Environmental Conflicts Resolution

La transformación de conflictos y la interculturalidad son conceptos que se vienen usando de manera creciente en América Latina como propuestas para ayudar a hacer frente a la creciente conflictividad socio-ambiental en la región. Pocos han sido, sin embargo, los esfuerzos para ayudar a definir de manera sencilla y desde una perspectiva crítica en qué consisten estos conceptos y cuáles son sus posibles aportes y desafíos para una gestión de territorios multiculturales sometidos a crecientes presiones
de desarrollo e impactos ambientales.
Este libro hace este aporte a través de una exploración
colectiva y participativa entre académicos, facilitadores,
líderes indígenas, hombres y mujeres que buscan el
buen vivir y el respeto hacia la naturaleza. De tal
manera, el libro que tiene en sus manos no es un
estudio o una propuesta hecha por un “experto”, es
un coro de voces que quieren llamar la atención
sobre temas cardinales de una gestión ambiental y
territorial basada en el bien común colectivo. Por eso,
el coro, a través del libro, cuenta, cuestiona, explica
y hace bocetos sobre posibles salidas colectivas a la
conflictividad socio-ambiental a través de estrategias
que interpelan los poderes hegemónicos, y que
buscan avanzar hacia una gestión intercultural de
territorios en mayores condiciones de equidad.

The production of liquid biofuels has become an issue of concern in many developing countries, due mainly to the establishment of large-scale biofuel feedstock plantations. These plantations present potential socio-economic benefits, particularly in terms of agricultural employment, as well as risks. The spread of large-scale commercial production of biofuel crops in Ghana has raised concerns from civil society organizations, local communities and other parties. This paper draws on studies that have been conducted in Ghana to assess the socio-economic impact of large-scale production of biofuel crops, especially Jatropha, on the livelihoods of local communities and people in Ghana, focusing on land grabbing and alienation, impact on food production and security, and impact on employment and income generation. Even though the biofuel industry in Ghana is still in its early stages of development, the paper reveals that commercial biofuel production impacts significantly on the livelih...

Water rights as a fundamental human rights arises from the human right to life. Such a formulation shows the special meaning of water as a resource for every person. Human right to life derives from the right to a healthy environment, health, food, education, work and working conditions, and other socioeconomic rights that are important for every person and for which the state has an obligation to care. The right to water as a basic human right directly affects the exercise of these rights. This study analyzes water conflicts that have had a direct impact on the human right to life and the right to water as a fundamental human right, and to other enumerated rights. Conflicts are characteristic for every basin in our country. Poor management of water resources is another aspect that analyzes this paper. The analysis explains why the right to water should be implemented as a basic human right. It will also be illustrated why water conflicts have occurred and what indicates their distribution on the territory of the state.

Il contributo intende analizzare l’impatto che l’introduzione di procedure tecniche e di standard di verifica (ex ante, in itinere ed ex post) possono aver avuto sulla tutela di quello che a pieno titolo va considerato un diritto sociale: vale a dire il diritto a vivere in un ambiente salubre, concetto generale (e generico) che insiste su numerosi diritti costituzionalmente garantiti.
In tutti i numerosi campi regolativi che coinvolgono tale diritto, dall’urbanistica alla pianificazione economica territoriale, alla localizzazione di infrastrutture e industrie socialmente impattanti, sono infatti all’opera diversi strumenti tecnici di valutazione. Il riferimento è in particolare, da un lato, alle forme di pianificazione strategica più direttamente tecnocratiche e che si basano sull’analisi SWOT, e, dall’altro, ai variegati strumenti pubblici (VIA/VAS; Autorizzazione Integrata Ambientale) e privati (valutazione della Corporate Social Responsibility) all’opera nell’ambito della localizzazione o controllo di infrastrutture ed impianti industriali.
In particolare, riferendosi a casi concreti quali quelli della linea ad alta velocità Torino-Lione e dell’ILVA di Taranto, e richiamando i modelli di Lascoumes e Le Galès (2009), Borraz (2009) e Innes e Booher (2003), si intende mostrare come in realtà l’applicazione di norme tecniche, più che configurarsi quale strumento neutrale ed oggettivo che fa venire meno ogni forma di discrezionalità, si traduca più spesso in una nuova e maggiore fonte di discrezionalità per il decisore pubblico a fronte di una sua minore responsabilità. Discrezionalità da intendersi non in senso classico quale luogo dell’autonomia decisionale concreta, ma quale possibilità di negoziazione fra interessi pubblici e privati sulla definizione degli standard, la scelta dello standard da utilizzare, la dipendenza da chi raccoglie e fornisce i dati. In questo senso il riferimento a norme tecniche certe, più che una tutela su materie socialmente sensibili quali quelle ambientali e sanitarie, pare rappresentare un mezzo per porre la discrezionalità al riparo del controllo pubblico, dietro standard apparentemente oggettivi. Nel caso degli interventi infrastrutturali, viceversa, si riscontra ad esempio, sovente, un uso ambiguo delle procedure e un certo grado di opportunistica incertezza sulla norma tecnica di riferimento (nello specifico gli strumenti previsti dalla normativa ordinaria, o da quella straordinaria della Legge Obiettivo), con impatti dubbi sulla tutela dei diritti sociali relativi alla salute pubblica locale.

