dilinin Türkçe ile bağlantılı olduğunu söylememiz mümkündür..

ESİK KURGANI,
BULUNTULARI VE KÜLTÜR TARİHİ
AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
 
  YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ
  Murat ARIK 

TEZ DANIŞMANI
Prof. Dr. İlhami DURMUŞ

The article examines the origins of proselytism and religious syncretism, which are observed today in Altai. A comparative analysis has been undertaken with the religious situation in Kyrgyzstan, where
even after the introduction of amendments to the law on religions, previously adopted in 2008, religious organizations of various directions and persuasions operate legally.

Ferhad Rahimi dikten sonra yazdığı bütün eserlerinde ana dilimizi öğretmek ve tanıtmağa çalışıyor, halkımızın geçmiş tarihinden söz açıyor, okuyucuların ilgisini kendi ana dillerine artırıp onları kendi milli kimliklerine bağlamaya çalışıyordu. O, 1981. yılda ilk kez olarak 'Müterakki İran Türklerinin Ruşenikirler (Aydınlar) Cemiyeti'ni kurdu ve Birlik adında aylık Farsça ve Türkçe dergi yayımlamağa başladı. Zehtabi yurt dışında olduğu zamanlar ilk kez olarak ana dilimizde 'İran Türklerinin Sarfı-Morfolojisi' adlı eserini yayımladı. Zehtabi Tebriz'de 'Azerbaycan Medeniyet Ocağı'nı kurmuş ve yıllar boyu bu ocağa katılanlara halkımızın edebiyat ve eski tarihini tanıtmıştır. Bu büyük bilgin Ş.1377. yılda (1998) evinde gizemli bir şekilde öldürülmüştür. Kirişçi'nin yayınlanmış olan başlıca eserleri şunlardır:

The aim of the work is to analyze the main approaches to the study of Xichagou materials (primarily to establishing its ethnocultural affiliation), developed in the archaeological science of China and the Republic of Korea, and the results obtained in this area. The article provides a brief description of the materials of Xichagou cemetery (Xifeng County, Tieling City, Liaoning Province, China), dating back to the 2nd – 1st centuries BCE. The history of its discovery and exploration is presented. The cemetery was discovered in 1955, seriously damaged by looting, and subsequently the excavation report was published 66 years after the completion of the fieldwork, which complicated the interpretation of the materials. Since the discovery of the cemetery and up to the present time, the archaeological science of China has paid special attention to the issue of the ethnicity of the population that set up the cemetery. This problem is solved based on the data of written sources. At different times, hypotheses about the belonging of Xichagou cemetery to the Xiongnu, Wuhuan, Fuyu (Puyo) and Xianbei have been put forward. Currently, the “Wuhuan” version has be- come established in Chinese archaeology. In the Republic of Korea, the study of the materials of Xichagou cemetery began in the 1990s; these materials are used to reconstruct ethnocultural processes in East Asia, and are also used as analogies when solving specific problems in Korean and East Asian archeology. Among Korean archaeologists, the
most common opinion is that Xichagou cemetery belongs to the Puyo.
Дается краткая характеристика материалов могильника Сичагоу (уезд Сифэн городского округа Телин пров. Ляонин, КНР), II–I вв. до н. э. Изложена история его открытия и исследования. Памятник был открыт в 1955 г., он серьезно пострадал от разграбления, отчет о раскопках был издан спустя 66 лет после завершения полевых исследований, что осложнило интерпретацию материалов. С момента обнаружения памятника и до настоящего времени в археологической науке КНР основное внимание уделяется вопросу этнической принадлежности населения, оставившего могильник. Эта проблема решается с опорой на данные письменных источников. В разное время выдвигались гипотезы о принадлежности могильника Сичагоу сюнну, ухуань, фуюй (пуё) и сяньбэй. В настоящее время в китайской археологии утвердилась «ухуаньская» версия. В Республике Корея изучение материалов Сичагоу началось в 1990-е гг., они используются для реконструкции этнокультурных процессов в Восточной Азии, а также привлекаются в качестве аналогий при решении конкретных задач корейской и восточноазиатской археологии. Среди южнокорейских археологов наиболее распространено мнение о «пуёской» принадлежности памятника.

