Clinical Sociology

La dynamique liant acculturation et fatigue apparaît double : fatigue résultant du processus d’acculturation, d’une part, et acculturation à la fatigue, d’autre part. Une réflexion à partir du monde contemporain du travail (Europe, Amérique du Nord, Japon) met en évidence cette double dynamique. Les catégories et modalités d’expression attachées à la fatigue (troubles musculosquelettiques, stress…) y apparaissent comme un symptôme d’acculturation à une culture métier ou organisationnelle donnée et, plus largement, à l’idéologie sociale marquée par la prégnance de l’idéologie managériale.

The environmental and social costs of Brazilian economic development have been paid by displaced populations in rural areas and poor residents of shanty towns in urban and metropolitan regions. These population segments mainly consist of Blacks and "pardos" (mulattos). In spite of Brazil's supposed lack of racist policies, the country has inherited certain aspects of the culture of slavery which create inequalities, including environmental ones that are largely accepted as "natural." Some efforts have been made to denounce this situation and create real sustainable development. These aim at the empowerment of vulnerable populations so that recognized formal rights of citizenship may be actually obtained. The present article focuses on cases that exemplify such efforts including the Brazilian Forum of NGOs and Social Movements for Sustainability (1990), the Brazilian Network for Environmental Justice (2001), and the First Brazilian Seminar against Environmental Racism (2005).

Recension publiée dans la revue ¿Interrogations?. Référence électronique:Vandevelde-Rougale Agnès, « Hélène Weber, Du ketchup dans les veines. Pratiques managériales et illusions. Le cas McDonald’s », dans revue ¿ Interrogations ?, N°15. Identité fictive et fictionnalisation de l’identité (I), décembre 2012 [en ligne], http://www.revue-interrogations.org/Helene-Weber-Du-ketchup-dans-les

Drawing on participant observations and interventions while counseling 160 heroin addicts over a two-year period, the author explores the possibilities and limitations of using sociology to counter his clients' addictions to heroin and other drugs. Important historical changes have brought about new conflicting viewpoints within the methadone maintenance clinic, where acupuncture and Chinese herbal treatments are now available alongside Western medicine Although sociologists have written harsh accounts of "getting the treatment," they have tended to support methadone maintenance, which has been demonstrated to stem crime and HIV, among other socially beneficial ends. Clinical sociologists can resocialize addicts to mentally-healthful social solidarities, demystify the socially destructive effects of drugs, and criticize ineffective, dehumanizing treatment techniques and ideologies When a counselor sits down with a client who is a heroin addict attempting to heal or to cope with addiction, a sociologist would identify these two people as taking part in a definable status-role relationship. Specifically, the status of a counselor is attached to the roles of active listener, monitor

En el trabajo procuramos explorar críticamente la propuesta teórico-metodológica de la llamada Sociología Clínica, disciplina que ha estado en construcción desde fines de los '70 con sede principalmente en Francia. Dentro de dicha corriente tomamos el pensamiento de una de sus referencias más reconocidas, el trabajo de Vincent De Gaujelac, recientemente traducido al español.
A partir de una fructífera articulación entre psicoanálisis y sociología el autor propone que la aproximación biográfica permite comprender las prácticas sociales a través del vínculo entre novela familiar y trayectorias sociales. La hipótesis central que fundamenta esta propuesta metodológica es pensar al individuo como producto de una historia en la cual busca devenir el sujeto.
En la primera parte abordamos la mirada del autor sobre el vínculo entre individuo y sociedad señalando las dificultades conceptuales que supone algunos de sus aportes, como la idea de una neurosis de clase. En la segunda parte procuramos reflexionar sobre el nudo problemático constituido por la articulación entre las categorías de experiencia, historia social y relato de vida.
Dada la relevancia que adquirieron las historias de vida en los últimos años creemos que la perspectiva de la sociología clínica puede realizar un aporte al debate actual dentro de las ciencias sociales.