Transboundary river basins are under increasing pressure due to population growth, agricultural and industrial developments, and climate change, as well as river pollution. Water scarcity is on the increase due to the increasing gap between water demands and supply. This will result in more tensions, disputes, conflicts, and deadlocks in negotiations over water distribution, length of time it takes to fill the reservoir, and allocation. Ethiopia is building the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Blue Nile River with a hydropower capacity of 6,000 MW. The total estimated cost of the project is US$ 4.8 Billion and will be the largest dam in Africa, which is much larger than the Aswan Dam in Egypt. Regional controversies have risen over the construction of the dam between Ethiopia and the downstream countries (Sudan and

Rural life in the Upper Hunter region of NSW is threatened by the mining and burning of coal and coal seam gas extraction. Extensive open-cut mining is a serious threat to productive rural enterprises between Singleton and Muswellbrook, while mining and gas extraction is expanding into communities on the Liverpool Plains and around Gloucester. The marginalisation of rural life has economic, environmental and socio-cultural dimensions. Economically, the marginalisation of rural life refers to declining food production, threatened rural industries such as thoroughbred breeding and viticulture, and to the loss of commercial services in rural towns. Environmental damage includes air and water pollution, biodiversity loss, destruction of aquifers and waterways, and the loss of fertile agricultural land. Socio-cultural impacts include threats to human health, rising income inequality, depopulation of villages, and damage to the fabric of rural communities from mining incursion. The article examines the competing scripts employed in land use contests and how communities are using new and reflexive constructions of 'the rural' that integrate traditional identity, discourses of sustainability and the re-centring of rural life. This analysis illuminates the current situation of marginalisation and the possible future of rural life in the Upper Hunter and surrounding areas.

Esta investigación explora como se estudian los conflictos socio- ambientales en el eje minería-agua-agricultura en Chile. Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática de los artículos académicos en el período 2008- 2018 con el fin de obtener una comprensión más amplia de las teorías, modelos, conceptos, métodos y otras dimensiones utilizadas para analizar estos conflictos en la literatura académica. Para este proceso se seleccionaron 31 artículos académicos de las bases de datos de Jstor, ISI Web of Science, Scielo, Scopus, SpringerLink, EBSCOhost, ELSEVIER, Science Direct, DOAJ, según los criterios de elegibilidad (inclusión y exclusión): marco temporal, alcance del estudio, alcance geográfico, idioma, tipo de artículo, temáticas, que incluyen artículos científicos de diferentes áreas de conocimiento, disciplinas y métodos. Los resultados muestran que el neoliberalismo es la explicación central para los conflictos, demuestran las discrepancias por las distintas valorizaciones del territorio que enfrentan a las comunidades y a la política económica del Estado. Estos resultados sugieren que es importante que el estudio de los conflictos ambientales en Chile incorpore visiones de otras disciplinas como la economía y la psicología comunitaria. Finalmente, se evidencia la ausencia del enfoque de género y el rol de las mujeres en las investigaciones sobre conflictos socio-ambientales.

