Caries

Despite the advancement of early childhood caries (ECC) prediction and treatment, ECC remains a significant public health burden in need of more effective preventive strategies. Pregnancy is an ideal period to promote ECC prevention given the profound influence of maternal oral health and behaviors on children’s oral health. However, studies have shown debatable results with respect to the effectiveness of ECC prevention by means of prenatal intervention. Therefore, this study systematically reviewed the scientific evidence relating to the association between prenatal oral health care, ECC incidence, and Streptococcus mutans carriage in children. Five studies (3 randomized control trials, 1 prospective cohort study, and 1 nested case-control study) were included for qualitative assessment. Tested prenatal oral health care included providing fluoride supplements, oral examinations/cleanings, oral health education, dental treatment referrals, and xylitol gum chewing. Four studies that...

Fissure sealant is a recommended preventive measure on permanent molars, but its efficacy on primary molars in preschool children is still in doubt. Sodium fluoride varnish (NaFV) enhances remineralization and is effective in preventing caries in smooth surfaces, but limited information is available regarding its use on occlusal surfaces of primary molars. The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of glass ionomer sealant (GIS) versus topical application of 5% NaFV in preventing and arresting occlusal caries in primary second molars among preschool children. One calibrated examiner examined children aged 3–4 years for visible plaque index (VPI), decayed-missing-filled primary surface (dmfs) index, and extent of carious lesions by the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS). Subjects with 1 or more primary second molars that were sound or with incipient lesions (ICDAS 0–1), with distinct visual enamel changes (ICDAS 2), or with localized enamel breakdown (I...

This paper provides recommendations for dentists for the treatment of dental caries in children, with an emphasis on early childhood caries (ECC), primary teeth, and occlusal surfaces in permanent teeth. A consensus workshop followed by an e-Delphi consensus process was conducted with an expert panel nominated by the European Organization for Caries Research (ORCA) and European Federation of Conservative Dentistry (EFCD)/German Association of Conservative Dentistry (DGZ) boards. Based on 3 systematic reviews and a nonsystematic literature search, recommendations were developed. The caries decline has led to a more polarized disease distribution in children and adolescents along social gradients which should be taken into account when managing the caries process at all levels, such as the individual, the group, or a population. The control or reduction of caries activity is the basis for successful caries management. In children, caries management requires adequate daily oral hygiene...

Saliva is essential for a lifelong conservation of the dentition. Various functions of saliva are implicated in the maintenance of oral health and the protection of our teeth: (i) The tooth surface is continuously protected against wear by a film of salivary mucins and proline-rich glycoprotein. (ii) The early pellicle proteins, proline-rich proteins and statherin, promote remineralization of the enamel by attracting calcium ions. (iii) Demineralization is retarded by the pellicle proteins, in concert with calcium and phosphate ions in saliva and in the plaque fluid. (iv) Several salivary (glyco)proteins prevent the adherence of oral microorganisms to the enamel pellicle and inhibit their growth. (v) The salivary bicarbonate/carbonate buffer system is responsible for rapid neutralization of acids. An overview is presented on the major antimicrobial systems in human saliva. Not only the well-known major salivary glycoproteins, including mucins, proline-rich glycoprotein and immunoglobulins, but also a number of minor salivary (glyco)proteins, including agglutinin, lactoferrin, cystatins and lysozyme, are involved in the first line of defense in the oral cavity. Besides, small cationic antimicrobial peptides, e.g. defensins, cathelicidin and the histatins, have come into focus. These are potentially suited as templates for the design of a new generation of antibiotics, since they kill a broad spectrum of microorganisms, while hardly evoking resistance, in contrast to the classical antibiotics.