La sociologie clinique appréhende les phénomènes sociaux et psychiques dans une perspective théorique, pratique, critique et politique. Elle s’intéresse à la dimension existentielle des rapports sociaux. Elle prend en compte la façon dont les acteurs vivent la société.
Le Dictionnaire de sociologie clinique décrit les méthodes et questions centrales de recherche et d’intervention de la démarche clinique en sciences sociales, à partir de multiples champs d’application. Il bénéficie de la participation de fondateurs de la sociologie clinique, de docteurs, doctorants, intervenants contribuant à son rayonnement national et international, ainsi que de représentants d’autres approches cliniques en sciences sociales.
Les 245 notices présentées par ordre alphabétique constituent une boîte à outils conceptuels et méthodologiques, destinée tant aux étudiants qu’aux chercheurs en sciences humaines et sociales, aux consultants et aux professionnels de la relation.

Recension publiée dans la revue Changement Social. Référence: Vandevelde-Rougale Agnès, « Vincent de Gaulejac, Travail : les raisons de la colère », dans E. Tuffa (coord.), « Histoires de vies et choix théoriques en sciences sociales t.5 ; itinéraires de chercheurs », Revue Changement Social, N°17, Notes de lecture, Paris : L’Harmattan, juillet 2012.

Whistleblowing involves the unauthorised disclosure
of organisational wrongdoing by an employee (or former
employee) to those who are perceived to be in a position to act
on this information. When considering whether to disclose such
information, whistleblowers confront the conflicting demands
of the morality of principle versus the morality of loyalty.
The aim of this paper is to explore the dynamics involved
in this moral dilemma. A typology reflecting the possible
responses in managing such moral dilemmas is developed. Three
dimensions related to wrongdoing, namely perceptions, extent
of the wrongdoing and power relationships are also analysed.
It is concluded that, although the conflicting demands of the
morality of principle versus the morality of loyalty will always
exist, there are measures that can be taken to limit the impact
of these conflicts and in the long run even resolve them. In
particular, if loyalty is reconceptualised as rational loyalty,
the disclosure of perceived wrongdoing could more easily be
interpreted as loyalty to the organisation as a whole.

Mobilisant des apports de l’analyse de discours institutionnel et de la linguistique de l’énonciation, cet article interroge l’influence du discours managérial sur la relation du sujet au langage. L’attention est portée sur la parole de sujets sur leur expérience de souffrance au travail. À partir d’un cas singulier de harcèlement moral est dévoilée l’ambivalence d’outils discursifs de prévention des risques psychosociaux qui, en contraignant la mise en mots des émotions au travail et celles liées au travail, limitent l’exercice de la fonction de symbolisation du langage, au risque d’entraver la résolution subjective des épisodes émotionnels. Puis est montrée l’influence subjective de la promotion d’un rapport utilitaire au langage, d’où émerge un nouveau code déontologique de l’échange où la relation prime sur le sens. Enfin est soulignée l’importance du cadre énonciatif pour la mise en mots des émotions et le questionnement de la violence à l’œuvre dans les organisations.

Sociotherapy was launched as a therapeutic system in 20th Century, which has very strong theoretical and historical relations with the discipline of Sociology. Why there was a need to suggest a new way of therapy, while psychotherapy is existing? We have witnessed that there are some social dimensions of psychological problems which require a solution based on "socialization" between therapists and patients. There is a "healing power" in socialization and it has been the basis for all sorts of group therapies, including Sociotherapy as well. In this paper, we will have the opportunity to discuss the theoretical knowledge on Sociotherapy and consider its possibilities for applying contemporary socio-psychological problems in society. Knowledge society gives us a suitable platform to practice various therapeutic disciplines to find out solution for the problems created by the same society. This paper may be seen as a part of this purpose, finding viable and operative solutions to socio-psychological problems that today's individuals experience in their daily lives.

HAROCHE, Claudine. A condição sensível. (Tradução de Jacy Seixas e Vera Avellar Ribeiro). Rio de Janeiro: Contracapa, 2008. No livro A condição sensível -forma e maneiras de sentir no Ocidente, Claudine Haroche reúne doze artigos que tratam, em nível geral, das "maneiras de sentir". Um livro que também é, segundo minha compreensão, uma associação entre dois momentos da trajetória intelectual da autora: primeiro, os estudos da década de noventa do século passado, e o segundo, os estudos mais recentes, principalmente a partir do ano 2000.