Les richesses naturelles de Madagascar font l’objet de fortes convoitises à l’échelle internationale. Les projets extractifs et l’accaparement des terres, à l’oeuvre avec l’aval de l’État national, génèrent des coûts socio-environnementaux et des contestations « glocales2 ». Pour autant, la société civile malgache peine à peser sur les rapports de force.

A wake-up call about the economic, social, environmental,
political and legal implications of the disputed activity of
commodities in Guatemala was the tragic explosion of a
boiler in the Fenix Mine in El Estor, Izabal. The real threat to
the diversity and social peace in Guatemala, 20 years after
the signing of the Peace Accords, can be explained because
this happens in the territory of an indigenous people that for
defending the land and nature suffered one of the bloodiest
massacres known in Guatemala, 40 years earlier.
Indigenous-land-nature is the semantic field that helps
unveil the social problems of Guatemala and, particularly,
the relationship between these peoples and the defense
of nature. It takes into account some of the sociological
and anthropological analytical categories, often used in
texts and political and legal contexts. It is important in this
sense, the contributions from Dr. Augusto Willemsen Díaz
in the Martínez-Cobo study on indigenous peoples, because
the main interest is to discover the tensions created by
defending the rights of indigenous peoples against all forms
of capitalist extractivism.

The study examined the effect of conflict resolution strategies on employee performance in selected commercial banks in Lagos State. The study sought to examine the impact of forcing strategy on employee competency; smoothing strategy on employee creativity; avoiding strategy on employee service delivery and confronting strategy on employee productivity. The sample of the study comprised four commercial banks namely First Bank, UBA Bank, Eco Bank and Wema Bank. Primary data was used in the study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect necessary data from 200 randomly selected staff of the banks. The study employed the use of both descriptive and survey research design. Primary and Secondary data were used to gather the necessary information. The main instrument that was used to collect data was the questionnaire. Sampling technique used was the simple random sampling techniques, Analyses of the data were carried out through the use of frequency table, and Hypotheses was tested with the aid of Person Correlation Coefficient using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 to establish the relationship between the variables. Findings of the study indicated that forcing strategy had significant impact on employee competency; smoothing strategy had significant impact on employee creativity; avoiding strategy had significant impact on employee service delivery and confronting strategy had significant impact on employee productivity. The study maintained that conflict resolution strategies enhance employee performance on the premise that they are used constructively. The study recommended amongst others that, both management and employees must resolve to work together amicably by formulating potent strategies and sustaining acceptable policies as effective machinery for managing conflict on continuous basis in organizations.

This introductory course presents a survey of theoretical, conceptual and practical approaches to the study of peace and justice. This includes examining theories of violence, peace, war and rights, as well as more focused discussions of social movements, transformative justice, education and engagement. In pursuing these areas, students will have the opportunity to focus on issues both historical and contemporary and through both ‘traditional’ and ‘alternative’ lens. The course seeks to critically address a range of topics—from non-violence to theories of inter-state war—providing students with a variety of perspectives and understandings of an inter-disciplinary field. Students will be challenged to interpret issues of social inequality, oppression and structural violence at numerous levels; from the interpersonal, to the local, and outward to international conflict. We will begin this learned endeavor by co-creating our own equitable and peaceable educative environment. This will involve a collaboration between instructor and student to foster an environment that is horizontal, non-coercive and utilizing a critical pedagogy, modeled by the professor and used by students. An array of readings will make up the course including scholarly articles, philosophical texts, political texts, primary source documents from perpetrators and survivors of violence, and film. Early in the semester, enrolled students will have the option of adding a community-based learning (CBL) component involving their work with marginalized and underserved individuals or groups (or organizations working with and for such individuals or groups), structured to meet community-defined needs.

