Content Analysis (Research Methodology)

The massacre of almost 50 Maidan protesters on February 20, 2014 was a turning point in Ukrainian politics and a tipping point in the conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. This mass killing of the protesters and the mass shooting of the police that preceded it led to the overthrow of the pro-Russian government of Viktor Yanukovych and gave a start to a civil war in Donbas in Eastern Ukraine, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. A conclusion promoted by the post-Yanukovych governments and the media in Ukraine that the massacre was perpetrated by government snipers and special police units on a Yanukovych order has been nearly universally accepted by the Western governments, the media, and many scholars. The Ukrainian government investigation identified members of the special company of Berkut as responsible for killings of the absolute majority of the protesters, but did not release any evidence in support, with the exception of videos of the massacre.
              The question is which side organized the “snipers’ massacre.” This paper is the first academic study of this crucial case of the mass killing. It uses a theory of rational choice and a Weberian theory of instrumental rationality to examine actions of major actors both from the Yanukovych government, specifically various police and security forces, and the Maidan opposition, specifically its far right and oligarchic elements, during the massacre.
          The paper analyzes a large amount of evidence from different publicly available sources concerning this massacre and killings of specifics protesters. Qualitative content analysis includes the following data: about 1,500 videos and recordings of live internet and TV broadcasts from mass media and social media in different countries(some 150 gigabytes), news reports and social media posts by more than 100 journalists covering the massacre from Kyiv, some 5,000 photos, and nearly 30 gigabytes of publicly available radio intercepts of snipers and commanders from the special Alfa unit of the Security Service of Ukraine and Internal Troops, and Maidan massacre trial recordings. This study also employs field research on site of the massacre, eyewitness reports by both Maidan protesters and government special units commanders, statements by both former and current government officials, estimates of approximate ballistic trajectories, bullets and weapons used, and types of wounds among both protesters and the police. This study establishes a precise timeline for various events of the massacre, the locations of both the shooters and the government snipers, and the specific timeline and locations of nearly 50 protesters’ deaths. It also briefly analyzes other major cases of violence during and after the “Euromaidan.” This study includes two video appendixes.
            This academic investigation concludes that the massacre was a false flag operation, which was rationally planned and carried out with a goal of the overthrow of the government and seizure of power. It found various evidence of the involvement of an alliance of the far right organizations, specifically the Right Sector and Svoboda, and oligarchic parties, such as Fatherland. Concealed shooters and spotters were located in at least 20 Maidan-controlled buildings or areas. The various evidence that the protesters were killed from these locations include some 70 testimonies, primarily by Maidan protesters, several videos of “snipers” targeting protesters from these buildings, comparisons of positions of the specific protesters at the time of their killing and their entry wounds, and bullet impact signs. The study uncovered various videos and photos of armed Maidan “snipers” and spotters in many of these buildings. The paper presents implications of these findings for understanding the nature of the change of the government in Ukraine, the civil war in Donbas, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine.

In this pre-proof version of chapter 2 of my book, 'The Formation of Gaming Culture, a rationale is presented for focusing on UK gaming magazines published in the 1980s and first half of the 1990s. The chapter describes the background to the
magazines and asserts their pioneering role in focusing on game programs. The magazines are both participants in shaping the nascent culture of gaming and indexical for its development since they constitute a record of its main turning points and achievements. The study uses two methods to analyse them: discourse analysis focused on three analytic themes (game appraisal; the normalizing effects of gaming discourse and, finally, its gendered articulation) and a more quantitative content analysis that is intended to support, complement and, where necessary, temper the claims of the discourse analysis.

The aim of this study is to determine which values are included in education songs in elementary school textbooks and the level of these values. This study, conducted using document analysis method, involved primary education music class textbooks. Education songs in textbooks were analyzed within the frame of 29 values determined based on literature research. Two charts have been created in order to determine the values included in educational music. At the end of the research, it was determined that although music classes are very suitable for teaching values, education of values was not sufficiently included in the schedule. There were education songs including values such as love, respect, self-esteem, solidarity, cooperation, peace, collaboration, morality, cleanliness, kindness, diligence, friendship, responsibility, patriotism, tolerance, loyalty, sharing, sensibility and honorableness; however, there were no education songs including values of compassion, grace, honesty, generosity, sincerity, prudence, being patient, being fair, hospitality and humbleness. In addition, there were no Traditional Turkish Music Songs for children and there were very few folk songs in the textbooks.

В настоящее время обеспечение безопасности в широком смысле является одной из важнейших функций государства.  Одной из главных тенденций современного этапа развития человечества является информационная революция, повлекшая за собой бурное развитие различных средств массовой информации. В этой связи наиболее актуальной проблемой любого государства становится задача, связанная с обеспечением информационной безопасности. В этой связи актуальностью исследования является минимизация рисков, связанных с активным влиянием российского телевидения на формирование взглядов граждан Казахстана по тем или иным вопросам, и недопущение доминирования позиции другого государства.

