Antisocial Behaviour

Research in high-income countries has identified an array of risk factors for youth antisocial behavior. However, in low-and middle-income countries, despite higher prevalence of offending and antisocial behavior, there is a paucity of prospective, longitudinal evidence examining predictors. South Africa is a middle-income country with high rates of violence and crime, and a unique social context, characterized by striking income and gender inequality, and increasing number of children orphaned by AIDS. We tested predictors of antisocial behavior at community, family, and individual levels over four years. One thousand and twenty five adolescents from poor, urban South African settlements were assessed in 2005 (50 percent female; M 5 13.4 years) and followed up in 2009. The sample analyzed consisted of the 723 youth (71 percent) assessed at both time points. We employed sociodemographic questionnaires and standardized scales. Validity of our antisocial behavior measure was supported by cross-sectional associations with well-evidenced concomitants of youth antisocial behavior, including drug taking and truancy. Regression analysis indicated that male gender and experience of community violence, but not poverty or abuse, predicted antisocial behavior. Despite many South

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Achtergrond Genetisch en neurobiologisch onderzoek naar het ontstaan van antisociaal gedrag spelen een steeds belangrijker rol in de forensische psychiatrie.

Doel Bijdragen aan ethische en maatschappelijke reflectie op de mogelijke consequenties van dergelijk onderzoek voor de preventie van antisociaal gedrag.

Methode Een ethische analyse waarin wij met de concepten ‘geïnformeerde toestemming’ en ‘best-interests’ onderzoeken met wie en met welke belangen rekening gehouden moet worden bij de toepassing van mogelijke nieuwe preventiemaatregelen.

Resultaten Het is belangrijk om te differentiëren tussen verschillende mogelijke doelgroepen. Vanuit ethisch oogpunt maakt het verschil of het gaat om vroege herkenning en
preventieve ingrepen bij kinderen zonder symptomen, maar met een verhoogd risico, om de (sub)typering en preventieve behandeling van kinderen met al bestaande relevante gedragsproblemen, of om de behandeling van kinderen met een antisociale gedragsstoornis van wie de ouders de
kinderpsychiater om hulp vragen.

Conclusie Vanuit ethisch oogpunt is het van secundair belang of preventieve maatregelen gebaseerd zijn op genetisch en neurobiologisch dan wel op sociaal en psychologisch onderzoek.
Belangrijker is om te bepalen op wie zij gericht zijn en hoe met preventie om wordt gegaan.



English

Background Genetic and neurobiological research into the causes of antisocial behaviour is playing an increasingly important role in forensic psychiatry.

Aim To contribute some ethical and societal reflections on the possible consequences of this kind of research for the prevention of antisocial behaviour.

Method In this ethical analysis, which gives attention to the concepts of ‘informed consent’ and ‘best interests’, we investigate which persons and which interests need to be taken into account when new preventive measures are implemented.

Results It is important to differentiate between distinct target groups. From an ethical point of view it makes a difference whether measures are related to the early identification of
a-symptomatic high-risk children and appropriate preventive interventions, or whether they are directed towards the (sub)typing and preventive treatment of children who already have
behavioural problems or whether they are concerned with the treatment of children with conduct disorders whose parents have asked the child psychiatrist for assistance.

Conclusion From an ethical point of view it is not really important whether prevention measures are based on genetic and neurobiological research or on societal and psychological
research. What is more important is that these measures target particular groups of children and that prevention is implemented in an appropriate manner."

A previous finding from our group indicated that teacher-rated antisocial behaviour (AB) among 7-year-olds is particularly heritable in the presence of callous-unemotional (CU) traits. Using a sample of 1865 same-sex twin pairs, we employed DeFries-Fulker extremes analysis to investigate whether teacher-rated AB with/without CU traits also shows aetiological differences among 9-year-olds. Furthermore, we assessed whether the differences in the magnitude of heritability would be evident even when hyperactive symptoms were controlled for in the statistical analysis. AB among 9-year-olds was more heritable with than without concomitant CU. The heritability difference was even more pronounced in magnitude when hyperactive symptoms were controlled. CU traits thus appear to index one valid way of sub-typing children with early-onset AB.

This article establishes a state-of-the-art review about the contribution of the community factors in the study of developmental trajectories of antisocial and criminal behavior. It aims to clarify and organize what the scientific discourse says about the relationships between community and behavioral trajectories. With this purpose, divided in two directions it presents, analyzes and discusses the most relevant: (1) theoretical perspectives and (2) empirical studies that can be found within the subject of Developmental Criminology. Before that, a brief passage through the theoretical foundations of this theme – historically speaking, they precede Developmental Criminology (DC) but DC actualizes them – towards a wider theoretical comprehension of the origins and conceptual and empirical games at stake in the present. We will jump towards this review with a starting shot built upon the following questions – to be answered along the article: Which community factors have an impact on antisocial development/life paths and how much do they matter? What interactions do they have with other systems of influences? At what periods in individual’s lives (timing) do communities make an impact? Does the weight of its influence vary across developmental stages or age?