Éric SORIANO, maître de conférences à l'Université Paul Valéry Ce texte est le fruit d'une vingtaine d'heures d'entretiens réalisés entre le mois d'avril et le mois de juillet 2007 1 . Il est surtout le résultat d'une quinzaine d'années d'échanges ininterrompus. J'avais bien envisagé une contribution plus classique, mais il m'a semblé que consentir à des Mélanges, c'est-à-dire sacrifier à un rituel d'institution, pouvait être l'occasion de dire la spécificité de la relation que Michel Miaille a entretenue au monde des juristes.

The main research focus of the sociology of business ethics is on (i) the moral foundations of people’s behaviour, both within and outside the business context, (ii) how compatible or contradictory these
behaviours are and (iii) how stable a society or component of a society would be if self-interest is the main governing principle, without being constrained by moral discipline. This entails providing accurate
descriptions and explanations of ethical situations. Whistle-blowing research is used to examine the methodological challenges of business ethics researchers. The analysis demonstrates the importance
of an integrated multi-strategy approach that would facilitate an investigation of the motivations and decision processes of individual actors in the larger social context, especially within the organisation.

Recension publiée dans la revue Changement Social. Référence:
Vandevelde-Rougale Agnès, « Gilles Herreros. La violence ordinaire dans les organisations », dans V. de Gaulejac et C. Lecomte (coord.), « Histoires de vies et choix théoriques en sciences sociales ; itinéraires de chercheurs », Revue Changement Social, N°19, Notes de lecture, Paris : L’Harmattan, mars 2014.

Le titre de cet article reprend celui d'un numéro de la revue Quasimodo, « Art à contre-corps », consacré aux usages subversifs du corps dans l'art. Il développe à la première personne mon parcours de recherche et montre comment celui-ci s'est constitué contre mon propre corps et ses normes de socialisation masculines. L'article questionne la manière dont la recherche m'a modelé, en m'éloignant au fur et à mesure des évidences corporelles de la première partie de ma vie d'homme.

ABSTRACT. “Clinical Sociology” is the name of a relatively young proposal in social sciences. The term is attributed to the sociologist and physician Louis Wirth, a member of the Chicago School of Social Sciences (in the early twentieth century), who incorporates this denomination in his 1931 article “Clinical Sociology” (American Journal of Sociology). Fernando de Yzaguirre made a visual tour that investigates the origins of this proposal and locates another scientific article, also coming from a physician of the so-called ‘humanists’, who advances in 32 years Wirth’s explicit allusion to a “Clinical Sociology “, and we think it deserves to be rescued. The author is Federico Rubio y Galí, an important medical surgeon born in Cádiz (Spain) in 1827, the promoter of the Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciencias Médicas, and very committed to a holistic-comprehensive perspective, in a time not precisely favourable to ‘critical’ positions such as this professional represents. Although in a relatively marginal and censored way, at that time there was also a worry about social problems, around “endemic social ills”, in Rubio and Galí’s words: “caciquismo”, “anacronopatía”, “dominación” or “heteropatía”.
We will present this inaugural terminological suggestion of Rubio and
Galí in its production’s context: from the medical profession and from the
‘humanist’ perspective. From there, we recover not only the term (the ‘letter’) but also the intention (the ‘spirit’) and its connection with ‘Clinical
Sociology’. RESUMEN. "Sociología Clínica" es el nombre de una propuesta relativamente joven en ciencias sociales. El término se atribuye al sociólogo y médico Louis Wirth, miembro de la Escuela de Chicago de Ciencias Sociales (principios del siglo XX), quien incorpora esta denominación en el artículo de 1931 “Clinical Sociology” (American Journal of Sociology). Fernando de Yzaguirre realizó un recorrido que indaga en los orígenes de esta propuesta y localiza otro artículo científico, también procedente de un médico de los entonces llamados "humanistas", que se adelanta en 32 años en la explícita alusión de Wirth a una “Sociología Clínica”, y que consideramos merece ser rescatado.
El autor es Federico Rubio y Galí, un importante médico cirujano nacido en Cádiz (España) en 1827, impulsor de la Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciencias Médicas, muy comprometido con una perspectiva de carácter holístico -abarcador, comprehensivo- en una época no precisamente facilitadora de posiciones "críticas" como la que este profesional representa. Aunque de forma relativamente marginal y censurada, también en su época existía una preocupación por problemas sociales, por "males sociales endémicos", en palabras de Rubio y Galí: el “caciquismo”, la “anacronopatía”, “la dominación” o la “heteropatía”.
Presentaremos esa inaugural sugerencia terminológica de Rubio y Galí en su contexto de producción: desde la profesión médica y desde la perspectiva "humanista". A partir de ahí, recuperamos no sólo el término (la "letra") sino también la intención (el "espíritu") y su conexión con la “Sociología Clínica”.