Türk kültüründe bir aşiretin, boyun ya da milletin doğuşunu açıklayan antropogonik mitlerde rol oynayan ve bir sembol haline gelen hayvanların en ünlüsü, Çin kaynaklarında geçen Köktürk kurttan türeme mitinin araştırmacılar tarafından en çok atıf yapılan mit olması sebebiyle kurttur. Bununla birlikte belirtilmelidir ki söz konusu mit İç Asya'da Şamanik antropogonik mitlerin yaşını ve devamlılığını gösterir niteliktedir. Bilindiği üzere Asya Hunları devrinde adları görülen Wusunlarda da benzer motiflerin yer aldığı bir mit mevcuttur. Mitin daha önce Hakas Türkolog Viktor. Y. Butanayev tarafından eski Türk motifleriyle ilişkili olduğu ifade edilen Hakas Çitǐ Püür (Yedi Börü) varyantı ise daha önce bu bağlamda bir karşılaştırmaya tabi tutulmamıştır. Hakasların Sağay boyunun Çitǐ Püür aşiretinin hafızasında hâlâ canlı olan söz konusu köken mitinin, Wusun ve Köktürk mitlerinde ortak olan savaş gibi bir zorluğun ardından hayatta kalan insan çocuk/lar ve kurtarıcı dişi kurt motiflerini içermekte olduğu görülmektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca bu motiflerin Türk kültüründeki İranî etkiler olduğuna dair yaygın görüş, on binlerce yıl önce Sibirya'dan göç eden Amerikan yerlilerindeki ortak mitler ve motiflerin takibi üzerinden ilk kez tartışılmıştır. Bu motiflerin İç Asya'daki Şamanik inançsal gelenekle açıklanması gerektiği, kurdun Semitik dinlerin kabulünden sonraki dönüşümüne Oğuz Kağan destanına ek olarak Cermen ve Slav sözlü kültürlerinden de örnekler verilerek ileri sürülmüştür.

В сборнике представлены материалы Международной научно-образовательной конференции «Казембековские чтения», прошедшей 26-27 февраля 2019 г. в г. Махачкале. Основные организаторы конференции: Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет (СПбГУ), Дагестанский гуманитарный институт (ДГИ), Институт востоковедения РАН При организации и проведении мероприятия использовались средства бюджетного учреждения по результатам открытого аукциона в электронной форме № ОАЭ/44/469/18 «Оказание услуг по организации и проведению всероссийской научно-образовательной конференции «Теологическое образование: проблемы и перспективы развития»» от 26 ноября 2018 г. Авторами статей являются богословы, педагоги, психологи и религиозные деятели, ученые и практики. Данное издание будет полезно теологам, психологам, педагогам, студентам и аспирантам, руководителям образовательных учреждений различных типов, всем тем, кто реализует теологическое направление образования и тем, кто неравнодушен к проблемам духовно-нравственного развития современного общества. Все статьи изданы в авторской редакции.

студенттер мен жас ғалымдардың халықаралық ғылыми конференция материалдары Түркістан қ., 9-11 сәуір 2025 ж. Алматы 2025 ӘОЖ КБЖ А 25 Жинақ Қазақстан Республикасы Ғылым және жоғары білім министрлігі Ғылым комитетінің іргелі ғылыми зерттеулер жобасы аясында, ЖТН BR20280993 шығарылды Баспаға Қазақстан Республикасы Ғылым және жоғары білім министрлігі Ғылым комитеті Ә.Х. Марғұлан атындағы Археология институтының Ғылыми кеңесі ұсынған Бас редактор Ә.Д. Қасенова, тарих ғылымдарының кандидаты Жауапты редактор Р.С. Мусаева

The study titled "The Meaning of Women in Early Turkish Art According to Artifacts" aims to examine the representations of women in the art of the Early Turkish people from the point of view of the social, cultural, and symbolic meanings that are associated with these representations. In this research, evaluations will be made regarding how the Early Turkish people used the woman figure in their art and the roles it assumed. Within this framework, the study will focus on characteristics such as women depicted as warriors, rulers, nobility, and in sacred roles.