This user-friendly book provides a step-by-step guide to using the five major approaches to research design: quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, arts-based, and communitybased participatory research. Chapters on each approach follow a unique format—they present a template for a research proposal and explain in detail how to conceptualize and fill in every section. Terminology commonly used within each approach is identified, and key moments of ethical decision making are flagged. Interdisciplinary research examples draw on current events and social justice topics. Unique coverage includes hot topics: replication studies and data sharing, tailoring proposals to different audiences, and more. The book also includes a general introduction to social research; an in-depth, practical discussion of ethics; and a chapter on how to begin a research study, from planning a topic to developing a research question via a literature review.

Includes Pedagogical Features 

This paper focuses on one type of content, text, which in itself is complex and requires a significant understanding of language and human cognition. Traditionally, researchers used what is now known as the manual approach to carrying out a content analysis of text. This involves humans manually coding and analyzing the text. In the 1980s, the computer-aided approach for content analysis of text was developed for researchers to automate, at least partially, the coding and analysis. Software programs are used to manipulate text and compute word frequency lists, keyword-in-context lists, concordances, classifications of text in terms of content categories, category counts, and so on-results of which human researchers then interpret (Deffner, 1986).

A textual analysis via critical discourse analysis and content analysis is undertaken to examine how horse racing is covered in Melbourne’s two principal newspapers and what primary themes are present. Horse racing is a significant cultural and economic activity in Australia and is thus worthwhile examining how the sport is represented by the press and how racing’s sociocultural role is communicated. A two-week sample period is selected and noteworthy articles gathered for further examination and detailed analysis. A number of themes emerged from the data which have been contextualised within the thesis. Additionally, research on news values and the political economy of the two newspapers along with different elements of the horse racing industry including general scholarship, equine welfare, fashion and social activities and social policy is discussed in order to frame the study.
It is found that both newspapers expressed both positive and negative sentiments about the sport with no evidence of extreme bias. Several recurring themes emerged from the sample; these include articles discussing horse welfare, racing’s history, tradition and social practices (clustered under the label ‘sociocultural’), the internationalism of the sport, gambling, social policy and the fashion and social aspects of racing. It is also established that the newspapers portrayed racing as having a significant sociocultural function within Australia.
These results are significant as they convey the prominence of horse racing both as an industry and as a popular form of entertainment. The examination of the key themes provides an overview of the most noteworthy elements of horse racing as presented by the news media which would provide useful information for the sport’s governing bodies while offering insight into the news values of each publication. Finally, as the industry is prone to criticism, especially from animal activists, presenting evidence of its sociocultural importance provides important justification for its continuation in the face of condemnation.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce, apply and compare how artificial intelligence (AI), and specifically the IBM Watson system, can be used for content analysis in marketing research relative to manual and computer-aided (non-AI) approaches to content analysis. Design/methodology/approach To illustrate the use of AI-enabled content analysis, this paper examines the text of leadership speeches, content related to organizational brand. The process and results of using AI are compared to manual and computer-aided approaches by using three performance factors for content analysis: reliability, validity and efficiency. Findings Relative to manual and computer-aided approaches, AI-enabled content analysis provides clear advantages with high reliability, high validity and moderate efficiency. Research limitations/implications This paper offers three contributions. First, it highlights the continued importance of the content analysis research method, particularly with the exp...

This article explains how to calculate thematic proximity within a mixed methods content analysis approach. Thematic proximity of two themes can indicate the presence of meta-themes. Meta-themes are themes which acquire their meaning through the systematic co-occurrence of two or more other themes. By combining qualitative and quantitative techniques of content analysis, the researcher can reveal these latent text patterns. Using a study on Jihadi media as a showcase, the article describes how to detect meta-themes through content analysis. To this end, the article introduces a novel theme-correlation coefficient that adds valuable information to traditional theme relation metrics.

Nonfiction books are increasingly being adapted for the young adult literature market. Previous research has demonstrated that youth adapted books differ in patterned ways from their original counterparts, often sanitizing content and positioning youth readers as unready to grapple with the social complexity of important issues. Migration is one such important issue. This study used critical comparative content analysis (CCCA) to look at how migration was represented in the original and youth adapted versions of Enrique’s Journey. Enrique’s Journey was written and adapted by Sonia Nazario. Based on Nazario’s Pulitzer-Prize winning journalism, Enrique’s Journey recounts the story of a migrant teenager from Honduras who made his way across Mexico, crossed the US border, and reunited with his mother in North Carolina. This CCCA of Enrique’s Journey revealed patterned differences between the original and youth adapted versions, including adjustments to the narrative style, added section breaks, and a more focalized account of the journey from Enrique’s perspective; however, unlike many youth adaptations, the social complexity of migration was maintained across versions. For scholars of young adult literature, the content differences between the two versions of Enrique’s Journey forward our knowledge about this genre that marks youth as its reader—a genre, this study demonstrates, with the capacity to adapt content for a youth audience without sanitizing that content. That’s an important takeaway from this study because all too often, adaptations operate under reductive assumptions about who youths are as readers and thinkers: namely, that youth readers require role models who pursue their goals in a simplified reality. This study is supplemented by an interview with Sonia Nazario about the adaptation process as well as implications for students, teachers, and scholars.

