Stereotypes

The book is devoted to the analysis of ethno-linguistic and socio-cultural foundations of the identity of Dagestanis. The author discribres
particularities of  ethno-linguistic situation in the Mountainous and Lowland districts of Dageston, the influence of migration, urbanization, ethnic mixations on the cultural and language identity,  as well as the correlation of ethnic and religious identitues,  forms of actualization of ethnic and civil  consciousness,  ethnic stereotypes and other components of consciousness of Dagestanis. Special attention is paid to the problem of preserving the language diversity and cultural identity of the peoples of Dagestan.The book is intended for anthropologists, historians, philologists.
culture and a wide range of readers interested in Etnea-
takovymi and ethno-cultural problems.

Given the prominence of Muslim veils—in particular the hijab and full-face veil—in public discourse concerning the place of Muslims in Western society, we examined their impact on non-Muslims’ responses at both explicit and implicit levels. Results revealed that responses were more negative toward any veil compared with no veil, and more negative toward the full-face veil relative to the hijab: for emotions felt toward veiled women (Study 1), for non-affective attitudinal responses (Study 2), and for implicit negative attitudes revealed through response latency measures (Studies 3a and 3b). Finally, we manipulated the perceived reasons for wearing a veil, finding that exposure to positive reasons for wearing a veil led to better predicted and imagined contact (Study 4). Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.

This article analyses the historical roots of the recent revival of the mutual prejudice between Germany and Italy in Europeanpolitics.The paper seeks to explain the longevity of stereotyped representations of ‘the other’in German-Italian relations down to the present day. To this end, both the national post-war memories and the ‘memory cultures’ of the two countries have to be taken into account. Furthermore, it argues that the resurgence of mutual prejudice between Germany and Italy can also be seen as the expression of a recurrent historical pattern in European politics after 1945. Despite the image of peaceful cooperation that has often been conveyed,the history of European integration has seen disagreements and conflict between the member states, periodically exhuming historic bones of contention and asymmetries. At points of heightened tension, one-sided or controversial post-war historical memories have tended to surface, steeped in stereotype, commonplace and prejudice.One recurrent cause of tension between Italy and Germany has been the prospect of a ‘variable-geometry’ or ‘multiple-speed’ Europe.

Stigmas, or discredited personal attributes, emanate from social perceptions of physical characteristics, aspects of character, and “tribal” associations (e.g., race; Goffman 1963 ). Extant research has emphasized the perspective of the stigma target, with some scholars exploring how social institutions shape stigma. Yet the ways stakeholders within the sociocommercial sphere create, perpetuate, or resist stigma remain overlooked. The authors introduce and define marketplace stigma as the labeling, stereotyping, and devaluation by and of commercial stakeholders (consumers, companies and their employees, stockholders, and institutions) and their offerings (products, services, and experiences). The authors offer the Stigma Turbine as a unifying conceptual framework that locates marketplace stigma within the broader sociocultural context and illuminates its relationship to forces that exacerbate or blunt stigma. In unpacking the Stigma Turbine, the authors reveal the critical role that...

Many mining and development experts consider artisanal diamond mining to be a form of gambling. In Sierra Leone’s mining areas, this comparison also recurs occasionally in miners’ discourses. However, the idea that mining is like gambling deserves critical scrutiny as it allows only a limited, stereotypical representation of this work. This article considers mining as a complex combination of material production and imaginaries oriented by a specific ethic. Central to the understanding of this ethic is a repertoire of religious metaphors that inform miners’ working and ritual practices.
By drawing upon my ethnographic experience in Sierra Leone (2007–2011), I examine the vocabulary of contingency which the miners use to make sense of their successes and failures and guide their daily decision-making. Moreover, I show how this vocabulary mirrors the daily efforts  of miners in (re)producing the social reality in and around diamond mines. What I mean to  highlight is the ways in which diamond miners challenge dominant discourses depicting them as immoral, antisocial agents.