ON THE QUESTION OF THE ETHNICITY OF THE “TURANIANS”
OF THE EARLY SASANIDS ERA

Shamsiddin S. Kamoliddin

The article deals with a province called Turan / Turistan / Turgistan, which was located in the east of the Sassanid Empire on the border with India, west of the Indus River in its lower reaches, south of the Sakastan region. This province, which was a part of greater region of al-Sindh, was first mentioned in the 3rd century in the memorial inscriptions of the Sassanid shahanshahs Shapur I (ŠKZ), Narseh (NPK) and Shapur II (Pers I). The Narseh inscription mentions Turks, one of whom may have had the title of Khaqan. Judging by the context, they lived in the vicinity of the Sakastan region. The Pahlavi inscriptions on Sasanian seals of the 3rd – 4th centuries recorded the toponym Tur<an> (twl[n]), which is identified with the toponym Turan or Turistan / Turgistan of the Sasanian inscriptions. In the Armenian geography of the 7th century (“Ashkharatsuyts”), among the provinces of Sindh, located in the southern part of Eranshahr (Kusti Nemroğ), Turan is mentioned, which is located in the list between the provinces of Kurman and Makuran, i. e. in the same place where the region of Turan / Turistan / Turgistan of the Sasanian inscriptions was located. The province of Turan is also mentioned in Arabic and Persian sources of the 9th – 10th centuries. During the era of the Arab conquests, it was inhabited by Turks who were engaged in breeding cattle and purebred horses. The author believes that this possession could have been founded by Turks who migrated together with the Sakas from Central Asia to India in several waves during the period from the 2nd century BC to the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. The fact that Turan / Turistan / Turgistan was located next to the Saka region of Sakastan, and together with it formed one province within the Sassanid Empire, indicates that the ancient Persians made a distinction between the Turs and the Sakas, probably based on their linguistic affiliation. Namely, they called the Iranian-speaking nomads “Sakas”, and the Turkic-speaking ones “Turanians”. The Turanians, i.e. the Turks, lived next to the sedentary Indians who lived in cities and rural settlements. They wandered in the deserts and steppes of Sakastan and neighboring regions, breeding cattle and purebred horses until the 7th – 8th centuries. In the following centuries, power in Sakastan / Sistan and the surrounding areas still belonged to the Turks, who were only defeated by Ya‘qub ibn al-Layth, who put an end to their power in 255/869. In total, the Turanians, i. e. the Turks, lived in the steppes of Sakastan and the surrounding areas for about 1000 years. After the Turks lost control of their steppes at the end of the 9th century, they probably migrated to more northern regions – Tokharistan or Khorasan. The absence of the toponym Turan in later sources indicates that this name was foreign to this region, and in the following centuries even the memory of it was not preserved.

Key words: Central Asia, nomadic tribes, migrations of the Sakas and Turks, India, al-Sindh, Sakastan, Turan / Turistan / Turkistan, Sassanid Empire.

This volume is the 3nd issue of the international journal “Turkiston to‘plami / Tуркестанский сборник / Turkistan Studies”, which includes the latest research on the ancient, medieval, modern and contemporary history of Turkistan. The volume edited by Shamsiddin Kamoliddin.

Arıcılık tarihi bilim dü nyasında en çok tartışılagelen konülardan biridir. Arıcılıg ın başlangıcıyla ilgili kesin verilerin olmaması birçok go rü ş ayrılıg ına sebep olmüştür. Ancak, 1868'de Küzey İ spanya Altamira Mag arasında bülünan çizimler arasında arıcılıg ın ilk vesikası sayılabilecek bir bal toplama sahnesine rastlanmıştır (Crane, 1999, s. 37). Araştırmacıların tespitlerine go re bü sahne M.Ö . 15.000 yıllarına tarihlendirilmektedir (Crane, 1999, s. 37). Eva Crane (1999, s. 62)'e go re eski çag lardan bü yana bal toplayıcılıg ına üygün bo lgeler Küzey İ spanya'dan başlayarak Avrüpa'nın içlerine, Balkanlara ve Dog ü Avrüpa'dan Başkürdistan'a kadar üzanmaktadır. Araştırmamızın konüsü olan honey 'bal' kelimesinin de izlerini bü bo lgelerde sü recek ve bü bo lgelerin dillerinin sınıflandırıldıg ı dil ailelerinin içerisinde dü nden bügü ne honey 'bal' kelimesinin gelişim sü recini takip etmeye çalışacag ız. Daha geniş bir bakış açısı sünabilmek ve sonrasında ko kenbilimsel tasnif yapabilmek adına, yükarıda bahsi geçen bo lgelerin genel ekseriyetle Hint-Avrüpa dillerinin Avrüpa kolünü temsil ettig i için o ncelikle bürada Avrüpa dillerinde bal kelimesinin izini sü receg iz. Gü ncel veriler ışıg ında İ talik dillerinin Romen kolündan Latincede mel, mellis, İ talyancada miele, İ spanyolcada miel, Portekizcede mel ve Fransızcada miel. Grekçede μέ λι [me li]. Slav dillerinden Rüsçada, Makedoncada, Sırpçada ve Bülgarcada мед [myod]. German dillerinin Dog ü German kolündan Gotçada 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌸 [milith], Batı German kolündan İ ngilizcede honey ve Almancada honig, Küzey German kolündan İ zlandacada hünang, Norveççede hüning, Dancada honning ve İ sveççede honing, honüng. Bürada sıralanan diller yükarıda bahsi geçen bal toplayıcılıg ıyla ilgili cog rafi saptama esas alınarak seçilmiştir. Bününla birlikte bü diller neredeyse kıta Avrüpa'sının tamamını temsil etmektedir. Verilen o rneklerde çok açık bir biçimde ü ç ana go vde go ze çarpmaktadır. Bünlardan ilki İ talik dillerindeki ve Grekçedeki *mel-, *miel-ko kleri, Slav dillerindeki мед [myod] ve German dillerindeki *hün-, *honko kleridir. Ancak bü tasnifte bir istisna kayda deg er bir biçimde go ze çarpmaktadır; German dillerinin Dog ü German kolündan Gotçadaki 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌸 [milith]. İ talik dillerindeki ve Grekçedeki *mel-, *miel-ko kleri ile Slav dillerindeki мед [myod] ile Gotçadaki 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌸 [milith] ortak bir *me-, *mi-, *mie' ko kü nde benzerlik go sterse de German dillerindeki