To compare the prevalence and severity of developmental defects of enamel (DDE) among subjects whose maxillary incisors developed during periods with different concentrations of fluoride in the public water supply. Standardized intra-oral photographs of random samples of 12-year-old children were collected in 1983, 1991 and 2001 (n = 1,990) in Hong Kong and assessed for DDE by a trained masked examiner. The fluoride concentrations in the public water supply at the times when the enamel on their maxillary incisors developed were 1.0, 0.7 and 0.5 ppm, respectively. The mouth prevalence of DDE for these children (based on the maxillary incisors) were 92.1, 55.8 and 35.2% in the years 1983, 1991 and 2001, respectively (p < 0.001). Most of these children were affected by diffuse opacities (89.3% in 1983, 48.5% in 1991 and 32.4% in 2001, p < 0.001). Marked differences in the mean number of teeth affected by DDE (p < 0.001) and in the maximum extent of DDE (p <or= 0.002) between 1983, 1991 and 2001 were also observed. A decrease in the prevalence and severity of DDE among the maxillary incisor teeth of the children corresponded to the reductions in the concentration of fluoride in the water during the time of enamel development.

The human robot interaction community is multidisciplinary by nature and has members from social science to engineering backgrounds. In this paper we aim to provide human robot developers with a straightforward toolkit to evaluate users' acceptance of assistive social robots they are designing or developing for elderly care environments. We will explain how we developed the measures for this analysis, provide do's and don'ts in designing the experiments, demonstrate the application of the measures we have developed for this purpose and the analysis and interpretation of the data. As such we hope to engage human robot interaction developers in evaluating the acceptability of their own robot to inform the development process and improve the final robot's design. SI Use PEOU FC PU ANX PENJ ATT Trust ITU PAD PS SP

In developing countries majority of the population, especially the rural population use chewing sticks to maintain oral hygiene. Fluoride if present in chewing sticks will confer similar protection against dental caries as fluoride dentifrice. Objective: To determine the fluoride content of commonly used chewing sticks in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Fluoride was determined in 1 gram of each identified plant material commonly used as chewing sticks, by reading it on Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) at 286.5(µm) wave-length, after dissolving it with 25ml of 10% perchloric acid and 25ml of 10% nitric acid and filtered. Results: Fluoride was detected in all the chewing sticks with mean concentrations of 0.012% -0.407% (54ppm -1845ppm). The chewing stick from Zanthoxylum Zanthoxyloides has the highest mean concentration of fluoride (1845ppm), whilst the chewing stick from Mangifera Indica has the least fluoride (54ppm). Conclusion: Chewing stick from Zanthoxylum Zanthoxyloides has fluoride concentration slightly higher than regular toothpastes. If properly and regularly used it is likely to confer maximum anti-caries effect in users and deserves to be listed under home based topical fluoride products. Fluoride in chewing sticks has great public health implications for oral health community programmes for the prevention of caries in rural areas in developing countries. In developing countries where there have been cases of fluorosis in some communities, it is imperative to examine the other hidden sources of fluoride which evolve around the lifestyle of the people in the community and which could contribute to their total daily consumption of fluoride.

Glass ionomer cement Chlorhexidine digluconate Cell culture Antibacterial activity Mechanical properties Indirect pulp therapy a b s t r a c t Objectives: To evaluate: (1) the in vitro antibacterial, cytotoxic and mechanical properties of a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) containing different concentrations of chlorhexidine (CHX) and (2) the in vivo microbiologic action of the best concentration of CHX associated with the RMGIC applied on remaining dentine after indirect pulp treatment (IPT).

For an Organisation for Caries Research/European Federation of Conservative Dentistry consensus, this systematic review is aimed to assess the question of how to manage the caries process in the case of early childhood caries (ECC). Medline via PubMed was searched systematically regarding management of ECC. First priority was existing systematic reviews or randomized clinical trials otherwise cohort studies dealing with management of ECC, primarily with carious anterior teeth. After data extraction, the potential risk of bias was estimated depending on the study types, and the level of evidence was evaluated. Regarding management of ECC, results are presented for silver diamine fluoride (SDF, n = 5), nonoperative caries management (NOCM, n = 10), and restorative approaches (RA, n = 8) separately, as different kinds of studies with different levels of evidence were found for the different aspects in the management of ECC. The 5 systematic reviews on SDF showed a high potential for ar...