This paper is a content analysis of personal correspondence between Jane “Jenny” Mitchel, the wife of John Mitchel, an exiled United Irishmen, and her friend Mary Thompson. The letters analyzed in this article are dated from 1851 to 1855 The personal correspondence serves as a rich data source for exploring the Irish-female emigrant’s experience living outside of Ireland. Using grounded theory, key findings revealed (1) Irish identity is critically tied to a political identity (2) exile mentality shapes the ways in which transnational identity and emerges in personal correspondence. Furthermore, the analysis shed light on ways in which wives of exiled rebels challenged gender roles as shown in the display of a “trans-national”, Irish identity that features voluntarily participation in acts of rebellion and thus indicated such identity being critically tied to that of a political identity.

Japan has the highest life expectancy and, at 42 per cent in 2005, among the highest percentage of people over 50 in the world (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications 2005). In addition, this older age group has on average the highest monthly expenditure (Ministry ...

Syfte
Undersöka om det finns en förändring över tid när det kommer till fokus på skolans tudelade
uppdrag: medborgar- och kunskapsuppdraget.
Metod
En kvalitativ och en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av de tre senaste läroplanerna (Lgr 80, Lpo 94 och
Lgr 11). Till hjälp används två idealtyper, vilka är skolans båda uppdrag. Den kvalitativa delen
undersöker hur dessa formuleras, medan den kvantitativa räknar relaterade nyckelord.
Resultat
Studien lyckas inte visa upp att det finns några särskilda skillnader av fokus i läroplanerna när det
kommet till skolans tudelade uppdrag över tid. Gemensam för alla läroplanerna, och för båda
uppdragen, är att de har ökat i såväl kvalitativ beskrivning och kvantitet.

With female murderers recognised for the newspaper representations they receive, it is of interest to study the nature of them in relation to real life criminal cases. This dissertation provides an analysis of the newspaper portrayals of killers Myra Hindley and Rose West, and considers them within the ‘mad’, ‘bad’ and ‘sad’ labels placed on women who kill. With existing research on Hindley and West’s portrayals focused around their criminal trials, this dissertation instead explores their depictions at the time of their whole life tariff impositions. This study involved the use of a quantitative and qualitative content analysis of 40 newspaper articles, that enabled language used in their coverage to be formulated into themes informing of their depictions. The findings in this study have illustrated that Hindley and West’s portrayals heavily reflected the ‘bad’ woman narrative similarly addressed in existing research. In addition, it finds support for their representations as the less acknowledged ‘mad’ and ‘sad’ woman that not only reinforced their ‘badness’, but challenged the reactions we expect with these two narratives. By also discovering portrayal categories not acknowledged by research, this study demonstrates how female murderer representations are more complicated than we assume, and leaves questions regarding why Hindley and West were portrayed in this complex way.

Media plays an important role in keeping people informed about the events in the border areas. In this paper, news related to the border areas in the Indian Express national newspaper daily is analyzed for the period of August 1, 2015 to January 31, 2016. The research study tried to study patterns of news about the border state of Jammu and Kashmir in the newspaper daily based on subject of the stories appeared and sources quoted in the news. The data was analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). The findings of the study demonstrated the Indian State centric approach to the news reporting for the border state. Indian officials and military have quoted in 78% of the news stories during the study period. Defense and politics related news makes up to 70% of the whole coverage given to the border state of the Jammu and Kashmir in the Indian Express. The Hurriyat Conference's (the coalition of parties formed for the cause of Jammu and Kashmir independence) members were quoted in just 17 % of the stories. The Quotes from Pakistani officials, documentary sources and international sources are very less (10%). The civilian perspective is also missing in the news as they are quoted in only 19% on the stories. Only 3 percent stories of the security forces excesses on civilians were reported in the Indian Express during the period of the research study.