"Entrepreneurship is challenging, whatever your background, in the current science- and technology-driven Western world. However, unlike traditionally dominant, native-born, white male entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley and elsewhere, those who face greater hurdles blocking their path to success primarily come from marginalized and minority groups, both real and self-perceived—including immigrants, refugees, women, blacks, Hispanics, and Asians. Despite their potential to innovate and add value in the global marketplace, they persistently struggle, or fail, because they lack the requisite code-breaking skills. This book helps these underdog entrepreneurs acquire those skills with actionable advice to achieve and sustain success.

It proposes a framework that pinpoints what the author calls the outsider problem—that is, situations in which individuals are primarily disadvantaged because they lack access to networks that facilitate superior learning and performance outcomes. He completes the framework by incorporating personal qualities and strategies that can solve this problem.

Along the way, Morgan distills insights and evidence from multiple fields, combined with a fresh look at the familiar stories of initially marginalized business leaders, such as Indra Nooyi, Jack Ma, Hilary Devey and Mike Lazaridis. He also shares the less known, but equally inspiring stories of others.

This book will help readers thrive while transcending their underdog status."

This article seeks to highlight reality television's most popular rearticulation of the Jezebel and the Sapphire stereotypes while assessing its implications for African American women. Nearly eight decades after their inception in mass mediated culture, the Jezebel and Sapphire stereotypes have been reborn in the form of Tiffany Pollard, better known as "New York", and her mother "Sister Patterson" (respectively). Television acts as a powerful socialization agent, and thus plays a significant role in how audiences shape their racially stratified and gendered world. Researchers employed discourse analysis to provide the rich contextual data necessary to capture the effects of I Love New York; additionally, researchers will illustrate notions of patriarchy and hegemony. Further, the authors seek to provide readers with the motivation and materials to self identify, and more importantly, self-correct. Keywords: television, stereotypes, African American women In...

The article considers the importance of axiological knowledge in the process of intercultural communication. In the globalized world communication with representatives of other cultures becomes an inevitable process, the success of which will be influencing the quality of life of both individual and society. At the same time, it is no longer enough for the actor of intercultural communication to have information about behavioral features in a foreign culture environment, but it is necessary to be aware of value orientations and attitudes prevailing in that particular society. The importance of using the empathy potential as a basic skill in intercultural communication is justified. Analyzing the two types of empathy - emotional and cognitive, a conclusion is made about the effectiveness of using cognitive empathy in the course of intercultural communication as long as it allows a person to expand his/her worldview and "see the world through the eyes of another". No doubt h...

This article discusses two main points: that most traffickers are known to the victim and do not fit the ‘ideal’ trafficker script, and that the ‘ideal trafficker’ image does not represent the entirety of all trafficker’s demeanour and behaviour. The article will conclude by asserting that stereotypical images of an ‘ideal trafficker’ has the potential of diverting the authorities from identifying and detecting all types of traffickers and blurring the understanding of human trafficking.

The understanding of “Swiss design” as perhaps the purest form of modernism places Switzerland at the epicentre of twentieth century graphic design history. Post modern vehicles of thought as well as challenges to Western-centred design history, have left the success story of Swiss graphic design in tact. This paper examines the work and career of Swiss poster designer Paul Brühwiler, and through this critiques this concept of “Swissness”. It proposes that even where a positive national design stereotype is established, this is detrimental to design historical knowledge.

This study employs narrative in order to examine circumstances wherein identity constructs and self-image are reconstituted in the face of oppressive circumstances. The authors of this article, both art educa-tors/academics, explore the role of narrative processes at the intersection of an " art education of place " purposed to reinterpret extant lifeworlds and mediate premature identity foreclosures. Narrative methods open portals for the authors to express both the challenges and the merit of reconciling our identities as African American males and professional educators who navigate predominantly White institutions. In this article, we juxtapose two selected life episodes narrated in order to examine the spaces between iterations of our lifeworlds; our situational, relational, and oppositional responses to various oppressive conditions; and our navigation of the stigmas and stressors inherent therein. These stories and their analysis are presented as an exemplar of the mediation of contemporary identity and the potential of such mediations as a transgressive form of pedagogy and a significant redress to persistent popular culture mythologies about race and class.