Este Manual ha sido escrito para apoyar la reflexión y el diálogo sobre cómo enriquecer la colaboración y abordar los conflictos entre los actores sociales de la gestión participativa (comanejo) de áreas protegidas. Se ofrece como una nueva propuesta dirigida a fortalecer las capacidades de los involucrados para conducir procesos de colaboración en el comanejo de las áreas bajo su gestión, y de transformar sus relaciones mediante este mismo proceso.

El cuerpo del Manual está dividido en seis unidades, cada una de las cuales corresponde a un paso importante del proceso de colaboración y abordaje
de conflictos: analizar, comunicar, organizar, negociar y mediar, elaborar acuerdos y dar seguimiento. Los contenidos de cada sección integran
conceptos teóricos y destrezas, así como ejercicios prácticos que se apoyan en casos de simulación o en la reflexión sobre la propia práctica en el campo.

"El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo primordial el análisis de los estándares de la tutela judicial efectiva y del Debido Proceso en los procedimientos establecidos por la Ley Nº 20.600 que crea los Tribunales Ambientales, desde una óptica que, por necesidad, conecta las áreas del derecho procesal, constitucional, administrativo y ambiental.

El principal problema que suscita nuestro interés en la investigación es la novedad a la que se ve enfrentado el derecho nacional, esto es, la creación de los referidos tribunales, tornándose imprescindible un estudio de los procedimientos que contiene la ley, en vista a asegurar que éstos se regulen de modo tal que, quienes recurran de justicia, no vean entorpecida sus posibilidades de éxito por una regulación procedimental inadecuada, insuficiente o poco garantista.

Los tribunales –y el derecho en general– están al servicio de la persona, por lo cual es menester que, a través del engranaje institucional medioambiental conformado por diversos órganos interrelacionados, se logre su propósito esencial, servir a una mejora en las condiciones de las personas y del ecosistema en su conjunto. Los tribunales ambientales deben realizar este propósito apegados al derecho legislado, de la forma más adecuada, eficaz y efectiva posible, es por ello que el escrutinio de la institucionalidad se sitúa como uno de los mecanismos pertinentes para garantizar que se cumplan sus objetivos, y ese es el sentido que orienta esta investigación.

Con el fin anterior, en un primer capítulo se procederá con la historia, definición, descripción y forma de aplicación de lo que constituyen nuestras herramientas de investigación, la tutela judicial efectiva y el debido proceso. Se describirá su contenido a la luz de la doctrina de los autores y los pronunciamientos, a nivel nacional, de la Corte Suprema y el Tribunal Constitucional, y de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, a nivel internacional.

En un segundo capítulo se enunciarán los aspectos orgánicos, de funcionamiento y competencia de los tribunales, y las normas comunes de procedimiento de la Ley de Tribunales Ambientales.

Un tercer capítulo concentrará el análisis de algunos de los procedimientos que consideramos se encuentran regulados de manera más satisfactoria, y de otros en los que existen mayores problemas, teniendo como base los derechos expuestos en el primer capítulo, realizando un contraste entre los aspectos procedimentales y su adecuación con las garantías procesales constitucionales; en cada apartado se ofrecerán los reparos y soluciones que se estimen pertinentes para garantizar un procedimiento adecuado. Además de lo anterior, se formularán observaciones a otros aspectos relacionados a los  principios y la parte orgánica de los tribunales, en los que, a nuestro parecer, también existen dificultades y carencias de regulación."