Data-driven journalism (DDJ) can be considered as journalism’s response to the datafication of society. To better understand the key components and development of this still young and fast evolving genre, we investigate what the field itself defines as its ‘gold-standard’: projects that were nominated for the Data Journalism Awards (DJA) from 2013 to 2016 (n= 225). Using a content analysis we examine, among other aspects, the data sources and types, visualisations, interactive features, topics, and producers. Our results demonstrate, for instance, only a few consistent developments over the years and a predominance of political pieces, of projects by newspapers and by investigative journalism organisations, of public data from official institutions as well as a glut of simple visualisations, which in sum echoes a range of general tendencies in data journalism. On the basis of our findings we evaluate DDJ’s potential for improvement with regard to journalism’s societal functions.

This article investigates sexual harassment issues by means of an in depth literature review and by analyzing and comparing the sexual harassment policies of selected universities in South Africa. Various alternatives that categorize sexual harassment are proposed in order to form a clear perspective on the different viewpoints that currently exist in this regard. The Authors investigate literature on policy and show that the development of a policy should not be viewed as a non-recurrent process. A uniquely designed checklist is presented which could be employed by higher education institutions to evaluate their existing policies and/or to serve as a tool to develop their own policies. In addition an in-depth comparative analysis of the existing sexual harassment policies at eight South African universities is done to reveal their desired characteristics as well as their shortcomings. Authors conclude with general findings and recommendations.

En junio de 2012, el gobierno de Mariano Rajoy creó la institución Marca España, una iniciativa de mejora de la imagen interior y exterior de la nación en un contexto desfavorable caracterizado por la crisis económica, social e institucional. La capacidad de un país para atraer inversores y talento tiene una relación directa con su imagen internacional y es uno de los principales canales para la construcción de la marca país. El objetivo general de este trabajo es describir las características de la cobertura periodística del término ‘marca España’ en relación con la atracción de inversiones y talento entre los años 2012 y 2015. Se toman como muestra los tres diarios españoles con mayor difusión, El País, El Mundo y La Vanguardia y se analizan todas las piezas periodísticas que incluyan la expresión “Marca España”. La metodología empleada es el análisis de contenido cuantitativo. El trabajo demuestra que existe un discreto vínculo periodístico entre la marca España y la atracción de inversores y talento. Los resultados muestran un predominio de informaciones relativas a la atracción de inversores respecto a las referidas a la captación y retención de talento.

PALABRAS CLAVE Marca España; marca país; análisis de contenido; prensa; empresas; diplomacia cultural

Industry 4.0 refers to a digital transformation in the organization and management of the entire value chain involved in industrial processes. Emerging technologies such as 3D printing, sensor technology, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing are just a few examples that accelerate industrial processes within the context of Industry 4.0 which makes them suitable for industrial use. This study intends to explore the current trends in Industry 4.0 during 2012 to 2017 (up to May) period. The patterns were identified by an extensive literature review in all databases within the Web of Science and Google Scholar. The papers are selected using the following criteria: a particular focus on Industry 4.0 or implemented in the context of Industry 4.0, providing necessary information about Industry 4.0 in its abstract, using a kind of research methodology, authoring in English. All selected papers related to Industry 4.0 are reviewed and grouped into five categories. They are coded according to following categories derived from earlier studies: (1) theories, models, and perspectives, (2) CPS-based architectures, (3) integration and interoperability, (4) key drivers and enabling technologies, (5) applications – e.g. smart product, smart city, and smart factory. A content analysis is conducted to analyze selected papers, and the findings are interpreted using descriptive analysis. The research questions guiding this study are: Which issues do researchers focus on most in Industry 4.0? Which types of research methods (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed) are used more? Which journals and conferences have published most papers related to Industry 4.0? What are the specific keywords offered more often by the authors? Which papers are cited more than the others? Which papers are co-authored? From which countries are the articles or proceeding papers coming more? The findings of this study may be useful to explore potential research areas and to identify ignored areas as well as niche topics in Industry 4.0, support the current level of development on Industry 4.0 and might increase the potential research directions.

The purpose of this research is to understand the development, change, and transformation in the field of Higher Education over the time. To this end, issues, changes and trends that likely have an impact on Higher Education institutions, policies, and administration were determined by reviewing the articles published in Journal of Higher Education. Specifically, a content analysis was conducted with respect to identify the possible trends and change in Higher Education issues and themes over the past three decades.

This article analyses the political economy of news media production in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) using Herman and Chomsky’s Propaganda Model. This method contains two aspects: (1) an examination of the effects that a capitalist base has on news media in the transitioning system of the PRC, and (2) a study of the utility of the Propaganda Model’s dimensions for use in comparative media research. The article finds that the differing political systems of the USA and the PRC do not lead to completely different media systems. The largest differences are found to be only in the civil society sphere and in the repression of PRC journalists. The capitalist base of the media system, however, causes many commonalities, such as pro-capitalist ideology, the influence of advertisers and constraints on sourcing, while a transition towards a US-style system, in professionalization, corporatization, secularization and conglomeratization, can be found in its embryonic stages.