Article fully available online on: http://www.anthroserbia.org/Journals/Toc/109
- By accessing language, an individual is granted the means to represent experiences and to share meaning. However, ill-being resulting from workplace bullying makes it hard for the subject to put his/her experience into words. I explored this uneasiness through qualitative research conducted through an interdisciplinary approach. My fieldwork led me to raise questions about the influence of modern managerial discourse on the individual and his/her relation to language. After conducting in-depth interviews with individuals confronted with bullying at work and crossing their narratives with information from organisational websites, I suggest that modern managerial discourse hinders the expression of emotions and thereby the understanding of subjective experiences (both the informants’ understanding of their own subjective experience and the understanding of their experiences by others). I argue that this process is rooted in an internalization of managerial discourse, which weakens the subject as it diminishes his/her enunciative autonomy and limits his/her ability to make sense of his/her emotional experiences. This article considers these findings. Through excerpts from organisational communications, the first part calls on the heuristic dimension of knowing via the senses to question the subjective influence of managerial discourse. The narrative of an experience of workplace bullying then allows for display of the ambivalence of managerial discourse. It appears to be a tool both enabling and hindering subjective expression, as it allows sharing of facts at the expense of sharing emotions. Considering my argument that the internalization of managerial discourse by the subject turns this discourse into “managerial newspeak”, the third and concluding part of the article addresses the issue of sharing understanding of psychosocial processes in scientific work.

Cases collected from medical examiner's records are used to assess a three-dimensional model of failure suicide. The data are suggestive that youthful suicide can be explained in part as a reaction to perceived failure, the perception that significant others fail to provide succor, and the belief that others also view the individual as a failure. Implications of the findings are discussed in light of the proposed model.

La perspectiva de la “sociología clínica” ya fue abordada en 1931 por uno de sus pioneros y miembro de la Escuela de Chicago, L. Wirth, en su artículo “Clinical sociology” (American Journal of Sociology, vol. 37, No. 1), si bien cuenta con otros muchos antecedentes. Pero este enfoque ha sido verdaderamente desarrollado de manera más reciente por autores como Aubert, Barus-Michel, Gaulejac y Enriquez, en Francia; Sévigny y Rhéaume, en Canadá y Clark, Fritz, Lackey y Ricker, en USA.
España se está incorporando en los últimos años desde diversos lugares, con dos focos principales: el Departamento de Psicología Social de la Facultad de CC PP y Sociología (UCM) y el Ilustre Colegio de Politólogos y Sociólogos; sin olvidar el Taller de Investigación en Sociología Clínica de la Escuela de Relaciones Laborales de la UCM.
El propósito de este trabajo es presentar los presupuestos fundamentales de esta perspectiva, su epistemología, definición, antecedentes, aplicación y vías de desarrollo
futuro, lo que nos llevará a analizar cuestiones como la necesidad de ligar los fenómenos sociales con su vivencia por parte de los actores; la pertinencia de explorar la subjetividad, consciente e inconsciente, para el conocimiento de dichos fenómenos; el abordaje de la tensión entre la racionalidad instrumental y la búsqueda de sentido, sin eludir un enfoque crítico ante el riesgo del idealismo y del subjetivismo; la implicación del investigador; la coproducción entre individuo y sociedad; la orientación a trabajar lo más cerca posible de la vivencia de los actores; la articulación entre análisis, investigación e intervención; el manejo ecléctico de métodos de investigación y de aproximaciones teóricas; la combinación de métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos; la orientación hacia varios niveles de atención entre el individuo y lo inter-social o la apertura hacia otras disciplinas.
Como veremos, la sociología clínica no tiene un objeto propio; es más bien un enfoque, una manera de abordar los problemas sociales (entendiendo lo social como parte constitutiva del individuo) y de provocar, o mejor dicho acompañar, el cambio.