Esta tese parte de um caso analisador-revelador, o duplo homicídio dos ambientalistas populares Maria do Espírito Santo da Silva e José Cláudio Ribeiro da Silva, no sudeste do Pará, na Amazônia Oriental, para investigar as contradições do desenvolvimento, a
violência nos conflitos socioambientais e as estratégias de resistência das classes
subalternizadas na luta pelo comum e pelas alternativas de existência. Articulo uma
perspectiva de investigação descolonial em ecologia política para tentar responder a
diversos questionamentos que surgem a partir de um problema central: Como o modelo de
crescimento econômico na primeira década do século XXI e as políticas ambientais se
relacionam com as instituições democráticas do país? A hipótese com a qual trabalho é que
existe uma contradição entre o papel atribuído às instituições e o modelo econômico
colocado em prática, o que gera uma permanente tensão entre os sentidos do interesse
publico e os benefícios privados, que conduz à associação de interesses antidemocráticos e
limita a prática da política como uma anti-violência. Dentro deste quadro analítico em
ecologia política, investigo a expansão do capitalismo a partir do efeito de compressão do
tempo e do espaço, e a apropriação do tempo-espaço em trocas desiguais globais,
construindo um espaço da extração aonde os obstáculos para o avanço do capital são
removidos violentamente. Para situar localmente a compreensão da violência nos conflitos
socioambientais, proponho uma revisão analítica do espaço sócio-histórico dos castanhais
de Bertholletia excelsa, como um ambiente antropogênico, transformado em um espaço de
conflito territorial com o avanço do capitalismo e os cercamentos. Em uma ecologia dos
saberes, é desenvolvido um procedimento investigativo que busca registrar experiências na
construção de alternativas. Estas alternativas emergem da luta dos movimentos sociais
aprendidos como um processo epistêmico, o qual sustento por uma revisão da formação do
movimento sindical e a construção da ideia do agroextrativismo como uma possibilidade
alternativa de desenvolvimento sustentável em uma luta contra-hegemônica contra a
privatização do comum. O processo de privatização do comum é entendido como um
movimento continuado, violento, e que visa separar a classe trabalhadora das condições
materiais de reprodução. Como principal contribuição, interpreto a "ousadia" como revolta
constituidora do processo de subjetificação na luta pelo comum e pela vida.
____
This thesis elaborates on a core case-study, the murder of Maria do Espírito Santo and José
Cláudio Ribeiro da Silva, a couple of ‘popular environmentalists’ in the southeast part of
the state of Para, in the Eastern Amazon, to investigate broader contradictions of
development and the role of violence and resistance in socio-environmental conflicts,
focusing on subalternized classes in the struggle for the commons and alternatives to
existence. My proposal is to articulate a decolonial research perspective in Political
Ecology, in order to answer the central question of this research: how has the accelerated
economic growth model pursued by Brazilian governments in the first decade of the 21st
century affected the country’s environmental politics and democracy itself? My hypothesis
is that there is a main contradiction between the role of state institutions and the economic
model, which produces a permanent tension between public interests and private benefits;
this tends to produce an antidemocratic association of interests between State and the
private sector, which limits the exercise of politics, understood as the opposite of violence.
Building upon the analytical framework of Political Ecology, I investigate the expansion of
capitalism from its main effect of "time-space compression" in unequal global exchange, a
process that constructs spaces of extraction where any obstacle to the advancement of
capital must be violently removed. In order to situate locally the understanding of violence
in environmental conflicts, I propose a socio-historical review of the forestry space of the
castanhais (chestnut forest) of Bertholletia excelsa (Brazilian nut) as an anthropogenic
environment, inhabited by human populations through the past 9.000 years and, until
recently, a territory occupied by Tupi and Macro-Jê Amerindians populations. This
anthropogenic forest has been transformed into a space of territorial and environmental
conflicts through the expansion of capitalism and enclosures during the last century. Using
the sociological perspective of the "ecology of knowledges", I develop a process of
investigation that aims to articulate different experiences in the construction of economic
alternatives and alternative forms of existence as they emerge from the struggle of labor/
social movements in the rural areas of Amazonia. These are built around the idea of
agroextractivism as a possible alternative to sustainable development and deforestation, in
a counter-hegemonic movement against the privatization of the commons and
overexploitation of labour. I look at the process of privatization of the commons as a
violent movement that has as its main objective to divide the working class from its
material conditions of reproduction. The main theoretical contribution of the thesis is a
reflection on the concept of "dare" (ousadia), as Maria do Espírito Santo would describe
what motivates her and Zé Claudio to fight for the forest: as a revolt of subjectification in
the struggle for the commons and for life.