Este artigo realiza uma revisão teórica da contribuição dos fatores comunitários para as trajetórias de desenvolvimento antissocial e criminal. Procura esclarecer e organizar o que diz o discurso científico sobre as relações entre comunidade e trajetórias comportamentais. Para isso, apresenta, analisa e discute, por um lado, as perspetivas teóricas e, por outro, os estudos empíricos mais relevantes encontrados na disciplina da Criminologia Desenvolvimental. Antes disso, faz uma breve passagem pelas fundações teóricas do tema que precedem historicamente esta subdisciplina da Criminologia – que vai beber deles – para uma mais abrangente compreensão teórica das origens e jogos conceituais e empíricos que se observam no presente. Saltaremos para este “estado da arte” com um tiro de partida que se formula pelas seguintes perguntas – a que se procura dar resposta ao longo do artigo: quais os fatores comunitários que impactuam nas trajetórias antissociais/percursos de vida e qual o seu peso? Que interações tecem com outros sistemas de causação? Em que períodos da vida dos indivíduos (timing) surtem as comunidades a sua influência? A magnitude do impacto comunitário varia consoante o estágio desenvolvimental ou idade?

Geen school ter wereld blijft gespaard van, zo nu en dan, manifestaties van fysiek geweld. Meestal blijft dat gelukkig beperkt tot het betere duw-, trek- en mepwerk. Maar het kunnen, heel soms, heel zware incidenten zijn waarbij mensen gewond raken. In dit artikel verkennen we verschillende manieren om geweld op school te voorkomen.

This article considers the policing of young drivers in Scotland who are known as boy racers. It outlines the ways in which the police addressed the problem of anti-social driving by youths in a built-up urban environment in the context of concern and pressure from businesses, residents, the local authority, media, and government. Policing practices were shaped by the introduction of anti-social behaviour legislation including dispersal orders and seizure of vehicles. This involved behaviours not previously seen as deviant or anti-social now being defined as such, in relation to the perceptions of local residents and businesses. The article considers the success of the use of anti-social behaviour legislation, including dispersal orders and seizure of vehicles, and the impact this had on police relations with young drivers.

1 Dissocial personality disorder Dissocial personality disorder is a personality disorder characterized by impulsivity, aggressiveness, antisocial behavior, and a violation of the ability to form attachments. Patients with this disorder are convinced of the legitimacy of their own needs, grossly disregard the feelings of others, do not feel guilt and shame, are well-oriented in the social environment and easily manipulate other people. The disorder is most pronounced in adolescence and persists throughout life. The diagnosis is established on the basis of anamnesis and conversation with the patient. Treatment-psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy. General information Dissocial personality disorder (sociopathy, antisocial personality disorder, antisocial psychopathy according to Gannushkin, antisocial personality according to McWilliams) is a personality disorder that manifests itself in persistent antisocial behavior, lack of guilt and shame, impulsivity, aggressiveness and a violation of the ability to maintain close relationships. It is detected in 1% of women and 3% of men. It most often affects urban residents, children from large families and representatives of low-income segments of the population. Researchers say that patients with dissocial personality disorder make up up to 75% of the prison population. At the same time, not all sociopaths become criminals-some patients commit actions that are condemned by society, but not formally punishable. Treatment of this pathology is carried out by specialists in the field of psychiatry, clinical psychology and psychotherapy. Causes of dissocial personality disorder There are two opposing theories of the development of this disorder. Proponents of the biogenetic predisposition theory point out that in close male relatives, sociopathy is five times more common than the population average. In addition, in the families of patients with dissocial personality disorder, hysterical disorders are often detected. The researchers believe that this may indicate the presence of a hereditary disease or mutation that provokes the development of these two types of disorders. Followers of psychological theory consider dissocial personality disorder as a result of the influence of the environment. They believe that this psychopathy develops with improper upbringing (neglect or excessive guardianship), lack of love and attention from significant adults. As factors contributing to the development of dissocial personality disorder, proponents of this theory consider the high criminal activity of family members, the presence of relatives suffering from alcoholism and drug addiction, poverty and unfavorable social conditions caused by a sudden move due to war or a difficult economic situation.

Since the beginning of the cuts to police budgets, constabularies in England and Wales have had to make substantial savings to meet public expectations with fewer resources. In the City of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire Police have worked in a unique partnership with Community Protection Officers – police vetted and CSAS certified neighbourhood wardens employed by Nottingham City Council – for over a decade. With Nottinghamshire Police having to rely increasingly on partners to ensure adequate service delivery, it is time to ask whether CPOs as an agency and as a policing partner have met the expectations of managers in Community Protection and Nottinghamshire Police.