La caries de la temprana infancia (CTI) es una enfermedad oral destructiva que afecta a los tejidos duros de los dientes de los niños menores de 72 meses (1). Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de caries de la temprana infancia a través del sistema ICDAS II, así como de sus factores de riesgo asociados mediante el protocolo CAMBRA para niños de 0 a 5 años. Métodos y materiales: Este trabajo es un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en el que se evaluó la prevalencia de caries de la temprana infancia, así como de los factores de riesgo asociados en 68 niños menores de cuatro años en dos Centros de Desarrollo Infantil (Medio Ejido y Popular Sayausí). Para el examen bucodental se emplearon fichas clínicas individuales con odontograma y el ICDAS (Sistema Internacional para la detección y evaluación de caries dental). Y para establecer los factores de riesgos asociados se empleó el protocolo CAMBRA para niños de 0 a 5 años. Resultados: Los códigos ICDAS 1 y 2 (lesiones incipientes) fueron los más severos en el 36,8 % de los investigados y los códigos ICDAS 3, 4, 5 y 6 (lesiones cavitadas) en el 63.2 %. En lo que respecta a los factores asociados, el 55.9 % de participantes presentan riesgo moderado de adquirir caries de la temprana infancia. El factor de riesgo de mayor prevalencia (82.35 %) es el consumo mayor a tres veces diarias de snacks azucarados/almidón cocido o bebidas azucaradas. Conclusiones: Este estudio sugiere que los niños menores de 4 años muestran una alta prevalencia de caries de la temprana infancia y que la dieta constituye uno de los factores que más contribuye al desarrollo de esta patología. Se recomienda implementar programas de educación bucal para los padres y para los docentes que cuidan a los niños

Analyse the effect of varnishes containing xylitol alone or combined with fluoride on the remineralization of artificial enamel caries lesions in vitro. Bovine enamel specimens were randomly allocated to 7 groups (n=15/group). Artificial caries lesions were produced by immersion in 30 mL of lactic acid buffer containing 3mM CaCl2·2H2O, 3mM KH2PO4, 6 μM tetraetil metil diphosphanate (pH 5.0) for 6 days. The enamel blocks were treated with the following varnishes: 10% xylitol; 20% xylitol; 10% xylitol plus F (5% NaF); 20% xylitol plus F (5% NaF); Duofluorid™ (6% NaF, 2.71% F+6% CaF2), Duraphat™ (5% NaF, positive control) and placebo (no-F/xylitol, negative control). The varnishes were applied in a thin layer and removed after 6h. The blocks were subjected to pH-cycles (demineralization-2h/remineralization-22 h during 8 days) and enamel alterations were quantified by surface hardness and transversal microradiography. The percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR), the integrated mineral loss and lesion depth were statistically analysed by ANOVA/Tukey's test or Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's test (p<0.05). Enamel surface remineralization was significantly increased by Duraphat™, 10% xylitol plus F and 20% xylitol plus F formulations, while significant subsurface mineral remineralization could be seen only for enamel treated with Duraphat™, Duofluorid™ and 20% xylitol formulations. 20% xylitol varnishes seem to be promising alternatives to increase remineralization of artificial caries lesions. effective vehicles are desirable for caries control. Xylitol varnishes seem to be promising alternatives to increase enamel remineralization in vitro, which should be confirmed by in situ and clinical studies.

Martani, Priskila W 2015. “EFEKTIFITAS EKSTRAK JAHE MERAH (Zingiber officinale Linn. Var. rubrum) TERHADAP DAYA HAMBAT PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Streptococcus Mutans DAN Staphylococcus Aureus” Karya Tulis Ilmiah Politeknik Kesehatan Semarang Jurusan Keperawatan Gigi. Pembimbing: drg. Ratnawati Hendari, MDSc; Erni Mardiati, SKM, M. Kes.