Рассматриваются  подходы  к  изучению  сложносоставных  луков,  распространенные  в археологической литературе. Чаще всего можно встретить ссылки на методику А. М. Савина и А. И. Семенова. Для данных авторов характерен формат тезисов, а не статей. Непосредственно методика  описана  предельно  кратко,  фактически,  выделены  всего  два  признака:  соединение деталей встык и наличие уступа на оборотной стороне. Проверка показывает, что выделенные ими  признаки  крайне  редки,  а  целью  цикла  работ  были  вовсе  не  луки,  а  попытка  навязать этническое (и на этом основании хронологическое) определение форме погребального обряда. При  разделении  интересовавших  их  степных  погребений  авторы  опираются  на  изменение ориентировки могильных ям, которой приписывается этническое («хазарские» vs «болгарские») значение, а совсем не на луки. В публикациях А. М. Савина и А. И. Семенова нет реальных находок  с  конкретными  отличиями  конструкции:  нет иллюстраций,  перечня  (карта  его  не заменяет), по которому можно было бы проверить выводы. Варианты типологии сложных луков предлагались  и  другими  авторами,  часто  также  преследовавшими  цель  навязать функциональному  предмету  этничность.  В  отдельных  работах  заметно  стремление  выделить как можно большее число типов. Наиболее полную сводку находок луков Восточной Европы собрал  Е. В.  Круглов,  формально  высказавший  приверженность  методу  А. М.  Савина  и А. И. Семенова,  но  при  этом  полностью  изменивший  понимание  типологических  признаков. Метод А. М. Савина и А. И. Семенова не работает. Для конкретных археологических остатков оптимально подходит двухуровневая классификация, в настоящий момент сформулированная В. В. Горбуновым, основанная на принципе количество ‒ форма. Существенно, что говорить о реальном хронологическом значении луков не приходится.

The article deals with different approaches to the study of composite bows that are common in archaeological studies. The bibliography and historiography of bow finds is extensive. In terms of typology of the remains (details) of bows, two leading approaches can be identified: taking into account the number and shape of parts, and taking into account design features. Most references are related to the methodology of A.M. Savin and A.I. Semenov. However, the authors formulated their method very briefly. A review of the finds showed that the features they identified (protrusion of overlay on the side) are extremely rare. Savin and Semenov’s publications do not contain real finds with specific design differences, such as illustrations or a list (and the map does not substitute it) to verify their conclusions. The real purpose of the series of works was not to create a typology of bows but rather to attempt to impose ethnicity on a particular way of burial rite. The most complete summary of Eastern European bow finds was collected by E.V. Kruglov. He expressed his commitment to the previously established method. However, in his works, the typological features were changed to a great extent (protrusion of overlay of the central part up). These signs are very rare and cannot be applied to collections. The methods of Savin and Semenov are not applicable. The number, location, and shape of the overlays remain the most significant features of archaeological bows, which are complemented only by technological features (reverse surface processing). For specific archaeological remains, a two-level classification is optimal, currently formulated by V.V. Gorbunov, with some modifications. It is important to note that there is no significant chronological distinctions between bows.

Товчлол. ШУА-ийн Археологийн хүрээлэн нь 1940-өөд оноос хойш үе үеийн археологичдын судалж илрүүлсэн олдворын арвин баялаг сан хөмрөгтэй билээ. Археологийн хайгуул, малтлага судалгааны ажлын үр дүнд цуглуулсан олдвор хэрэглэгдэхүүний хадгалалт хамгаалалт, сэргээн засварлах ажлын үр дүн, ололт амжилт, тулгарч байсан асуудал бэрхшээл, түүнийг хэрхэн шийдвэрлэсэн талаарх үр дүнг тоймлон өгүүлэхийг зорив.