Having expanded in size, remit and power over the last ten years, CPOs have become an integral part of neighbourhood policing. They have met or exceeded all of the expectations held by participants and are projected to continue receiving political support in Nottingham. Their future seems uncertain, with respondents from Community Protection and Nottinghamshire Police anticipating different directions in the future of this scheme.

Negativer Peereinfluss gilt als einer der zentralen Risikofaktoren für eine dissoziale Entwicklung von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Um ungünstige Einflussprozesse zwischen Gleichaltrigen besser zu verstehen und wirksame Präventionsmaßnahmen dagegen entwickeln zu können, ist es entscheidend, die moderierenden Faktoren von Peereinfluss zu kennen. Diese können Aufschluss darüber geben, wer für negativen Peereinfluss besonders gefährdet ist und welche Bedingungen eine ungünstige
Beeinflussung vermindern. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine systematische Übersicht über alle Längsschnittstudien
zu dieser Thematik erstellt. Die Befunde aus 66 einbezogenen Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die Wirkung der Peers auf die individuelle Entwicklung sowohl von personalen, psychologischen
als auch sozial-kontextuellen Merkmalen abhängt. Die Ergebnisse werden hinsichtlich ihrer Relevanz für die Prävention dissozialen Verhaltens und bezüglich weiterer Forschungsstrategien zu dieser Thematik diskutiert.

The aim of the present study was to examine to what degree different mechanisms of moral disengagement were related to age, gender, bullying, and defending among school children. Three hundred and seventy-two Swedish children ranging in age from 10 to 14 years completed a questionnaire. Findings revealed that boys expressed significantly higher levels of moral justification, euphemistic labeling, diffusion of responsibility, distorting consequences, and victim attribution, as compared with girls. Whereas boys bullied others significantly more often than girls, age was unrelated to bullying. Moral justification and victim attribution were the only dimensions of moral disengagement that significantly related to bullying. Furthermore, younger children and girls were more likely to defend victims. Diffusion of responsibility and victim attribution were significantly and negatively related to defending, while the other dimensions of moral disengagement were unrelated to defending.

In various writings Michel Foucault has shown how, in the beginning of the 19th century, in settings such as army barracks, psychiatric hospitals and penitentiary institutions, the modern human sciences were ‹born› as an ensemble of disciplines (medical biology, psychiatry, psychology, criminology, and the like). From the beginning, the nature-nurture debate has been one of its key disputes. Are human individuals malleable by environmental factors (such as psychiatric treatments or disciplinary regimes), or do they rather display inborn predispositions for delinquency and other forms of antisocial behaviour? In the current era of genetic testing, in behavioural genomics and neuroscience, this issue is as controversial and topical as ever. Büchner’s unfinished drama Woyzeck (written in 1836) is a remarkable anticipation of this debate, staging the birth of the human individual as a research subject. It is the story of a destitute soldier who, according to his superiors, displays errant behaviour and is therefore recruited to serve as a research subject in an experiment. His army physician turns him into a ‹case›, which can be meticulously monitored and studied so as to record the genesis of a crime. In this paper, Büchner’s unsettling play is analysed in detail as one of the great anticipatory literary documents of the 19th century, exploring the idea of predictive psychiatry and the quest for genetic predispositions: a primal scene as it were of the nature-nurture debate as it unfolds from predictive criminology up to behavioural genomics.

Negative peer influence is one of the main risk factors associated with antisocial development among children and adolescents. In order to better understand these processes and to develop adequate preventive interventions, it is crucial that the factors that moderate peer influence are recognized. Such moderating variables can indicate who is at especially high risk of being negatively influenced by peers, and which conditions can buffer this negative impact. In order to structure the existing evidence, a systematic review of all longitudinal studies on this topic published up to and including 2011 is presented. The results from the 66 studies included in the review show that the influence of peers on the development of an individual’s antisocial behavior depends on different personal, psychological, and social-contextual conditions. The findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for prevention strategies and future research initiatives.

The aim of the present study was to explore how teenagers explain why bullying takes place at school, and whether there were any differences in explaining bullying due to gender and prior bullying experiences. One hundred and seventy-six Swedish students in Grade 9 responded to a questionnaire. Mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative methods) were used to analyze data. The grounded theory analysis generated five main categories and 26 sub categories regarding accounts of bullying causes. Results indicated that youth tended to explain bullying in terms of individualistic reasons (bully attributing and victim attributing) than in terms of peer group, school setting, or human nature/society reasons. Girls were more likely to attribute bullying causes to the bully and much less to the victim, compared to boys. Moreover, youth classified as bullies were more likely to attribute the reason for bullying to the victim and much less to the bully, compared to victims, bystanders, and victims/bullies.