Free Movement of People offers new opportunities for European Union citizens migrating into the single market. Th is does however, bring controversy and public debates. Th is paper’s focus is placed on the “Polish plumber” case – a symbol of social dumping. We study the European Union effects on the self-employment practices through the experience of Polish immigrants employed in low-skilled occupation in France. First, the reasons for setting up in France and the differences between labour conditions before and aft er the opening of the French labour market to Polish Immigrants are examined. Th e paper then discusses the self-employment career trajectories of Polish workers in France. Finally, we examine the impact that the Free Movement of Workers has on low-skilled occupations and the immigrants’ adaptation and integration into host society.

Individuals who experience stereotype threat – the pressure resulting from social comparisons
that are perceived as unfavourable – show performance decrements across a wide
range of tasks. One account of this effect is that the cognitive pressure triggered by such
threat drains the same cognitive (or working-memory) resources that are implicated in
the respective task. The present study investigates whether mindfulness can be used to
moderate stereotype threat, as mindfulness has previously been shown to alleviate working-
memory load. Our results show that performance decrements that typically occur
under stereotype threat can indeed be reversed when the individual engages in a brief
(5 min) mindfulness task. The theoretical implications of our findings are discussed.

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie mitów i faktów dotyczących tematu prostytucji i jej legalizacji, które zazwyczaj budzą spore emocje. Większość osób w tej sprawie ma wyrobione poglądy, jednak dość często są one oparte na fałszywych przekonaniach. Błędna wiedza na ten temat tworzy stereotypy, opisując to zjawisko w sposób nieprawdziwy. (...)

An extensive body of research has already illustrated the myriad ways in which media help form perceptions of various social groups. Theories such as cultivation, stereotype theory, social learning, and social identity theory all discuss how audiences can internalize what they see presented in the media, and project that information onto their beliefs about reality.

RESUMEN
Indómita es el resultado de la tesis doctoral de la autora, cuya investigación se enfocó en el cine de ficción extranjero y su escenificación de lo colombiano en los últimos cuarenta años.
Su objetivo central es reflexionar acerca del imaginario colombiano que construye el cine internacional, que permea culturas e influye en asuntos políticos y económicos. El texto está dirigido en un primer momento a la comunidad académica, enfocada en las humanidades y las artes. Sin embargo, su enfoque temático y su estilo de escritura hacen que el libro sea del interés general de los colombianos atraídos por la representación de su nación.
La obra se divide en cuatro capítulos que cubren décadas particulares de la representación colombiana en el cine internacional. Previo a esto, encontramos una discusión teórica, a manera de introducción, que le permite al lector ubicarse en el contexto y comprender desde qué punto de vista habla la autora: estereotipo, alteridad y visión imperial. Por último, encontramos las reflexiones finales y unos interesantes anexos en los que la autora ofrece información valiosa —y nunca antes registrada en su totalidad— de todas las películas internacionales de ficción que de una u otra forma tocan el tema de lo colombiano//
Indómita [Untamed] is a result of the doctoral thesis of the author, whose research focused on foreign fiction films and their depiction of what is Colombian in the last forty years.

ABSTRACT
The main objective is to reflect on the Colombian imaginary constructed by international cinema, which permeates cultures and influences political and economic issues.The text is initially aimed at the academic community, with a special focus on humanities and arts. However, due to its thematic focus and writing style, the book is of general interest to Colombians interested in the representation of their nation. The work is divided into four chapters that cover specific decades of the representation of Colombia in international cinema. Prior to this, there is a theoretical discussion, by way of introduction, that allows readers to situate themselves in the context and to understand the point of view of the author: stereotype, otherness, and imperial vision. Lastly, some final reflections are presented, as well as interesting annexes in which the author offers valuable—and previously unrecorded in its entirety—information of all the international fiction films that in one way or another touch on the theme of the Colombian.

A női ökölvívás megkapta a lehetőséget a Nemzetközi Olimpiai Bizottságtól arra, hogy bemutatkozzon a2012-es  londoni  ötkarikás  játékokon.  A  tanulmánycélja  kettős:  egyrészt  a  sportág  nemzetközi  és  hazai helyzetét  elemezve  megpróbálja  megmagyarázni,  hogyan jutott el a női boksz e régen áhított sikerig. Más-részt  összefoglalja  azoknak  a  tanulmányoknak  az eredményeit, melyek a tradicionális férfisportok – köztük az ökölvívás – női képviselőinek sportágválasztásával, a médiában történő megjelenés által erősen befolyásolt társadalmi megítélésével és identitásvizsgálatával foglalkoznak. A női bokszolók, illetve az egyéb küzdősportokban szereplő társaik hasonló aspektusú empirikus  vizsgálatára  a  közeljövőben  Magyarországon is sor kerül.