INTISARI
Bakteri Streptococcus mutans dan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus merupakan bakteri pathogen yang terdapat di dalam mulut. Jahe merah merupakan tanaman tradisional mengandung flavonoid, fenol, minyak atsiri, dan tannin yang berfungsi sebagai bahan antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya efektifitas ekstrak jahe merah terhadap daya hambat pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans dan Staphylococcus aureus.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode experimental research. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan quasi experiment dengan rancangan penelitian posttest only design. Sampel yang digunakan masing-masing 1 ml bakteri Streptococcus mutans dan 1 ml bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Metode ekstraksi jahe merah menggunakan metode maserasi. Konsentrasi larutan ekstrak jahe merah yang digunakan yaitu 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, dan 80% untuk melihat besarnya daya hambat dengan mengukur besarnya oligodinamik menggunakan jangka sorong. Analisa data yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya efektifitas jahe merah dengan konsentrasi 10% mampu menghambat bakteri Streptococcus mutans sebesar 8,8 mm dan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus sebesar 7,71 mm. Kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian yaitu ekstrak jahe merah dengan konsentrasi 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, dan 80% efektif memiliki daya hambat dalam pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans dan Staphylococcus aureus.

Kata Kunci: Jahe Merah, Bakteri Streptococcus mutans, Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus

Karies adalah penyakit infeksi rongga mulut yang berjalan lambat dan tidak dapat sembuh sendiri,  ditandai oleh terbentuknya kavitas pada permukaan gigi. Karies terjadi hanya bila ada bakteri Streptococcus mutans dan Lactobacillus yang mampu menghasilkan asam untuk proses demineralisasi struktur gigi. Karakteristik klinis ditandai dengan kavitasi pada pits dan fsura, permukaan halus dan permukaan akar gigi. Kavitas terjadi akibat proses demineralisasi oleh asam hasil metabolisme bakteri dalam plak, yang mengubah karbohidrat menjadi energi dan asam organik. Proses demineralisasi terjadi bila pH mencapai 5,0-5,5. Proses demineralisasi dapat dihambat apabila pH >5,5 yang dapat diperoleh dari sistem dapar saliva, modifkasi diet, atau fuoridasi. Pada pH >5,5, terjadi proses remineralisasi struktur gigi yaitu saat mineral menggantikan bagian permukaan email yang mengalami demineralisasi. Proses demineralisasi dan remineralisasi akan terjadi silih berganti. Keberhasilan perawatan karies gigi adalah dengan memahami keseimbangan antara proses demineralisasi dan remineralisasi. Restorasi diperlukan bila sudah terjadi kavitas untuk mengembalikan bentuk, fungsi pengunyahan dan estetika.

After his first trip to Karia, L. Robert noted the exceptional character of the rock-cut ‘temple’ grave of Berber İni near Mylasa in Karia. He was so impressed by the structure
that he suggested, in a later publication, that it could be the tomb of Hekatomnos. The author offered no argument to support this thesis, which was limited to a short footnote. Since then, other scholars have had the same idea. But, none of them provided any specific evidence to support this theory. The aim of the present study is to have a new look at the question, based on a geographical, topographical, architectural and structural analysis of this unique grave, and to discuss the consequences of such a possible identification.

La caries dental es la enfermedad oral de más alta prevalencia e incidencia, y el mejor entendimiento de su histopatología nos conducirá a un mejor manejo terapéutico. Tradicionalmente se ha entendido a la caries como un proceso desmineralizante de los tejidos dentales, donde el progreso ...