The purpose of the study was to find out the perceived influence of media, the causes and prevention of anti-social behavior among youths. The study discovered that media has both negative and positive influence on young children and youths. It was observed that television has been found to contribute to youth anti-social behavior and violence. Video and computer games promote and trigger impulsive and reflexive response in children that, in effect contribute to the development of a tolerance for violence if not to training in how to be violent. Among the identified causes include internal factors such as birth trauma, low birth weight, low resting heart rate, cognitive deficits and hyper activity. External factors include family, school, environment, community and peer relations. The prevention is centered on the symptoms and causes of any identified usual behavior. The study made recommendations on ways of curbing antisocial behaviours among youths and children.

This chapter introduces the motivational concept of moral value evaluation (i.e., the attribution of importance to moral values). Based on previous empirical results and conceptual similarities with the social-intuitionist's concept of moral judgment, moral value evaluation was expected to exhibit a negative association with externalizing behaviour. No direct effect was expected however, as moral value evaluation was hypothesized to indirectly shape behaviour through the moral cognitive processes of moral reasoning, moral identity and cognitive distortions. To investigate these claims, data were collected from 542 Dutch adolescents in the age range of 11 to 18 years. It was found that the data overall supported our hypotheses. Moral value evaluation's indirect effect was the second largest predictor of externalizing behaviour, while the immoral motivator of self-serving cognitive distortions was the largest (direct) predictor. Interpretations and implications of the results regarding moral value evaluation and self-serving cognitive distortions are discussed in relation to externalizing behaviour.

Francisco Ríos (c. 1872-c.1811), alias el Quitacapas, es un peligroso ladrón que llega a ser capitán de los cholos durante la Revolución del 25 de Mayo de 1809 en La Plata (Chuquisaca).
En 1963, Gunnar Mendoza publica la "Causa criminal seguida de oficio por el alcalde ordinario de la Villa de Oruro contra Francisco Ríos, alias el Quitacapas, por vago, mal entretenido y otros crímenes (1809-1811). En 2009, su hijo Javier Mendoza Pizarro postula que la participación de Ríos en la Revolución es accidental. Empero, nueva información permite demostrar que Ríos tiene estrechas y duraderas relaciones con los revolucionarios.
En 1804, Ríos es cómplice del líder revolucionario paceño Tomás Rodríguez de Palma. Permanece encarcelado entre 1804 y 1808, cuando escapa y es indultado. Reclutado por otro líder insurgente, José Ramón de Loayza y Pacheco, en espía y emisario revolucionario en Yogas, Cochabamba y Oruro. Tiene una muy destacada participación en la Revolución de La Plata pero su pasado delictivo le impide repetir esto en La Paz. A pesar de ello, su violencia y criminalidad lo llevan a ser encarcelado por los mismos revolucionarios.

Everyone in this world has their distinctive personality that makes them unique. There are many definitions of personality. In simple words, personality consists of ingrained, pervasive, enduring and habitual ways of psychological functioning that characterize one's style. It is a tightly interrelated organization of attitudes, perceptions, habits, emotions and behaviors that characterize a person's distinctive way of relating to others and to self (Millon T, 1981; Millon T, 1987). Each person has a unique personality molded by his/her past experiences, attitude, culture, religion, lifestyle, mood, relationships, energy levels and hobbies. Terms such as a normal personality may be something that clinicians may not regard as fundamentally correct but if we look at it people with a normal personality tend to be the ones who can maintain steady relationships , offer productivity in the work place and can ably abide by the laws of society . So what exactly do we mean when we say a person has a personality disorder? A disorder is caused by any symptom or malfunction which hampers daily life or functioning . According to the International Classification of Diseases -10 guidelines, "personality disorders are deeply ingrained and enduring behaviour patterns, manifesting themselves as inflexible responses to a broad range of personal and social situations. They represent

The aim of the present study was to investigate how basic moral sensitivity in bullying, moral disengagement in bullying and defender self-efficacy were related to different bystander behaviors in bullying. Therefore, we examined pathways that linked students' basic moral sensitivity, moral disengagement, and defender self-efficacy to different bystander behaviors in bullying situations. Three hundred and forty-seven teenagers completed a bullying survey. Findings indicated that compared with boys, girls expressed higher basic moral sensitivity in bullying, lower defender self-efficacy and moral disengagement in bullying. Results from the SEM showed that basic moral sensitivity in bullying was negatively related to pro-bully behavior and positively related to outsider and defender behavior, mediated by moral disengagement in bullying, which in turn was positively related to pro-bully behavior and negatively related to outsider and defender behavior. What differed in the relations between outsider and defender behaviors was the degree of defender self-efficacy.