Timing, global aerosol forcing, and climate impact of volcanic eruptions during the Common Era Michael Sigl (1,2), Joseph R. McConnell (1), Mai Winstrup (3), Kees C. Welten (4), Gill Plunkett (5), Francis Ludlow (6), Matthew Toohey (7), Ulf Büntgen (8), Marc Caffee (9,10), Sepp Kipfstuhl (11), Conor Kostick (12), Kirstin Krüger (13), Olivia J. Maselli (1), Robert Mulvaney ( ), and Thomas E. Woodruff (10)

The article deals with the history of the study of the burial rite of the Bystryansk culture population, occupied the northern foothills of Altai in the Scythian-Saka period. The views of a number of scientists on the main culture-defining characteristics of the ritual practice of the community under study are presented. In general, the unity of positions of researchers regarding this issue has been noted (construction of barrows of stone and earth; presence of a single burial under the mound; construction of a wooden burial chamber; orientation of the deceased with the head towards the western sector of the horizon; presence of accompanying burials of horses in the southern part of the burial pit, etc.). The divergences of archaeologists’ views on some aspects of the Bystryanka population burial traditions are explained by the introduction of new data into scientific discourse, which makes it possible to specify some features of ritual practice, as well as the attribution by scientists of certain burial grounds to the Bystryanka culture.

Статья посвящена вводу в научный оборот и всесторонней характеристике четырех новых тюркских изваяний с территории Онгудайского и Усть-Канского р-нов Республики Алтай. Все изваяния перемещены со своих первоначальных мест установки и, как правило, были обнаружены в ходе сельскохозяйственных работ. Обработка этих изваяний автором стала возможной благодаря информации, предоставленной местным краеведом. Рассматриваемые изваяния принадлежат к двум наиболее многочисленным группам подобных памятников на Алтае: скульптурам мужчины-воина в канонической позе и т.н. лицевым изваяниям. Предварительно все четыре скульптуры могут быть отнесены к VII–IX вв. и приписаны карлукам. Особенно выделяются два изваяния (из урочища Амалдай и Ябогана), представляющие собой яркие образцы тюркского монументального искусства Алтая. Голова изваяния из Ябогана принадлежала одной из самых вы-
разительных и мастерски выполненных тюркских скульптур Алтая – знатного мужчины-воина, вероятно, в канонической позе. Об этом свидетельствует тщательность и качество исполнения черт лица, а также предположительные размеры изваяния в 2–2,5 м высотой. Изваяние из урочища Амалдай, производящее полное впечатление круглой скульптуры, вероятно, воспроизводит левшу, держащего сосуд в левой руке. Этот факт служит ярким свидетельством того, что тюркские изваяния воспроизводили конкретных людей, а не некий обобщенный образ воина, как считают некоторые исследователи. С учетом публикуемых в данной статье четырех тюркских изваяний их общее количество на Алтае на сегодняшний день приближается к 340 экз., что ставит Российский Алтай в число одного из наиболее изученных регионов в отношении раннесредневековых монументальных памятников.

The article focuses on comprehensive analyses of four new Turkic statues from the territory of the Ongudai and Ust-Kan districts of the Altai Republic and introduction of the new data into scientifi c circulation. All the sculptures have been relocated from their original places and, as a rule, were discovered in the course of agricultural works. The analysis of these sculptures by the author was possible thanks to the information provided by a local historian. The considered sculptures belong to two most numerous groups of such monuments in Altai: sculptures of man-warrior in canonical pose and the so-called facial sculptures. The four sculptures can be preliminary dated to the 7th–9th centuries and attributed to the Karluk population. Two sculptures (from Amaldai and Yabogan) representing vivid examples of the Turkic monumental art of Altai, are particularly notable. The head of the Yabogan sculpture belonged to a noble man-warrior, probably in a canonical pose - one of the most expressive and skillfully made Turkic sculptures of the Altai. This is evidenced by the thoroughly and artistically rendered facial features, as well as the presumed size of the sculpture of 2–2.5 meters high. The Amaldai, which gives the full impression of a round sculpture, probably
reproduces a left-handed man holding a vessel in his left hand. This fact is as vivid evidence that the Turkic sculptures portrayed real people rather than a generalized image of a warrior, as some researchers believe. Taking into account the four Turkic statues published in this article, their total number in Altai today is close to 340, which puts the Russian Altai among the most studied regions in terms of early medieval monuments.

Children represented a social group that is unique in many ways. The first
part of life is both a universal period for all human communities and,
at the same time, a very culturally specific construct, individual for each
society. At present, the question of whether archaeology can or should study
“childhood” in ancient times is no longer on the scientific agenda. Having
emerged in the late 1980s, the archaeology of childhood has firmly taken its
place within the social direction of archaeological science. The article discusses
approaches and methods of analyzing the “world of children” based
on archaeological data, as well as the sources at our disposal. The studying
of literature and excavation materials demonstrates that modern archaeology
has a large corpus of sources on this issue — from numerous burials to artefacts
at the settlements; theoretical approaches have been mainly developed
over the past decades, and the methods continue to improve every day. Along
with the analysis of mass material, multidisciplinary methods are actively
used today, allowing insight into the lives of little individuals and their families.
Using various approaches and methods, archaeology tries to reconstruct
different aspects of children’s lives — growing up, socialization, development
of skills and leisure, participation in rituals and public life, as well as such personal
characteristics as nutrition, physical development, pathologies, diseases
and causes of death. Thus, in the 21st century, the archaeology of childhood
is gradually reaching a qualitatively new level of argumentation of its conclusions
and assumptions.