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of dental caries experience among primary school children (sixth and seventh grades) in Eastern Region of the Republic of Macedonia. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, primary school children from sixth and seventh grades (N=396) were selected from 9 Central and 13 Regional Primary Schools. Participants dental status was evaluated using the 1997 World Health Organization caries diagnostic criteria for Decayed, Missing or Filled Teeth (DMFT) by 2 calibrated examiners. Results: The total number of children in the sample was 396, comprising 201 (50.8%) females and 195 (49.2%) males. The mean DMFT was 3.467, with standard deviation (SD) of 2.904 and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 3.180-3.754. Significant caries (SiC) index was 6.765. The prevalence of caries-free children was 21.21%. The percentage of untreated caries or the ration of D/DMFT was 0.5324 (53.24%). Conclusions: Dental caries experience was seen to be high among primary school children (sixth and seventh grades) in Eastern Region of the Republic of Macedonia.

Dental caries is a disease of the mineralized tissue of the teeth, caused by the action of microorganisms on fermentable carbohydrate. Streptococcus mutans is the bacteria which plays a vital role on the caries process. Brushing teeth twice a day with appropriate dentifrice is a rational choice for preventing caries disease. Chitosan is derived from deacetilation of chitin with concentrated NaOH solution. The aim of this study is to compare antibacterial effect between dentifrices containing horseshoe crab's high molecular chitosan (tested material), commercial dentifrice and placebo dentifrice against bacterial growth of Streptococcus mutans cultivated on NA medium. Antibacterial materials are divided into 5 groups: group I dentifrice containing horseshoe crab's high molecular chitosan 0,5 %; group II 1,5%; group III 2,5%; group IV commercial dentifrice (NaMFP) as control (+) and group V placebo dentifrice as control (-). The results of the study after 24 hours showed that the largest inhibition zone was the group I 0,5 % > placebo dentifrice > group II 1,5% > Group III 2,5% > commercial dentifrice. The results of one way ANOVA showed a significant difference between the groups of dentifrice containing horseshoe crab's chitosan 0,5%; 1,5%; 2,5%; placebo dentifrice and commercial dentifrice to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans. In conclusion, dentifrice containing horseshoe crab's high molecular chitosan can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans with larger inhibition zone compared with commercial dentifrice.

El presente Proyecto titulado “Aplicación del Esquema Básico de Prevención en Preescolares del Jardín de Niños Eva Monteverde de Quiroga del ciclo 2018 – 2019”. Consiste en el reporte de las actividades que se realizaron en el periodo del 1ro. de Agosto del 2018 al 31 de Julio del 2019 como Odontóloga pasante de Servicio Social, egresada de la Universidad De Sonora (2013-2018), dentro de la Jurisdicción Sanitaria No.1 en el Centro de Salud Urbano Emiliano Zapata, turno matutino. Se mencionarán actividades intramuros, extramuros, brigadas, así como la elaboración del proyecto antes mencionado.

Context: Assistive social robots, a particular type of assistive robotics designed for social interaction with humans could play an important role with respect to health and psychological wellbeing of elderly. Objectives: Assistive social robots are believed to be useful in eldercare for two reasons, a functional one and an affective one. Such robots are developed to function as an interface for elderly to digital technology, and to help increase the quality of life of elderly by providing companionship respectively. There is a growing attention for these devices in the literature. However, no comprehensive review is yet performed to investigate the effectiveness of such robots in the care for elderly. Therefore, we systematically reviewed and analyzed existing literature on the effects of assistive social robots in healthcare for elderly. We focused on the companion function. Data Sources: A systematic search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, PSYCHINFO, The Cochrane Library databases, IEEE, ACM libraries and finally Google Scholar was performed for records through December 2007 to identify articles of all studies with actual subjects aimed to assess the effects of assistive social robots on elderly. This search was completed with information derived from personal expertise, contacts and reports. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Since no randomized controlled trials (RCT)'s have been found within this field of research, all studies reporting effects of assistive robotics in elderly populations were included. Information on study design, interventions, controls, and findings were extracted for each article. In medical journals only a few articles were found, whereas about 50 publications were found in literature on ICT and robotics. Data Synthesis: The identified studies were all published after 2000 indicating the novelty of this area of research. Most of these publications contain the results of studies that report positive effects of assistive social robots on health and psychological well-being of elders. Solid evidence indicating that these effects can indeed be attributed to the actual assistive social robot, its behavior and its functionality is scarce. Conclusions: There is some qualitative evidence as well as limited quantitative evidence of the positive effects of assistive social robots with respect to elderly. The research designs however are not robust enough to establish this. Confounding variables can often not be excluded. This is partly due to the chosen research designs, but also because it is unclear what research methodology is adequate to investigate such effects. Therefore, more work on methods is needed as well as robust, large-scale studies to establish the effects of these devices.