Cet article propose de prendre appui sur les apports théoriques de D.W. Winnicott pour penser le soin psychique auprès d’adolescents borderline accueillis en établissements médico-sociaux. En déployant un modèle psychothérapique
basé sur l’expérience des liens précoces parent-nourrisson
et les fonctions mobilisées dans les soins maternels, Winnicott a introduit un parallèle singulier avec les fonctions propres à la psychothérapie, s’éloignant parfois des enjeux strictement psychanalytiques. Des concepts tels que le holding, le handling et l’object presenting, déployés pour décrire les soins maternels, nous apparaissent ainsi être des analyseurs féconds pour penser le soin psychothérapique. À partir de réflexions sur les notions d’alliance thérapeutiques et de l’investissement dans le soin, cet écrit tend à mettre en avant l’idée de certaines fonctions spécifiques aux soins d’adolescents carencés au travers de ces quelques notions winnicottiennes.

Mots-clés : Winnicott, préoccupation soignante primaire,
investissement, alliance thérapeutique, cadre, dispositif,
adolescent, psychothérapie.
Summary
Starting from the theoretical contributions of D. W. Winnicott, this article proposes to think the psychic care with deprived borderline adolescents in medico-social institutions. By deploying a psychotherapeutic model, based on the experience of early parent-infant relationships and functions mobilized in maternal care, Winnicott has introduced a remarkable parallel with the psychotherapy functions, sometimes away from strictly psychoanalytic issues. Concepts such as the “holding”, the “handling” and the “object presenting”, made to describe maternal care, appear to be good analyzers in order to think the psychotherapeutic cure. Starting from reflections on therapeutic alliance and investment concepts in the care, this writing tends to emphasize the idea of specific functions in the cure of deprived adolescents through these few winnicottians notions.

Key words: Winnicott, primary caring preoccupation,
investment, therapeutic alliance, frame, setting, adolescent,
psychotherapy

Sărăcia oamenilor, disperarea lor generată de imposibilitatea de a asigura un trai cel puţin decent, atât lor, cât şi celor apropiaţi lor, îi împing deseori pe aceştia la înfăptuirea unor acte reprobabile, neconforme cu normele general valabile de conduită, norme ce servesc drept fundament legalităţii într-o societate de drept. Unul dintre aceste „artificii” la care aceştia apelează -cu preponderenţă în zonele limitrofe frontierei de stat- este dat de fenomenul antisocial numit „contrabandă”.
          Activând în prezent pe funcţia de „Ofiţer specialist III” în cadrul Poliţiei de Frontieră Române, autorul îşi propune să trateze respectiva temă lansată în vederea dezbaterii, prin prisma cunoştinţelor dobândite până în prezent, încercând să evidenţieze diversele stratageme -ingenioase sau mai puţin ingenioase- la care aceşti indivizi recurg în vederea ducerii la bun sfârşit a activităţilor cu rezoluţie infracţională.

Instructions: Respond to each numbered item in the short list here as either “True” or “False” for you. A “True” response may identify a potential area for training. Reflect on whether an item identifies a problem or issue in the way you manage your anger. Anger requires boundaries, and a moral value (e.g. OK or not OK) can be assigned to strengthen boundaries for anger. Assess whether you believe the following:

Animal sexual abuse happens far more often than most people realize. Although the studies are limited and out of date, it has been estimated that as much as 5% of men and women in the United States are sexually interested in, or have committed a sex act with, dogs, horses, and other animals. More recent studies indicate a link between committing sex acts with animals and acts of interpersonal violence and human sexual assault. This article is based on a study of 456 bestiality-related arrests in the United States, which confirms that a link exists, although it is unclear whether bestiality is an indicator or predictor of other forms of criminal behavior. The study also indicates that animal sexual abuse is committed by a diverse population of offenders who commit a range of acts, and that investigation of animal sex abuse incidents may require unique skills and resources.

This article examines tattooing as an ancient and contemporary form of body inscription and modification. It frames the
popularity of tattooing in the Western World in relation to other modern body modifications and within the landscape of
consumer culture. Showing parallels between the motivations and meanings of contemporary tattoo practices, a historical
overview of tattoos in premodern and non-Western cultures is presented. The divergent ways in which scholars have
approached tattooing is examined, juxtaposing research in the behavioral sciences that links tattoos to deviant and antisocial
behaviors with ethnographic and social–scientific studies that place tattoos within cultural, symbolic, esthetic, and prosocial
frameworks.

Should one remove the televisions from their house? All the evidence seems to point to yes. After reviewing several studies, they show that not only does it cause depression, aggression, and antisocial behaviors, as well as structural changes to the brain, but it prevents happiness. Adults who as children did not have a television growing up report that they do not enjoy watching it. And adults who suddenly removed all the televisions from their homes report not missing it and same for the children who were forced to give it up. Furthermore, the vast majority of humankind was without television yet there are no reports of social or chronic boredom, depression, or unhappiness. They might have been happier as they were forced to socialize more. News, weather, and information in general can be more effectively and efficiently acquired through the internet. However, one must be cautious that the new internet video services and smartphones don’t become their new TVs. In an effort to “cut the cord,” what seems like the most logical and successful method, and contrary to the often “it is all about moderation” or to just reduce your viewing time, is to remove all televisions from your house. Like smoking cigarettes, it is probably best if you just stop altogether and not give yourself easy access to your vice. If you really want or need to watch a television program, it is best to watch it at a friend’s house as socializing protects against depression and is also what provides the most happiness.