The article publishes the results of scientific restoration work carried out at the Botai settlement. The monument dates back to the Eneolithic era, is located on the right bank of the Iman-Burlyk river, 1.5 km southeast of the village of Nikolskoye (Aiyrtau district, North Kazakhstan region). The Kymyzkhana object, discovered as a result of excavations of the Botai settlement in 2012-2014, underwent scientific restoration work in 2021. The main purpose of which was the museification of Botai dwellings in the open air, based on data obtained as a result of many years of research. At the suggestion of the author of the excavations, V.F. Zaibert, the archaeological site was named "Kymyzkhana". The object was located on a hill in the northern part of the settlement. During the scientific and restoration work, local available sources of raw materials were used, currently the constructed object was presented to visitors and tourists. The first scientific restoration work carried out at the Botai settlement is the restoration of a residential complex of the late Stone Age on the territory of Kazakhstan. In addition, the work in this direction refers to the first stage of the creation of a security zone of the settlement and the preservation of uncovered structures, museumification. Acknowledgments: We would like to express our gratitude to the author of the excavations, professor, Doctor of historical sciences V. Zaibert, for the scientific advice during the restoration work at «Kymyzkhana». The authors of the article express their sincere gratitude to the local historian Zhenis Temirkhanuly and the resident of the village of Nikolskoye Vladimir Matyushin for all possible assistance provided during the work.

Journal of Old Turkic Studies is a refereed international journal which provides an interdisciplinary scholarly platform for original papers in the field of Medieval Turkic philology, history, culture and literature. The JOTS publishes original papers, short communications, reviews and annunciations. The JOTS accept only manuscripts written in Turkish, German, English or French. Manuscripts written in other languages will not be accepted. The first and the most important criteria for the selection of papers for publication is originality and scholarly standing. The JOTS is published twice per year in January/February (winter) and July/August (summer). The Editorial Board may also decide for special issues. The JOTS is a completely free and open-access journal published online. Authors are responsible about article’s content and its consequences.

The article presents the results of field research conducted in the Denisovsky, Kamystinsky, and Zhitikarinsky districts of Kostanay region as part of a study on the population's use of the natural and ecological niche during various epochs, based on the analysis of historical and cultural heritage objects in the southern part of the Kazakh Tobol region. The aim is to determine the importance of the epigraphic monuments found during fieldwork, translate the Arabic-script text into modern Kazakh, and supplement the discovered data on historical figures with archival documents. The primary material for the research consists of tombstones from the Qarpyq Zhamanqarin dynasty, located in the Denisovsky district of the Kostanay region. Historical, documentary, philological, paleographic, textological, chronological, ethnolinguistic, and comparative methods, commonly used in the study of epigraphic monuments, were applied to the materials. A total of 11 stone stelae with inscriptions have been studied, originating from the burial ground near the aul of Qarpyq (Denisovsky district, Kostanay region). The article analyzes and introduces into scientific discourse the epitaphs from three kulpytases — the stone installed on the grave of Qarpyq Zhamankarin, known in the region as a bai* (*in Kazakh – a wealthy person) engaged in trade between Tobol and Bukhariya, as well as the tombstones of his two wives, Ulpan Qultyqyzy and Momynai Aqtasqyzy. The Arabic-script epigraphic monuments of the Kazakh Tobol river region are a valuable source for studying the culture of the Steppe population.

Silzibul, the early monarch of the Western Turks, can be identified as neither the Ištemi Qaghan, nor the Western Junior Qaghan of the Eastern Turks, Buli Qaghan. The name Silzibul cannot be decomposed into Silzi+bul, but should be decomposed into Sil+zibul. Its exact etymology comes from the Persian *srčypwk, which means "Lord Yabghu". It is a Hephthalite style name given by the Persian monarch to the early Turkic monarch. A lot of evidence shows that Silzibul's true identity should be the son of Ištemi and the brother of Tardu. Silzibul and Mughan Qaghan are not uncle and nephew but cousins. In the early days of the establishment of the Turkic state, the most powerful and critical founders were not the first-generation brothers Bumïn and Ištemi, but the second-generation cousins Mughan and Silzibul. The two conquered and pacified the Mongolian Plateau and Central Asia respectively and reigned for almost the same period, when the Eastern and Western Turkic countries were in a state of relatively independence and non-interference most of the time but supporting each other occasionally.