Dental caries results from an imbalance of the metabolic activity in the dental biofilm. The microbial communities of teeth have traditionally been studied by standard cultural approaches. More recently, cloning and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene have been used to characterize the microbial composition of the oral biofilm, but the methodological limitations of this approach have now been recognized. Next-generation high-throughput sequencing methods have the potential to reveal the composition and functioning of the biofilm by means of metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses. Currently available high-throughput sequencing approaches are reviewed and discussed in relation to studying the biofilm associated with dental caries. Important in understanding the dynamic processes in caries is the metabolic activity of the biofilm; metabolome analysis is a new tool that might enable us to assess such activity. As caries is a localized disease, it is essential that biofilm samples are taken from precisely determined tooth sites; pooling samples is not appropriate. This paper presents the case that culture-based studies are important, but that the fullest understanding of the role of the biofilm in the caries process will only come from an integrated approach determining biological function and metabolic output.

Background. The multiple functions of saliva play a significant role in the prevention of dental caries. Methods. Chewing gum is known to stimulate salivary flow, and the results of studies of the role of stimulated saliva in the oral clearance of food particles, neutralization of dental plaque acids and reduction of the incidence of dental caries have been reported. The author reviews the results of these clinical caries trials. Results. Seven clinical trials have evaluated the impact of chewing gum on caries incidence. These studies have shown that chewing sugarfree gum after meals results in a significant decrease in the incidence of dental caries and that the benefit is due to stimulating salivary flow rather than any chewing gum ingredient. Conclusions. Stimulating salivary flow through the chewing of sugarfree gum after meals has been shown to reduce the incidence of dental caries. Clinical Implications. Practical measures for stimulating salivary flow after meals or snacks should be considered in caries prevention programs.

Les données relevées lors de l’examen du crâne correspondent à l’histoire médicale de Mozart  (par exemple a carie d’une dent  qui a produit un abcès décrit dans la correspondance familiale), son âge, ses habitudes. Les configurations dentaires, l’occlusion, la radiographie et la téléradiographie de la tête de profil s’accordent avec ce que nous savons de son  visage.
The data collected during the examination of the skull correspond to the medical history of Mozart (for example tooth decay that produced an abscess described in the family correspondence), his age and his habits. The dental configurations, the occlusion, the radiography and the tele-radiography of the head profile agree with what we know of his face.

conventional dentifrices were observed for F on enamel, in plaque and on the subsequent loss of hardness. The results suggest that uptake of F by dental plaque not removed by brushing may be the main cause of the anticaries effect of F dentifrices.

The oral cavity of humans is inhabited by hundreds of bacterial species and some of them have a key role in the development of oral diseases, mainly dental caries and periodontitis. We describe for the first time the metagenome of the human oral cavity under health and diseased conditions, with a focus on supragingival dental plaque and cavities. Direct pyrosequencing of eight samples with different oral-health status produced 1 Gbp of sequence without the biases imposed by PCR or cloning. These data show that cavities are not dominated by Streptococcus mutans (the species originally identified as the ethiological agent of dental caries) but are in fact a complex community formed by tens of bacterial species, in agreement with the view that caries is a polymicrobial disease. The analysis of the reads indicated that the oral cavity is functionally a different environment from the gut, with many functional categories enriched in one of the two environments and depleted in the other. Individuals who had never suffered from dental caries showed an over-representation of several functional categories, like genes for antimicrobial peptides and quorum sensing. In addition, they did not have mutans streptococci but displayed high recruitment of other species. Several isolates belonging to these dominant bacteria in healthy individuals were cultured and shown to inhibit the growth of cariogenic bacteria, suggesting the use of these commensal bacterial strains as probiotics to promote oral health and prevent dental caries.