Despite widespread assumptions that psychopathy is associated with serious and repeated law-breaking, individuals with psychopathic personality traits do not invariably become chronic criminal offenders. As a partial explanation for this finding, Lykken (1995) ventured that a fearless temperament underlies both psychopathic traits and heroic behavior, and that heroic individuals' early exposure to effective socializing forces such as warm parenting or healthy self-esteem often fosters a characteristic adaption that tends to beget "successful" behaviors, thereby differentiating heroes from convicts. In this study, we investigate relations between psychopathy, principally its fearless dominance dimension, pride, and prosocial and antisocial behavior in a community sample (N = 339). Fearless dominance and self-centered impulsivity components of psychopathy yielded differential relations with authentic and hubristic pride (Tracy and Robins, 2004), such that fearless dominance was significantly positively correlated with both facets of pride while self-centered Impulsivity was significantly negatively correlated with authentic pride and significantly positively correlated with hubristic pride. Further, authentic pride moderated (potentiated) the relation between fearless dominance and transformational leadership, one of the two outcome measures for prosocial behavior employed in our investigation. Authentic pride did not moderate the relations between fearless dominance and either our other measure of prosocial behavior (heroism) or antisocial behavior, nor did positive parenting moderate the relations between psychopathy components and social behavior. Unexpectedly, hubristic pride significantly moderated the relation between impulsive-antisocial features and antisocial behavior in a protective manner.

Emotional intelligence (EI) was once touted as the ‘panacea’ for a satisfying and successful life. Consequently, there has been much emphasis on developing interventions to promote this personal resource in applied settings. Despite this, a growing body of research has begun to identify particular contexts when EI does not appear helpful and may even be deleterious to a person, or those they have contact with, suggesting a ‘dark’ side to the construct. This paper provides a review of emergent literature to examine when, why and how trait and ability EI may contribute to negative intrapersonal (psychological ill-health; stress reactivity) and interpersonal outcomes (emotional manipulation; antisocial behaviour). Negative effects were found to operate across multiple contexts (health, academic, occupational) however these were often indirect, suggesting that outcomes depend on pre-existing qualities of the person. Literature also points to the possibility of ‘optimal’ levels of EI – both within and across EI constructs. Uneven profiles of self-perceptions (trait facets) or actual emotional skills contribute to poorer outcomes, particularly emotional awareness and management. Moreover, individuals who possess high levels of skill but have lower self-perceptions of their abilities fare worse that those with more balanced profiles. Future research must now improve methodological and statistical practices to better capture EI in context and the negative corollary associated with high levels.

The following is adapted by the author from "Couple Counseling Strategies" in Effective Counseling Skills: the practical wording of therapeutic statements and processes http://www.amazon.com/Effective-Counseling-Skills-therapeutic-statements/dp/1442177993 This paper is a discussion of problems frequently presented in marriage counseling. Communication is a process issue, while others are content issues to be resolved. It is helpful to understand the distinction between process and content. An analogy is comparing the communication process to the vehicle and the content issues to the passengers who ride in the vehicle. If the vehicle is not functioning, or if there is something wrong with the engine or the tires or the brakes, then the vehicle isn't going to be able to get the passengers to the destination which, to extend this analogy, is resolution or agreement. So to have a well functioning vehicle, or process, the couple needs assertiveness, reflective listening, and problem solving skills. They need effective communication skills (see the chapter "Essential Effective Communication Skills" in Relationship Skills). When those skills are in place, we have a well running vehicle that can take the issues to resolution. Content issues are the experiences that can be addressed by problem-solving through brainstorming and reaching a mutual agreement. Sometimes couples need help to create strategies because they have perhaps never been in a problem-solving mode in their communication. They're learning to talk in a practical way about content issues, so the couple may need some help to think of some creative options and reaching mutual agreements. As we review some of the more common content issues I will suggest some strategies unique to each one. Here is a list of common issues:

The DSM-V diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) focus on indicators of impulsive aggressive phenotype (IAP), such as reckless, aggressive, or law-breaking behavior (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). However, concentrating primarily on behavioral data casts a wide diagnostic net, enabling criteria to describe various individuals with little in common aside from a history of rule-breaking (Hare, Hart, & Harpur, 1991). Other diagnoses, including borderline personality disorder (BPD) and intermittent explosive disorder (IED), and clinical constructs, such as psychopathy, are associated with and often comorbid with ASPD, due to some shared symptoms of IAP, although the three clinical constructs differ in many ways (APA, 2013; Lenzenweger, Lane, Loranger, & Kessler, 2007). Due to the poor discriminant validity of ASPD criteria, these clinical populations are at risk of conflation under the ASPD umbrella due to shared IAP, with little consideration that underlying factors and other symptoms may differ and thus have different clinical implications. This review describes distinguishing structural and functional neural traits of psychopathy, BPD, and IED and discusses how these differences produce distinct subjective experiences contributing to IAP. The article additionally discusses potential harmful consequences of failure to differentiate these clinical populations, including heterogenous research populations that yield nongeneralizable results, limited or inappropriate treatment of some psychiatric patients, and general mischaracterization of the disorders (Hare, 1996; Hare et al., 1991). To illustrate these differences, the paper includes an entertaining thought exercise involving a dispute amongst three very different, but equally aggressive, characters at their local pub.

El Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Tráfico y Seguridad Vial (INTRAS) y Attitudes (programa social de Audi), tras la publicación de los libros " La conducta social en el tráfico: Fundamentos para la intervención." y " La conducta social en el tráfico: Práctica y valoración de la población española.", se plantearon como actividad complementaria la realización de unas jornadas que cumplieran los siguientes objetivos: • Permitir avanzar en el conocimiento y la implementación de medidas que contribuyan a una mejora de la seguridad vial. • Servir como foro de expresión para científicos y profesionales con un tono constructivo, plural e integrador. • Tener un componente de difusión tanto al público científico y profesional, como a la población en general a través de una amplia convocatoria a los medios de comunicación. • Partir de una rigurosidad científica en su planteamiento, siendo ésta la única imposición que centrara las intervenciones de todos los participantes. Sus características serían: • La temática es el de la conducta prosocial y antisocial en el tráfico. • Se desarrolla mediante la organización de varios Focus-group (grupos de discusión) que sirvan de reunión de expertos y responsables en las materias y campos de actuación confluyentes en esta problemática. • Dichos Focus-group cuentan con personas relevantes de nuestro país. • Tener unos documentos que centraran la discusión (mediante la aportación a los miembros de los Focus-group de los libros mencionados). • Una conferencia magistral de un prestigioso investigador en la temática propuesta (la conducta prosocial y antisocial en la conducción) como es el caso del conocido psiquiatra y escritor Luis Rojas Marcos. • Dividida en dos días, para atender a dos objetivos tan distintos como complementarios. El primero de ellos para el desarrollo de los Focus-group donde se producen los debates entre los expertos, y el segundo de ellos para servir de plataforma de divulgación de los resultados de los estudios, de la conferencia magistral y de los resultados de los distintos Focus-group, enriquecido con "mesas redondas" donde, de una forma dinámica, damos un pulso a la opinión de los componentes de la mesa y de los asistentes, acerca de algunas cuestiones relacionadas con la conducta prosocial y antisocial en la conducción. Las 6as Jornadas de Reflexión Attitudes: "La conducta prosocial y antisocial en la conducción” se llevaron a cabo los días 23 y 24 de octubre de 2007. Se desarrollaron tres Focus-group con los siguientes títulos: • “Conducta prosocial y tráfico” • “Conducta antisocial y tráfico” • “El tratamiento de las informaciones del tráfico ¿prosocial o antisocial?” La mesas redondas posteriores también llevaron los dos primeros títulos, y una tercera mesa redonda titulada: • “La conducción social y su influencia en la seguridad vial” Y esto que tiene entre sus manos es el cuaderno que recoge las conclusiones de las referidas jornadas. Encontrará, en correspondencia con los Focus-group mencionados y las mesas redondas posteriores, tanto los intervinientes en los mismos como un resumen de las principales líneas de debate y conclusiones a las que llegaron cada uno de ellos. Nuestro último objetivo es impulsar e iniciar un segundo paso en la actividad de investigación-intervención que, desarropada de protagonismo, desde la integración y suma de esfuerzos de instituciones y personas, permita un mayor y más rápido avance en el sentido deseado de prevenir la accidentalidad viaria, abordando en este caso un tema de suma importancia: la conducta prosocial y antisocial en el tráfico

This study explores the ways in which public debates about the sexual, drinking and risk taking behaviour of young British travellers, who participate in trips organized to Greek summer resorts exclusively by Club 18-30, have been interpreted, and framed, within print media (British newspapers). Using a template analysis approach four themes emerged, namely binge drinking, sexual behaviour, risk taking and host reactions. These themes are discussed in relation to the methodology adopted, and the findings of previous research, and policies for risk-taking decrease, and solutions to reduce the problems posed by young tourists’ antisocial behaviour in summer Greek resorts, are provided.

Keywords: youth travel, antisocial behaviour, binge drinking, casual sex, risk taking, template analysis.