Kulcsszavak::ökölvívás, társadalmi nem, nemi identitás, médiareprezentáció

Female  boxing  was  given  the  opportunity  by  theInternational  Olympic  Committee  to  appear  on  theagenda  of  the  2012  London  Olympic  Games.  Theobjectives of the article are twofold; on the one hand ,by analyzing the international and Hungarian situa-tion of the sport, an attempt is made to explain howfemale  boxing  could  achieve  this  long  awaited  success. On the other hand, it is intended to summarizethe results of studies dealing with the female representatives of traditionally masculine sports, such asboxing,  the  influences  of  the  media  on  their  socialperception, and the gender identity of women participating in these sports. According to the plans of theauthors,  empirical  research  on  female  boxers  andtheir counterparts in other combat sports is to be car-ried  out  in  the  near  future  from  similar  aspects  in Hungary.

Keywords: :boxing,  gender,  gender  identity,  mediarepresentation

This study approaches the phenomenon of ethnic food—in particular, Italian food—from a semiotic perspective, keeping in mind the notion of food as communication. The restaurant chain Fazoli’s is used to exemplify some of the communicative strategies employed to promote the association of a company and its products with Italy. These communicative strategies serve the ultimate goal of commodifying the Italian ethnic identity and promoting its symbolic consumption. Through a semiotic analysis, the article identifies a core group of seven themes that constitute the basic structure of the myth of Italian food in the United
States. The analysis highlights an unobtrusive use of stereotypes, a mass phenomenon of identity construction, and the depletion of a cultural capital. At the same time, it is recognized that the myth has some positive aspects—namely, the celebration of personal relations (romance and family) and the enjoyment of a
more expressive and slow-paced lifestyle.

Habit change and lack of time have provided society with a sedentary way of life.
Professionals concerned with the new population way of living, because of the
increasing amount of health, physical and mental issues and high stress levels, have
sought new ways to demonstrate how important is the sport practicing in life. Otherwise,
these researches has made it possible to realize that some sort of sports are not
accepted, instead, they are prejudged by society, by its history and the stereotypes
that comes jointly or due to civilization imposition. For years, the pole dance was, and
still is, judged and put on the edge as "nightclub dance". Thus, this essay aims to
arrange an architectural pole dance studio, in order to be equipped in the Metropolitan
zone of Vitória. As its development based on bibliographical researches, interviews
with drillers and professional Pole Dancers, reference studies and analysis of the
design conditioning, the bid consists in deconstructing its stereotype through the
architecture and its concepts. Providing a more attractive and pleasant place in order
to present the pole dance as sport, dance and art, which its real status is. The
architectural bid was driven by the priority to establish through aesthetic and sensorial
function, nexus with other activities associated with Pole Dance, establishing a
connection between the Pole Dance and the community that stimulate the social life
and the practice of exercises contributing With the physical and mental weal of the
human being.

Objective: Accurate assessment of pain is central to diagnosis and treatment in healthcare, especially in pediatrics. However, few studies have examined potential biases in adult observer ratings of children’s pain. Cohen et al. (2014) reported that adult participants rated a child undergoing a medical procedure as feeling more pain when the child was described as a boy as compared to a girl, suggesting a possible gender bias. To confirm, clarify, and extend this finding, we conducted a replication experiment and follow-up study examining the role of explicit gender stereotypes in shaping such asymmetric judgments.

Method: In an independent, pre-registered, direct replication and extension study with open data and materials (https://osf.io/t73c4/), we showed participants the same video from Cohen et al. (2014), with the child described as a boy or a girl depending on condition. We then asked adults to rate how much pain the child experienced and displayed, how typical the child was in these respects, and how much they agreed with explicit gender stereotypes concerning pain response in boys versus girls.