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to introduce, apply and compare how artificial intelligence (AI), and specifically the IBM Watson system, can be used for content analysis in marketing research relative to manual and computer-aided (non-AI) approaches to content analysis. Design/methodology/approach-To illustrate the use of AI-enabled content analysis, this paper examines the text of leadership speeches, content related to organizational brand. The process and results of using AI are compared to manual and computer-aided approaches by using three performance factors for content analysis: reliability, validity and efficiency. Findings-Relative to manual and computer-aided approaches, AI-enabled content analysis provides clear advantages with high reliability, high validity and moderate efficiency. Research limitations/implications-This paper offers three contributions. First, it highlights the continued importance of the content analysis research method, particularly with the explosive growth of natural language-based user-generated content. Second, it provides a road map of how to use AI-enabled content analysis. Third, it applies and compares AI-enabled content analysis to manual and computer-aided, using leadership speeches. Practical implications-For each of the three approaches, nine steps are outlined and described to allow for replicability of this study. The advantages and disadvantages of using AI for content analysis are discussed. Together these are intended to motivate and guide researchers to apply and develop AI-enabled content analysis for research in marketing and other disciplines. Originality/value-To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper is among the first to introduce, apply and compare how AI can be used for content analysis.

In order to establish the commonalities between videos that are highly viewed, this study examined top 50
viewed videos on YouTube. During the coding of these videos, several video elements were analyzed including: title
length, run-time, laughter, element of surprise, element of bizarreness, musical quality, promotional and element of
accident among others. The study analyzed the overall percentage of 'yes' to 'no' in each category. In this way it could
be determined whether a video element had enough of a presence to be considered a viable factor. This coding
method allowed for the discarding of several coding categories. This research could prove very useful for individuals
hoping to relay messages through viral video. By understanding the most prevalent elements in viral videos, it is
easier to create a video that will become widely distributed on the internet. This research conducted reflects the idea
that certain elements will make viewers more likely to recommend videos on YouTube.
Keywords : Sports Journalism, Social Media, Web 2.0, Viral Videos, Popular Culture, YouTube Videos, Sports Videos,
youtube news content, Fandom, Sports digital Content

Research implementation methodology is an important element in any study. Good data
are obtained from the study that is carefully planned based on an appropriate design, as well as the approach that is used in the process of obtaining the data. The main objective of the proposed study is to identify criteria for sustainable construction. Therefore, the right selection of study design and implementation methodology is very important to ensure that the objectives are successfully achieved. This manuscript writing presents the description of the design and implementation methodology used in this study, namely content analysis, to meet the objective. Justification for the selected method to
achieve the objectives of the study is also discussed.

The rigor of a well-designed qualitative research study heavily relies on the extent to which those conducting the study are informed about the theory and practice of it. The more knowledgeable the researchers are about different research design methods, the more salient their research findings will be. As much important as it is to know the philosophical underpinnings or the researchers’ positioning themselves prior to a qualitative research design, it is especially critical to have a profound understanding of the major concepts vested in it. Such understanding includes—but is not limited to—when it is appropriate to employ qualitative research, types of this research method (i.e., phenomenology, grounded theory research, case study, ethnography, Delphi method, etc.), and other such necessary information rooted in how to effectively and efficiently design a qualitative study germane in the literature-specific. With the intent to shed light to these and a number of more topics pertinent to the conduct of qualitative research design, this paper will discuss the content of three particular research designs and their approaches to the type of question the design would answer, type of problem it would address, sample size and selection, type of data collected, how these data are analyzed, and how the results of these analyzed data are presented. Examining the insights of each design with a comparative look, the paper will elaborate on details pivotal for the reader to understand, compare, and contrast, in hopes that they can ultimately design a salient qualitative research study.

The tourist gaze remains a key concept in tourism research. The main objective of this state of the art paper is to comprehend the theoretical and empirical development of tourist gaze notion and its contributions to tourism knowledge, identifying potential research directions by reviewing and analyzing articles that have defined, refined, and applied the concept of tourist gaze. The study identified 109 relevant research papers primarily through the Web of Science and Scopus databases. Google Scholar, ResearchGate.net, and Academia.edu were used to capturing additional work not indexed in the key databases. Qualitative content analysis was used to map the evolution of the concept, distinguish between different perspectives, and identify gaps in the tourist gaze literature. This “State of the Art” paper on tourist gaze outlines Foucault’s original work on gaze and power, which underpins subsequent theorization within tourism. The study identifies how the tourist gaze operates in different contexts and circumstances allowing the development of gaze theory. Importantly, the evolution of the gaze theory is presented after analyzing the knowledge gaps, the contexts in which it was used, the methodologies with which it was applied. Based on the findings, the study proposes future works of gaze with the use of technology, science, nature, and social media. This paper is among one of the first state of the art papers in tourism literature that comprehensively analyzes the works on the tourist gaze, tracing its evolution and identifying future research directions to address gaps in existing knowledge.