The book Saints & Psychopaths by William L. Hamilton is divided into two parts. Part 1 is entitled “Psychopaths,” Part 2 is entitled “Saints.” The first chapter of the first part bears the title “Psychopaths,” too. These are the notes I took (in 2010)  while reading this first chapter (occasionally, I add some of my own comments). This chapter sets important foundations for spotting and understanding psychopathic personalities and “co-psychopaths”—especially in terms of differentiating psychopaths from authentic non-psychopathic spiritual teachers/leaders.

Abstract

A general scope of this review is to present current research on etiology, empirical treatments, including prognosis and concerns about one of the most challenging personality disorders; the Antisocial Personality Disorder. ASPD is characteristic of an individual’s inflexible nature, pervasiveness, and high levels of impairment. It has been suggested that genetic, biological, psychological, and socioeconomic factors influence its early onset and maintenance. Two of the unique aspects of the disorder are an early onset, as young as 10 years of age, and its differentiation in severity. Studies have shown that approximately 40% of youth who met criteria for Conduct Disorder continue into adulthood to develop ASPD. Adult ASPD  progresses on a continuum, at one end of the spectrum the most dangerous serial killers are found, while on the other end are individuals who present with lower levels of antisocial behaviors. Individuals with ASPD may often engage in deceitful, unethical behavioral patterns, use an alias, and show no regard for the safety of self and others. Their acts are highly impactful, affecting self, and their families. Accordingly, these behaviors, present a high cost to society. Given the large body of research on ASPD it is debatable whether current treatment can effectively treat patients with ASPD; perhaps due to factors involving the complexity of the disorder, the patient’s unwillingness to seek treatment, or therapist’s bias in treating such challenging cases. Prevention remains a hallmark of managing what seems to be a challenge with serious implications. Targeting and addressing underlying causes such as socioeconomic disparities, parental/peer antisocial behaviors, may be a primary step toward ‘arresting’ a serious problem that threatens society.


Keywords: ASPD, CD, etiology, treatment, prognosis, prevention, sociopathy, treatment.

Dominant discourses regarding concerns with anti-social behaviour in England and Victoria, Australia, reveal counterposed perspectives; the former positioning anti-social behaviour as an issue of law and order and an extension of concerns with crime and victimization, and the latter emphasizing concerns with the vulnerability of the perpetrator. These opposing perspectives inevitably give rise to markedly different policies and interventions. In England, an emphasis on the needs of the victim prioritizes the prevention of particular behaviours, whilst interventions in Victoria seek to address the needs of the perpetrator that are seen to contribute to or result from anti-social behaviour. To illustrate this contrast, the paper highlights the particular effects of these contradictory discourses on young people, and in doing so suggests a need to be wary of the impact of resultant approaches on those who may be most susceptible to committing anti-social behaviour, or to having their behaviour labelled as such.

Identifying risk factors for sexual abuse in men who work with children and who have already abused a child could lead to more appropriate screening and prevention strategies and is thus of major scientific and societal relevance. A total of 8,649 German men from the community were assessed in an extensive anonymous and confidential online survey. Of those, 37 (0.4%) could be classified as child sexual abusers working with children, 90 (1.0%) as child sexual abusers not working with children, and 816 (9.4%) as men who work with children and who have not abused a child. We assessed the impact of working with children as an individual risk factor for self-reported child sexual abuse and compared personal factors, pedophilic sexual fantasies, deviant sexual behaviors, antisocial behaviors, and hypersexuality among the three groups. Most interestingly, working with children was significantly associated with a self-reported sexual offense against children, however, it explained only three percent of its variance. Child sexual abusers working with children admitted more antisocial and more sexually deviant behaviors than child sexual abusers not working with children and than men working with children who have not abused a child. Our findings support some of the suggestions made by other researchers concerning factors that could be considered in applicants for child- or youth-serving institutions. However, it has to be pointed out that the scientific basis still seems premature.

We investigated the social use of theory of mind in school-aged children. The expressions Nice Theory of Mind and Nasty Theory of Mind are used to differentiate behaviours requiring a prosocial use and an antisocial use of ToM abilities respectively. Our goals was to investigate whether and how mind reading abilities and empathy affect nice and nasty ToM behaviours. One hundred and ninety-seven children who were fourth and fifth graders took part in this study. Participants were administered stories that assessed cognitive, affective or moral mental state reasoning abilities and they also completed a self-report measure of empathy. Teachers’ rating on children’s prosocial and antisocial behaviours that underpin ToM abilities led us to identify nice and nasty ToM behaviours. We found that children who engage in nasty ToM behaviour showed good abilities to understand others’ thoughts and beliefs. However, children with nice ToM behaviour showed more moral and emotional sensitivity as compared to children who engage in nasty ToM behaviour. Furthermore, the hot component of empathy is stronger in fostering prosocial behaviours and inhibiting antisocial acts than cognitive component.