Although chlorhexidine is one of the most efficacious antimicrobial agents used for the prevention of dental caries, side effects limit its application. The effects of gaegurin 6 (GGN6), an animal-derived cationic peptide, and its derivatives PTP6 and PTP12 on the growth of oral streptococci were investigated to assess the potential of these agents for use in the prevention of dental caries. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the peptides for inhibition of the growth of oral streptococci (Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, S. sanguis and S. gordonii) ranged from 1.2 to 8.2 ÌM. The peptides also exhibited marked synergistic antibacterial effects with chlorhexidine or xylitol. The most effective combinations (fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.5) were xylitol with GGN6 against S. gordonii 10558 and chlorhexidine with either GGN6 or PTP6 against S. sobrinus OMZ-175. These results indicate that cationic peptides alone or in combination with chlorhexidine or xylitol might prove effective for the inhibition of the growth of cariogenic oral streptococci in situ.

Objectives Non-nutritive sucking (NNS) is a common behavior in childhood. The association between digit sucking, dental caries and oral health has been studied with inconclusive results. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of, and the association between digit sucking, caries and oral hygiene status of children age six months to 12 years, resident in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Ife Central Local Government Area of Osun State. Data were collected through a household survey using a multi-stage sampling procedure from children between six months and 12 years. Details of each child’s socio-demographic characteristics, digit sucking habits, caries status and oral health status were collected. The association between digit sucking, caries status and oral hygiene status was determined using Chi square and Logistic regression. Results The mean age of the 992 study participants was 5.8 ± (3.2) years. The prevalence ...

Over the past five to ten years, zero-inflated count regression models have been increasingly applied to the analysis of dental caries indices (e.g., DMFT, dfms, etc). The main reason for that is linked to the broad decline in children's caries experience, such that dmf and DMF indices more frequently generate low or even zero counts. This article specifically reviews the application of zero-inflated Poisson and zero-inflated negative binomial regression models to dental caries, with emphasis on the description of the models and the interpretation of fitted model results given the study goals. The review finds that interpretations provided in the published caries research are often imprecise or inadvertently misleading, particularly with respect to failing to discriminate between inference for the class of susceptible persons defined by such models and inference for the sampled population in terms of overall exposure effects. Recommendations are provided to enhance the use as well as the interpretation and reporting of results of count regression models when applied to epidemiological studies of dental caries.

Dental caries is an infectious, communicable and multi-factorial disease. Various factors may influence the disease process. Behavioral factors such as poor oral hygiene and the consumption of sugar-containing snacks are significant factors in caries lesion initiation. Several recent studies have suggested a connection between dental caries and parental smoking, especially with maternal smoking. Children are the most susceptible group for the effect of passive smoke because their bronchial tubes are smaller and their immune systems are less developed. They also breathe faster and thus take in more harmful chemicals per kilogram of body weight than adults. Also, it has been shown dose–response relationships between the extent of smoking by parents and the salivary or plasma Cotinine level in children, therefore, the purpose of this review is to summaries the results of various epidemiological studies, and to determine if the Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) affects the development of dental caries in children.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is closely related to high numbers of mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and Candida albicans. Oral colonization of these microorganisms was monitored in a prospective clinical study in order to investigate the effect of comprehensive treatment under general anesthesia and the sustainability of microbial changes. Saliva samples were collected from 50 healthy infants with ECC before and in regular intervals up to 12 months after treatment. Microorganisms were detected by cultivation on selective agars (CRT® bacteria and Sabouraud/CandiSelect™) and scored. Additionally, plaque on upper front teeth and the dmft were recorded. Parents were repeatedly interviewed regarding the children's diet and oral hygiene, accompanied by corresponding advice. Plaque frequency and the numbers of mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and yeasts were significantly reduced as a result of treatment (p < 0.0001, Wilcoxon test). Nevertheless, this effect was not permanent. An ...