Ideologies are constructed, propagated and finally established and the established ideologies set a parameter of what is ‘right’ and what is ‘wrong’ inside the social circles where they prevail. The same is true about the established image and gender role of woman. These social ‘norms’ constructed by patriarchal culture present a woman as ‘pretty’ ‘timid’  fickle minded, untrustworthy, frail, etc. Mass media, particularly movies and television programmes, meant for entertainment, play a very important role in propagating and establishing these ideologies. The same media can play a positive role by working on improving the image of women and motivate them to assert their individuality and claim their power in society. Some movies like NH 10 seem to be working on this feminist agenda of empowering women. The avenging-woman narrative presented in NH10 can be read as a representation of cultural constructions of women empowerment. This movie features a woman transgressing social norms of traditional female behavior through violence with the purpose of exacting revenge. This paper focuses on evaluating NH10 in promoting the idea of empowered woman.

Abstract

This book asks the simple question: Do images make buildings? More specifically, it asks how. The research question is addressed via four articles, published in peer-reviewed journals from 2013 to 2016. Each looks at a different aspect of the question, including: visual conventions, visualising atmosphere, photography as visual data, and the repeatability of these experiments. In addition, the dissertation includes extensive photography section that both illustrates the texts as well as dialoguing with them. A brief description of each article follows.

‘Nine Facts About Conventions in Architectural Photography’ published in the Nordic Journal of Architectural Research (NJAR 1/2014).

This study is one of the first to use content analysis of images as a means of interpreting architectural discourse. Nine facts were extracted from a detailed analysis of images that appeared in 3493 pages of the Finnish Architectural Review (ARK) between 1912 and 2012. Close attention was paid to the types of images used repeatedly in order to focus on key editorial and photographic decisions. Editorial decisions consisted of type, size, chromatic scale and number of images. Photographic decisions consisted of human presence, weather, depth-of-field and camera orientation for interior and exterior photographs. Data, which quantifies the frequency of each type of image, indicates that there is a strong reliance on visual conventions in ARK. When considering the limited range of images used in the publication, it becomes clear there is little correlation between the complexity of architectural language and environments and the simplicity of its depiction. That discrepancy suggests there is a need for research and development in the field of architectural photography in order to better inform readers about the diversity of architectural practices.

‘A Hinge: Field-testing the Relationship Between Photography and Architecture, in the Journal of Artistic Research (JAR 3/ 2013).

This article seeks to share the methods and preliminary results of an artistic research project in the field of architectural photography. A central concern is the representation of atmosphere in place of the standard depiction of objects. Important also is an attempt at co-design through an interview process with architects based on the notion of the dialectic. This aspect of the study is important not only for this experiment itself but is also crucial for analysing the scalability of practices pursued in this investigation. Findings include excerpts from interviews and examples of photographs. More than just a project about photographic practices, however, this study is part of a larger investigation into the relationship that has developed between photography and architecture, focussing especially on Finland and Denmark, and the institutional practices of architects, publishers and photographers working in collaboration.

‘Architecture’s Discursive Space: Photography’, currently in peer review for the book 'Visual Methodologies in Architectural Research', due to be published by Intellect in 2016.

Ultimately, I conclude that conventional architectural photography is reliant upon one atmosphere – the blue and white of eternal summer that has replaced the black and white photography that came before it. A simple system of visual categorisation through grids became my working method for dealing with terabytes of data in the form of photographs. The grid, it is argued, is at the core of architectural depiction, with origins in Renaissance treatises. As a contemporary editing system, however, grids make it easy to spot patterns in purchased / published images, and cross-check statements made in interviews and in writing with photographic statements.

‘Grey Matter’, to be published in the first 2016 edition of the International Journal of Education through Art.

It was important to test the repeatability of this research. Could others use atmospheres as a system for classifying images? Is it useful to look at conventional photography as one such atmosphere? Could the classroom be used as a research lab to test the viability of non-conventional atmospheres in the world of architecture. The second phase of the nine-month course ended in a highly successful exhibition and talk at the Finnish Museum of Architecture. The course and exhibition were called Grey Matter because images sought to reflect the lived experience of autumnal Helsinki, testing claims that good architecture must be shown in good weather.

Findings in this research challenge received wisdom about ‘objective’ photography of architecture. They suggest the need for scrutiny of conventionalised practises and argue for an expanded field of architectural photography. That new architectural photography would be informed by the notion of atmosphere and its categorisation into a panoply of responses to site conditions.

The architectural atmosphere sine qua non, known as objective photography, is taught in schools and enforced through repeated global publication. This research suggests that interdisciplinary courses between photography and architecture departments might disrupt the current beliefs and practices of educators and publishers alike. This book argues in favour of such a disruption.