IX Международная научно-практическая конференция, посвященная 75-летию установления дипломатических отношений КНР с Россией и 90-летию со дня рождения археолога и востоковеда П. М. Кожина (Новосибирск, 5-6 ноября 2024 г.) Сборник материалов 第九届国际学术及实践研讨会 (俄罗斯新西伯利亚市 2024 年 11 月 5-6 日) 论文摘要集 Новосибирск УДК 94(315)+811.581(082) ББК Т3(54)-7я431

Scytho Roman Town Carsium/Carso/Carsos versus Turkic Karşı. Two languages that have nothing to do with each other? Scythian and Türk Language can not have a relation? Not historical, not geographical? Really.
I prove the opposite, it means in Türkish Karşı

Из многочисленных раннесредневековых скульптур Семиречья, отличающихся значительным разнообразием в иконографии, элементах костюма и аксессуарах, автор выделяет серию изваяний, относящихся к деятельности тюрков-тугю. Критериями для выделения этой группы скульптур являются изображения кафтана с треугольными отворотами-лацканами, прическа в виде длинных кос и др. Часть этих изваяний датируется эпохой Первого Тюркского каганата, а возможно, и предтюркским временем, и связана с Восточным Туркестаном как с одним из центров тюркского этногенеза на территории Северо-Западного Китая.

Among the numerous early medieval sculptures of Semirechye, characterized by a significant variety of iconography, costume elements and accessories, the author distinguishes a series of those that should be attributed to the Tugu Turks. The criterion for differentiation this group of sculptures are images of a caftan with triangular lapels, a hairstyle in the form of long braids and others. Some of these sculptures date back to the era of the First Turkic Khaganate, and possibly to pre-Turkic times and are associated with Eastern Turkestan as one of the centers of Turkic ethnogenesis in North-Western China.

The article delves into the cultural and chronological interpretation of materials unearthed from the excavation of enclosure 50a within the Choburak-I memorial and funeral complex. This site, under the scrutiny of an archaeological expedition from Altai State University, is situated on the right bank of the Katun River near Elanda village in the Chemal region of the Altai Republic. Enclosure 50a, a compact structure constructed with relatively small stones in an irregular quadrangular layout, is the focal point of the study. Notably, a central hole within the enclosure revealed two bronze plaques upon excavation.
Through meticulous analysis of the plaques and the architectural characteristics of the enclosure, researchers have linked enclosure 50a to the funeral practices of the Turks, a cultural phenomenon well-documented in various regions of Central Asia. Typological scrutiny of the plaques and a thorough examination of the structure's design have led to the determination that enclosure 50a was erected during the 6th century AD. This establishment of a precise timeframe underscores the significance of the enclosure as a rare dated structure shedding light on the nuances of Turkic history on the cusp of the nomadic empire's formation and during the nascent stages of the First Kaganate.

Bal, tarihin erken dönemlerinden itibaren dünyanın farklı bölgelerindeki insanlar için önemli bir besin kaynağı olmuştur. Diğer toplumlar gibi Türkler de balı binlerce yıldır bilip besin kaynağı olarak kullanmışlardır. Bal, besin kaynağı olması yanında tıbbi amaçlarla da kullanılabilen bir üründür. Bu çalışmanın amacı Eski Türklerin bal kullanımıyla ilgili bilgilerinin araştırılmasıdır. Gereç: Çalışma için incelenen temel metinler Uygur tıp metinleri (XIV. yüzyıl öncesi) ile Çağatay Türkçesi ile yazılmış tıp eserleridir (XVII.-XX. yüzyıl). Bunlar dışında IX.-XIV. yüzyıllar arasında, Orta Asya'da Türklerin yaşadıkları bölgeleri ziyaret eden İslam coğrafyacılarının ve seyyahlarının eserleri ile Uygur, Karahanlı, Çağatay, Harezm, Kıpçak ve Memluk-Kıpçak Türkçelerinde yazılmış çeşitli sözlükler incelenmiştir. Bulgular: İnceleme sonunda, farklı dönemlerde yaşamış Orta Asya Türk topluluklarının arı, bal ve bağlantılı ürünler için kullandıkları sözcüklerin neler olduğu saptanmış; ayrıca Uygur, Karahanlı ve Çağatay Türkçesinde yazılmış olan ve balın tıbbi amaçlı kullanımını konu edinen eser bölümleri bir araya getirilmiştir. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak Türklerin 1000 yıldan uzun süredir balı bildikleri, balı hem besin kaynağı hem de tıbbi amaçla kullandıkları anlaşılmıştır.