Comment dire le mal-être au travail ? Que faire des émotions ressenties au travail, celles qu'on ne peut pas exprimer parce qu'on se révèlerait « trop sensible », ou pas suffisamment « performant » ni « professionnel » ? Comment dire la peur, celle qui est jugée « irrationnelle » ? Considérés comme des « ressources humaines », les travailleurs n'arrivent plus à donner du sens à ce qu'ils vivent.
Nourri d'une recherche socio-anthropologique, cet ouvrage présente une analyse du langage utilisé dans le management en articulant les registres de la pensée, de l'éprouvé et de l'action.

Interactionist concepts and explanations of human behavior prevalent among major psychological theory groups are traced in relationship to the symbolic interactionist principles of emergence, voluntarism, and process. I argue that most theory central to psychology is interactionist in nature; that central tenets of symbolic interactionism are woven throughout psychological theory; and that the same interactionist premises can equally form the foundation for clinical sociology as a form of sociological practice.

Sociotherapy was launched as a therapeutic system in 20th Century, which has very strong theoretical and historical relations with the discipline of Sociology. Why there was a need to suggest a new way of therapy, while psychotherapy is existing? We have witnessed that there are some social dimensions of psychological problems which require a solution based on "socialization" between therapists and patients. There is a "healing power" in socialization and it has been the basis for all sorts of group therapies, including Sociotherapy as well. In this paper, we will have the opportunity to discuss the theoretical knowledge on Sociotherapy and consider its possibilities for applying contemporary socio-psychological problems in society. Knowledge society gives us a suitable platform to practice various therapeutic disciplines to find out solution for the problems created by the same society. This paper may be seen as a part of this purpose, finding viable and operative solutions to sociopsychological problems that today's individuals experience in their daily lives.

This article acquaints the clinical sociologist with the sociodynamic model underlying the family therapy approach associated with the "Palo Alto" group and referred to here as the strategic communication approach to family therapy (SCAFT). It establishes the relevance and compatibility of this form of therapy to sociological theory and practice. The basic features of the field of family therapy are described through a selected treatment of several prominent contributors. The authors illustrate the utility of SCAFT for the clinical sociologist by drawing on case studies from their private practice. In the conclusion they emphasize the continuity between SCAFT and sociological principles.

In spite of supposedly comprehensive protective legislation, evidence suggests that whistleblowers enjoy little effective legal protection. Rather than emphasising the processes needed to support, strengthen
and protect the whistleblower, and thereby encouraging whistleblowing, this article explores ways in which whistleblowing could be pre‑empted by institutionalising the spirit of whistleblowing through the creation of what we call an ethogenic organisation. In such an organisation, an organisational culture is established that allows and encourages all employees (including management) to identify and resolve issues of perceived wrongdoing in a way that is beneficial to everybody concerned, and is not driven by process.
Key words: Ethogenic organisation, organisational culture, whistleblowing, whistleblowing legislation

The domains of psychiatry cannot escape an investigation devoted to the incapacities of citizens. One of the particularities of psychic disorders is in fact altering the patient’s ties to his entourage, to the point of limiting his social capacities. Psychiatric hospitalization may contribute to restoring the patients’ powers to act, talk (about themselves) and speak in public ; it can also further weaken those powers. Based on an immersion of several months in an emergency psychiatry service, this text approaches techniques introduced by caregivers to invite the hospitalized to make their own voices heard on questions of collective organization. It studies the conditions and obstacles which present themselves along the way to a citizenship exercized on the level of daily routine. Among them appears the need to make room for the unrecognizable at the heart of the social and political bond. Thus experience in psychiatry teaches us about one of the fundamental requirements of hospitality in approaches to democratic participation.

The collection of dzīvesstāsti always was driven at least by two interests: One of them scientific, one of them practical. In the paper to be presented at the conference I will address the dilemma that derives from this multifold interest in the following way:

After a short outline of the basics of the method of objective hermeneutics I will analyze how dzīvestāsti normally are collected, what kind of frames and influences enter into the production of dzīvestāsti, and how this can and must be controlled methodically.
At least there are two levels of pragmatic framing: A) the type of question that shall be answered by the collection of data, B) the type of conversation interviewer and interviewee are involved in (here the concept of ero-epic conversation  will be introduced); I will make clear how method must deal with these framings.
Then I will tell the difference between the levels of (C) the told and of (D) the interpretation patterns, that enter into the production of dzīvestāsti – (a) the ancient and (b) the actual one –, and will draw methodical conclusions from this difference.
Next I will distinguish between three ways of using the collected dzīvestāsti: analysis, narrative history, and pragmatic history, and the three different ends of these ways: scientific knowledge, historical narrations, interested presentations.
Focusing on the first way I will extend on the analytical process according to the method of objective hermeneutics, and make clear what kind of scientific knowledge we get.
In the next step I will distinguish two main different uses of the knowledge yielded by the methodical analysis: the scientific one and the practical one and try to make clear how method not only can make sure to produce reliable knowledge by analysis but also can serve practical purposes in the way of clinical sociology, which in itself is not science but praxis, nevertheless being scientifically informed and acting in ordinary of the autonomous praxis (dzīvesprakse), provided that it asks for help.