Results: Similar to Cohen et al. (2014), but with a larger and more demographically diverse sample, we found that the ‘boy’ was rated as experiencing more pain than the ‘girl’ despite identical clinical circumstances and identical pain behavior cross conditions. Controlling for explicit gender stereotypes eliminated the effect.

Conclusions: Explicit gender stereotypes—e.g., that boys are more stoic or girls are more emotive—may bias adult assessment of children’s pain.

It is difficult for adults to admit the change in gender roles in society. It can be claimed that some fairy tale books that have been published recently intensified the change of perspective in gender roles, for example, we can see the rewriting of classic fairy tales in children's literature to break gender stereotypes. Some books such as Prince Cinders by Babette Cole and Kim Korkar Kırmızı Başlıklı Kız’dan by Sara Sahinkanat are works that give gender stereotypes a deep shock. This kind of rewriting emphasizes that children do not see gender taboos as an obstacle. In this study, it will be explored how Prince Cinders and Kim Korkar Kırmızı Başlıklı Kız’dan challenge gender stereotypes from their perspectives.

This paper proposes and defends the multifactorial view of stereotyping. According to this view, multiple factors determine whether or not any act of stereotyping increases the chance of an accurate judgment being made about an individual to whom the stereotype is applied. To support this conclusion, various features of acts of stereotyping that can determine the accuracy of stereotyping judgments are identified. The argument challenges two existing views that suggest that it is relatively easy for an act of stereotyping to increase the chance of an accurate judgment being made. In the process, it shows why stereotyping that associates black people more strongly than white people with criminality in the United States cannot be defended, and actions to reduce the stereotyping criticized, on the basis that engaging in this form of stereotyping increases the chance of accurate judgments. As each of these important conclusions is supported by results from empirical psychology, the discussion exemplifies and vindicates the naturalistic approach to epistemology, according to which psychological findings provide an important contribution to understanding the epistemic standing of beliefs.

"Entrepreneurship is challenging, whatever your background, in the current science- and technology-driven Western world. However, unlike traditionally dominant, native-born, white male entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley and elsewhere, those who face greater hurdles blocking their path to success primarily come from marginalized and minority groups, both real and self-perceived—including immigrants, refugees, women, blacks, Hispanics, and Asians. Despite their potential to innovate and add value in the global marketplace, they persistently struggle, or fail, because they lack the requisite code-breaking skills. This book helps these underdog entrepreneurs acquire those skills with actionable advice to achieve and sustain success.

It proposes a framework that pinpoints what the author calls the outsider problem—that is, situations in which individuals are primarily disadvantaged because they lack access to networks that facilitate superior learning and performance outcomes. He completes the framework by incorporating personal qualities and strategies that can solve this problem.

Along the way, Morgan distills insights and evidence from multiple fields, combined with a fresh look at the familiar stories of initially marginalized business leaders, such as Indra Nooyi, Jack Ma, Hilary Devey and Mike Lazaridis. He also shares the less known, but equally inspiring stories of others.

This book will help readers thrive while transcending their underdog status."

Social psychologists fighting prejudice and clinical psychologists fighting depression have long been separated by the social–clinical divide, unaware that they were facing a common enemy. Stereotypes about others leading to prejudice (e.g., Devine, 1989) and schemas about the self leading to depression (e.g., A. T. Beck, 1967) are fundamentally the same type of cognitive structure. According to the integrated perspective on prejudice and depression, negative stereotypes (i.e., schemas) are activated in a Source, who expresses prejudice toward the Target, causing the Target to experience depression. This linking of prejudice and depression (i.e., “comorbid” prejudice and depression) can occur at the societal level (e.g., Nazis’ prejudice causing Jews’ depression), the interpersonal level (e.g., an abuser’s prejudice causing an abusee’s depression), and the intrapersonal level (e.g., a person’s self-prejudice causing his or her depression). The integrated perspective addresses several longstanding paradoxes, controversies, and questions; generates new areas of inquiry; and spotlights specific methods and findings that have direct cross-disciplinary applications in the battle against prejudice and depression. Ironically, some interventions developed by depression researchers may be especially useful against prejudice, and some interventions developed by prejudice researchers may be especially useful against depression.