Book Review of  Hector Perla, Jr., Sandinista Nicaragua’s Resistance to US Coercion: Revolutionary Deterrence in Asymmetric Conflict (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press: Cambridge Studies in Contentious Politics) by HILARY FRANCIS.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-latin-american-studies/article/hector-perla-jr-sandinista-nicaraguas-resistance-to-us-coercion-revolutionary-deterrence-in-asymmetric-conflict-cambridge-and-new-york-cambridge-university-press-2017-pp-xxi-241-7500-hb/4031EDDDBE5242DE765E1E4590BF959A

This study empirically derives a framework for analyzing certainty about written propositions. CERTAINTY, or EPISTEMIC MODALITY, is a linguistic expression of an estimation of the likelihood that a particular state of affairs is, has been, or will be true.
The study describes how explicitly marked certainty can be predictably and dependably identified in texts, and answers the following research questions:
1) How is explicit certainty expressed linguistically in English?
2) What are the patterns and frequencies of occurrence of explicit certainty markers?
3) How much inter-subjective agreement can be reached by readers when identifying
and categorizing explicit certainty in texts?
A dataset of 2,343 sentences in 80 New York Times Service news reports and editorials was analyzed for occurrences of explicit certainty markers (e.g., definitely, somewhat)
based on a four-dimensional categorization model. The dimensions included: level (absolute, high, moderate, low certainty, and uncertainty), perspective (the writer’s point
of view, reported direct participant’s account, and reported expert’s view), focus (opinions, emotions, or judgments and facts or events), and time (past, present, future, and irrelevant). The intercoder reliability results are modest but show improvements with longer coder training and stricter codebook instructions.

The model’s five-level typology is subdivided into forty-three syntactico-semantic classes. Central modal auxiliary verbs, gradable adjectives in their superlative degree, and adverbial intensifiers frequently express explicit certainty, while adjectival downtoners and adverbial value disjuncts rarely do so. Explicitly-qualified statements occur at a significantly higher rate in editorials than in news reports (means of 0.94 and 0.7 certainty markers per sentence, respectively). Editorials have a high likelihood of starting and ending with an explicit certainty-qualified statement, while news reports tend to start with an implicitly certain statement, and have equal chances of ending with an implicitly or explicitly certainty-qualified statement.
The model can serve as an analytical framework for automated certainty identification, a novel type of analysis in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Such a framework allows
tracking of certainty levels in texts over time and among text genres. This contribution potentially enhances automated search capabilities in NLP and other information access
applications.

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to understand the perception of the bankers towards an integrated approach to corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in a strategic way of achieving sustainable growth of the banking sector. The paper additionally provides insights into different CSR initiatives and their implementation process in the context of scheduled commercial banks (SCB) of India. Design/methodology/approach-The study is exploratory and endorses the qualitative approach of primary research methodology by adopting a non-random stratified sampling method. The localist approach of the face-to-face interview has been applied to collect the data from 26 elite class respondents from 13 SCBs. The interview method was semi-structured and open-ended. The conformity, trustworthiness, credibility, transferability, dependability test of the study have ensured the quality of the data. Findings-The study reveals that the bankers perceive CSR as a moral obligation for the benefit of the society, beyond the regular banking operations. Further, the study comprehends that the CSR initiatives play a vital role in establishing the bank's image, brand and reputation, as well as, building a strong bond of trust among the employees and the bank management. Besides, CSR activities facilitate to cultivate a better culture by improvising in the quality of customer service for achieving competitive advantages. Research limitations/implications-The findings of the study represent a significant contribution to CSR theory from the interface of banking and society. Significantly, the results confirm that CSR initiatives play a vital role in building trust and minimise the gap between the employees and the management of the bank. The banks can increase its acceptance in the society and achieve competitive advantage by integrating CSR objectives with the business objectives to strengthen the corporate personality and brand. Practical implications-The study will help practitioners to develop the social identity of their firm to achieve competitive advantages in long-run. The bankers can channelise their limited resources while planning, designing and the implementation of different CSR activities with the overall goal of the bank in a cost-effective way. The study is confined only to public and private SCBs and limited to the geographical scope of one state in India. Therefore, further exploration may be carried out by considering other banks and geographic regions in India and different cross-cultural settings. Originality/value-The originality of the study lies with the in-depth analysis and quality check of the data. The results can contribute significant value to the qualitative method of conducting research.