So I will show that the dilemma literally is a di-lemma: a thing with two sides – and that if they are told apart neatly these two sides not necessarily interfere with each other but can be worked out each one according to its own logic, and – furthermore – can mutually benefit.

Few people that I meet professionally know that clinical sociology and somatic education can work together to help people shape themselves through action. For over twenty years, I have been both a certified clinical sociologist and internationally certified practitioner of the Feldenkrais Method of Somatic Learning®. I became involved in these two practices for the same reason: I sought ways to change how people move through their lives. One was more conceptual, the other more physical, but both invite one to think systemically, use imagination about what is possible while working with what exists concretely, and use the scientific method creatively. Although most people who have been interested in the work of Moshe Feldenkrais have focused primarily on the physical transformations that he was able to catalyze and teach others to catalyze, I have long been intrigued by his larger interest in living a healthy life. He wrote about this (1979) in a brief article, where he asked what it was that defined a truly healthy person. If a human being needs no medical services for years and has no complaints of pains or aches, is he or she healthy? If, on the other hand, this same person leads a dull, uninteresting life with marital difficulties that end up with suicide-is that a healthy person? And is a person who never brings his or her work to an end one way or another, and who keeps changing employment only to avoid his duties time and time again-is he in good health? … A healthy person is one who can live his unavowed dreams fully. There are healthy people among us, but not very many. (p.26-27) My overall goal, whether my work has been labeled "sociology" or "Feldenkrais," has been to enable people to live such healthy, meaningful lives. In May 1968, during a Fulbright year at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, I learned a radical approach to sociology, one grounded in the concept "l'imagination au pouvoir" (place the imagination in power, instead of a limited set of beliefs regarding "reality"). Via the teachings of Lucien Goldmann (1964, 1966, 1974), rooted in European Marxist sociological thinking, I was taught to look at people and social change through lenses other than those of North American sociology's focus on role and status, power, discrimination, and gender. I learned to look at lives through the stories told about them, to think about the evolution of societies on a very macro scale, and to reflect on the role of our mind-sets ("weltanschaungen") on the choices we made in our lives. I did not then become aware of the importance of somatic learning-that came much later. Historically, sociological theory has not focused attention upon the body as relevant to learning and change. However, in recent years there has been increasing attention to the fact that humans are embodied beings (Shilling, 2003). My practice with individuals brings these two lines of thinking together in a new approach to life coaching. Feldenkrais' approach to somatic learning uses kinesthetic visualization to expand one's notion of what is possible, starts from where people are, and does not assume that there are any limits to learning. In many instances, this may offer a practical path to living the life one wants, as is exemplified in this case study.

This article discusses the issues and experiences facing sociologists who take jobs in business schools, including the differences in political environment, the interaction and differences between sociologists and psychologists and sociologists and economists, teaching style and technique, and consulting opportunities. It also discusses the intellectual opportunities which come from exposure to research literature on a broad range of social phenomena at different levels of analysis and the access to research within and on corporations. Throughout the article the emphasis is on translating from sociology to management language, assumptions, and conventions of behavior.

Article disponible intégralement et gratuitement en ligne sur le site de la revue ¿Interrogations? : http://www.revue-interrogations.org/L-organidrame-ou-organiscope-un

Cet article présente les fondements théoriques de l’organidrame, dispositif nourri par différents courants mobilisant l’improvisation théâtrale au service de la compréhension. Puis il caractérise son cadre méthodologique avant de s'intéresser à sa dimension plurielle, à la fois individuelle et collective. Enfin, il souligne l’importance du groupe pour la création d’un espace de parole spécifique nécessaire au fonctionnement du dispositif.