Departamento de Odontologia Randomized, double blind, cross over design Randomized, double blind, cross over design Randomized, double blind, cross over design Randomized, double blind, cross over design Randomized, double blind, cross over design Randomized, double blind, cross over design Randomized, double blind, cross over design Shen P, et al

Context. The star HD 87643, exhibiting the "B[e] phenomenon", has one of the most extreme infrared excesses for this object class. It harbours a large amount of both hot and cold dust, and is surrounded by an extended reflection nebula. Aims. One of our major goals was to investigate the presence of a companion in HD87643. In addition, the presence of close dusty material was tested through a combination of multi-wavelength high spatial resolution observations. Methods. We observed HD 87643 with high spatial resolution techniques, using the near-IR AMBER/VLTI interferometer with baselines ranging from 60 m to 130 m and the mid-IR MIDI/VLTI interferometer with baselines ranging from 25 m to 65 m. These observations are complemented by NACO/VLT adaptive-optics-corrected images in the K and L-bands, and ESO-2.2m optical Wide-Field Imager large-scale images in the B, V and R-bands. Results. We report the direct detection of a companion to HD 87643 by means of image synthesis using the AMBER/VLTI instrument. The presence of the companion is confirmed by the MIDI and NACO data, although with a lower confidence. The companion is separated by ∼34 mas with a roughly north-south orientation. The period must be large (several tens of years) and hence the orbital parameters are not determined yet. Binarity with high eccentricity might be the key to interpreting the extreme characteristics of this system, namely a dusty circumstellar envelope around the primary, a compact dust nebulosity around the binary system and a complex extended nebula suggesting past violent ejections.

neural patterns reflecting previously acquired information are replayed. One possibility is that such replay exchanges information between hippocampus and neocortex, supporting consolidation. We recorded neuron ensembles in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to study memory trace reactivation during SWS following learning and execution of cross-modal strategy shifts. In general, reactivation of learning-related patterns occurred in distinct, highly synchronized transient bouts, mostly simultaneous with hippocampal sharp wave/ripple complexes (SPWRs), when hippocampal ensemble reactivation and cortico-hippocampal interaction is enhanced. mPFC neural patterns appearing during response selection replayed prominently coincident with hippocampal SPWRs taking place in sleep, following learning of a new rule. This was learning-hal-00551868, version 1 -4 Peyrache et al.

Specific immune defense against the bacteria that are commonly held responsible for the initiation of dental caries, the 'mutans streptococci', mainly comprising Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, is thought to depend upon salivary antibodies. The major salivary immunoglobulin (Ig) is secretory IgA (S-IgA), which occurs at widely ranging concentrations in resting whole saliva (approximately 100-300 µg/ml in adults, table 1) . It is produced in the salivary glands by mucosal plasma cells which secrete polymeric IgA, and is then taken up and transported by a receptor, secretory component, expressed on the basolateral surface of glandular epithelial cells and released into the saliva as S-IgA . S-IgA is the product of the common mucosal immune system (CMIS; ), which consists of B and T lymphocytes and their progeny, antigen-presenting dendritic cells and macrophages, as well as specialized epithelial cells, distributed throughout the mucosae and exocrine glands in organized mucosal inductive sites, their draining lymph nodes, the circulation, and the effector sites in the mucosal lamina propria and glands . The CMIS constitutes the major part of the entire immune system, and IgA is the most abundant Ig isotype, being produced in quantities that exceed those of all other isotypes combined. These facts should not be surprising, given that the CMIS is responsible for the protection of approximately 400 m 2 of mucosal surfaces in an adult human. Because of its organization, the CMIS continuously responds to antigens encountered not through systemic (parenteral) exposure, but from environmental sources such as food, inhaled air, and the commensal microbiota resident in the oro-gas-