Sarımbey köyünün, 1071 de Malazgirt savaşından dört yıl sonra, Çorumun fethine katılan Türk Salur boyuna bağlı savaşçılar tarafından 2025 – 1075 = 950 yıl önce kurulduğunu kesinlikle söyleyebiliriz.
Anadolu’yu Türkleştirmişlerdir.
Sarımbey köyümüz 950 yıllık tarihiyle, Anadolu’nun en eski Türk köylerinden biridir.

Статья посвящена результатам комплексного изучения материалов из кург. 30 могильника Ханкаринский Дол, расположенного на левом берегу р. Ини в 1-1,5 км к юго-востоку от с. Чинета Краснощековского р-на Алтайского края (Северо-Западный Алтай). Исследованный объект относится к пазырыкской культуре. В процессе его раскопок выявлено разграбленное парное погребение мужчины и подростка, которые первоначально были ориентированы, вероятно, головой на восток. Вдоль северной стенки могильной ямы обнаружено сопроводительное захоронение семи лошадей, уложенных в два ряда друг за другом головой на восток. Морфологический анализ показал, что все особи были жеребцами и не отличались от таких животных из других объектов могильника Ханкаринский Дол. При этом они имеют как определенное морфологическое сходство с лошадьми из других курганов пазырыкской культуры Алтая, так и отличия. Представлен анализ сопроводительного инвентаря, включающего железные удила, костяную пронизь, миниатюрные бронзовые кинжалы в деревянных ножнах, чекан, многочисленные фрагменты золотой фольги от снаряжения лошади, а также фрагменты китайских деревянных лаковых изделий. На его основании сделан вывод, что данное погребение было совершено не ранее IV в. до н.э., возможно, во второй половине IV- начале III в. до н.э. Археологическое датирование дополнено результатами радиоуглеродного анализа, который осуществлялся в Аналитическом центре изотопных исследований Института мониторинга климатических и экологических систем СО РАН (Томск). На основе изучения погребального обряда и инвентаря кург. 30 отнесен к числу памятников региональной элиты кочевников Северо-Западного Алтая.

АЭ Алтайского ГУ продолжено изучение курганов на могильнике Ханкаринский дол. Памятники расположены на второй надпойменной террасе к ВЮВ от с. Чинета Краснощековского р-на Алтайского края на левом берегу р. Иня. Могильники входят в состав Чинетинского археологического микрорайона Северо-Западного Алтая, в пределах которого исследованы объекты эпохи энеолита, скифского времени, тюркской, кыргызской и сросткинской культур. Работы проводились в рамках реализации грантов РФФИ № 19-49-220002, № 19-59-44002. Раскопаны курганы 26, 31 и 33.

The ancient Turkic runic writing was the result of cross-cultural influence and enrichment between the Turkic and Sogdian cultures. Evidence can be found in the locations, where ancient Turkic runic monuments in Kyrgyzstan have been discovered and preserved. These written monuments, found on various sites by both nomadic and sedentary peoples, testify to their diverse interrelationships. As an example, we have mentioned two recently discovered monuments. The first one is the Karakol inscription, which was found in 2012 near the city of Karakol. It stands out from other monuments in terms of its writing style and content, suggesting a religious nature and linking it to Nestorian missionaries. It also shares similarities with the rock inscription Ak-Yus (E-38) and fits well within the historical context. Another monument, discovered by the authors in 2018 in the village of Sargata of the Toktogul district, indicates that the runic inscription was also used by the settled population of this region. The inscription was made on the rim of a hum and signifies the method of producing hum. This is similar to the trademarks sometimes left by potters on their ceramic products. Thus, the ancient Turkic runic monuments in Kyrgyzstan provide evidence of interaction and influence between different cultures. Studying the places of discovery and preservation of these monuments helps to better understand the historical relations and regional development.

The article deals with the materials of the collections of the early Middle Ages, kept in the museums of Barnaul. The main sources of study were items from the collections of the Altai State Museum of Regional Studies, the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography of Altai of Altai State University, and the Museum of Regional Studies of the Altai State Pedagogical University. The published materials are also considered. The purpose of the article is to summarize the available information about jewelry. During the work, a circle of archaeological sites was established in the south of Western Siberia, where they were found. The dating is determined by the time of the Odintsovo and Srostki culture. The information is presented in chronological sequence relative to the year of the excavation. The discovered jewelry is associated with burials. Quantitative indicators of their availability are taken into account. Among the most common products are earrings, beads, pendants, clasps, plaques. The main materials for making jewelry were non-ferrous metal. Bone or horn is less common. Glass, stones and paste were used for beads. The analysis of materials from the collections will allow us to continue work on the formation of a database, as well as on the creation of a classification and typology of jewelry.