Research is important for tourism development in many countries. In Qatar, some tourism research has been published in scholarly journals. However, no studies have identified or examined the thematic, methodological, and authorship trends of Qatar tourism research. This study bridges this knowledge gap by reviewing tourism research on Qatar published in journals. Seven databases such as ScienceDirect, Hospitality and Tourism Complete, Emerald Insights, Scopus, ProQuest, Taylor & Francis Online, and Sage Journals Online were used to search and identify articles on Qatar tourism. Twenty-eight articles were identified for content analysis. The main results show that the dominant research themes/foci are sports tourism (35.7%), tourism planning and development (17.9%), and heritage (10.7%). From the methodological perspective, 68% of the data type was secondary. Furthermore, data analysis techniques, validity, trustworthiness, and research limitations were neglected by most authors. This paper also states the implications of these findings.

This study aims at examining the possible connection between increasing violence against women in Pakistani society and its excessive portrayal in popular Bollywood movies, ardently watched in the country, during the four decades (i.e. 1980s, 90s, 2000s and 2010s). Firstly, the top ten grossing films selected through popularity charts and youth polls are analyzed from the four decades under study. Considering the symmetry of the movies sampled, Jang newspaper (the largest circulated and most popular daily in Pakistan) from the same four decades is content analyzed as a day-to-day reflection of real-life crime scenes, committed against women in our society. Then Violence Index, as per customized George Gerbner’s formula (1976) is calculated to identify and compare the trends in the defined time period. Results show that violence has evidently increased against women, both on and off screen, during the forty years sampled. Though, there seems to be a fragile, proportional relationship between the two variables, it is observed that the crime rate against women in Pakistani society fluctuates independently, and rather follow the trends and frequency of the portrayal of violence and crimes in Indian movies in the preceding decade under study.

La crisis política que ha sacudido Ucrania desde noviembre de 2013 ha terminado por entremezclar los intereses nacionales de este país con los de Rusia, la Unión Europea y Estados Unidos. Este conflicto ha sido abordado por toda la prensa mundial y, evidentemente, también en los medios españoles. El objetivo de este estudio será llevar a cabo un análisis de contenido en la prensa española, concretamente en el caso de los diarios generalistas El País, ABC y La Vanguardia, con el fin de esclarecer si estos periódicos han presentado o no una excesiva parcialidad en sus discursos sobre el conflicto. Finalmente, se ha demostrado que en el tratamiento de la crisis ucraniana por parte de la prensa española se ha manifestado una evidente parcialidad en contra de Rusia y sus intereses. El interés y la originalidad de este estudio radican, precisamente, en que a día de hoy aún no se ha realizado ninguna otra investigación que aborde la cuestión ucraniana desde esta perspectiva.

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The political crisis which has shaken Ukraine since November 2013 has intermingled the interests of this country with those of Russia, the European Union and the United States. All around the world, the press has addressed this conflict, and so did in Spain. The aim of this work is to analyze the content of Spanish media, specifically the general-interest ones, El País, ABC and La Vanguardia, and to elucidate whether these papers have had a biased approach to the conflict or not. Lastly, we have demonstrated that the treatment of the Ukrainian crisis made by the Spanish media has been clearly biased against Russia and its interests. The interest and the originality of this work is that, nowadays, no other study has been made about Ukraine’s matter from this perspective.

The ability to identify and differentiate is an inherent survival trait in organisms that relies on visual perception within an ever changing environment. 

As human beings, we have developed language to further rationalise the world around us, communicate these rationalisations to each other and collectively dominate our environment.  We are the species on this planet which likes to build endlessly, primarily by word, and subsequently by action.

As a species we have organised our languages into a myriad of complex forms.  We are masters of pattern recognition, and ascribe meaning to our environment based on this ability. 

However, this ability to recognise patterns within our surroundings can sometimes result in faulty cognition,  which in turn may generate speculative interpretation of seemingly unconnected events, objects or concepts. 

In the era where we currently find ourselves, a platform to connect all of us fuels this problem. 

You are reading this observation right now through that medium.

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This chapter reviews contributions of qualitative perspectives to the understanding of classroom discourse and interaction. We present a brief overview of qualitative research development with
a focus on contributions of language-based qualitative research approaches. We then analyze how classroom interaction and discourse are studied in four purposefully selected journals:
Journal of Classroom Interaction, Applied Linguistics, Language and Education, and Linguistics and Education. Through analysis of how classroom interaction and discourse are used in the
titles of the research articles published in these journals, we make visible the variety of theoretical and methodological perspectives used to study diverse phenomena of classroom life.
This diversity of perspectives makes visible the need for dialogues across disciplinary, theoretical, and methodological research groups to build deeper understandings of classroom
discourse and interaction and other phenomena in education. Qualitative research approaches expand understandings of educational phenomena by: 1) making visible the role of language in constructing classroom life; 2) shifting the focus on processes rather than outcomes; 3) demonstrating how learning and education are overtime phenomena linked to moment-bymoment
interactions; 4) emphasizing the intertextual nature of human interaction; and 5) questioning terminologies and phenomena under study.