This is hot off the (virtual) presses, and not yet released on Cap-Net's website (www.cap-net.org) as there are still a few little things to complete. This is the 2nd edition of our training manual. Following 5 years of use, it was clear that the manual was in need of an update, so here it is. It is co-authored with Kidanemariam Jembere  (Ethiopia) and Daisy Nheta (Zimbabwe), and has benefited from the direct inputs of Piet Heyns (Namibia) and Ronald Radebe (South Africa).

Desde finales de la primera década del siglo XXI, en América Latina
la presión por el uso y explotación de recursos naturales ha
ido en un aumento. Frente a esta tendencia neo-extractivista y
como resistencia a la misma se ha evidenciado un incremento de
la protesta social y la conflictividad socioambiental. En este artículo
tratamos de acercarnos a la comprensión de las dinámicas
de la conflictividad socioambiental a través de una discusión del
potencial que ofrece la teoría y práctica de la caracterización y
análisis de conflictos, y esto desde la ecología política y para el
campo de la justicia ambiental.
Un aspecto central de este marco es la atención prestada a la
comprensión del papel que las dinámicas del poder y la cultura
juegan en los conflictos ambientales y su transformación. Discutimos
este marco e ilustramos su utilidad práctica a la luz de la experiencia
de la institucionalidad costarricense y de su economía
social y solidaria, que ha buscado impactar en el poder hegemónico
para ayudar a reducir las asimetrías estructurales e injusticias
sociales que dan origen a los conflictos socio ambiéntales. Mostramos
que, a través del fortalecimiento de la institucionalidad,
los sistemas de gobernanza y el sistema económico, es posible
generar cambios sociales que redunden en mayor justicia ambiental
y social, principalmente para el campesinado y los pueblos
indígenas.

This article argues for revisiting the institutional architecture of wildlife conservation in light of two recent trends: Increased popularity of landscape-level approaches; and, the recognition that conservation interventions must address longstanding questions of forest and land rights of local residents. The inquiry draws upon primary research conducted in Kanha National Park and Tiger Reserve, which is world renowned for its rich flora and fauna, but is also the site of a longstanding struggle over land rights of Adivasis, India’s indigenous people. The institutional landscape of contemporary wildlife conservation, this article shows, is a product of the interlocking of socioeconomic inequalities and the dominant models of wildlife conservation. The analysis presented here follows a political economy of institutions approach, which underlines how the social, economic, and political contexts shape institutional outcomes. Findings from this analysis inform the proposals for transformational institutional interventions aimed to meet the triple bottom line of social justice, broad-based economic development, and ecological stewardship.

Transboundary Conservation Areas (TBCAs), such as Parks for Peace, have been heralded for their potential to foster peaceful relations, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable development. Yet, critics point out failings of TBCAs, including multiple conflicts between protected ecosystems, local communities, and neighboring governments. This essay suggests that TBCAs’ failings result in part from a lack of connection between three intertwined types of peace: international peace between states, social peace within and between communities, and ecological peace between humans and the non- human. This calls for integrative approaches bringing about multi- scalar socioenvironmental peace, whereby each category of peace reinforces the others. These connected peaces are essential for just and positive peace, not only in TBCAs, but for the Whole Earth.

My master thesis investigate human wildlife relationship between Maasai people and local wildlife. The work analyse both socio-cultural aspects connected to wildlife, through the study of traditional folktales,  and both historical and political history of conservation, in order to frame the Maasai relation with wildlife. My thesis focus specifically on key socio-ecological species as elephant, lion and hyenas and their changing representation into wildlife folktales of the Maasai. This work has relevance because interesect, social, cultural, political and ecological aspects connected to Maasai-wildlife relations to have a comprehensive and deep perspective on human-wildlife conflicts in Kenyan Maasailand.

Abstract
The paper seeks to gain a deeper insight on an impending conflict on unsustainable use of environment in Kenya. The generation of
the day seems to extract more from the environment with little regard to Mother Nature and future generations. These acts of threat
directed to the environment are contrary to the guiding principles of sustainable development, thus contradicts ‘inter’ and ‘intra’
generational principles of environmental sustainability. Environment management in Kenya has experienced a number of setbacks
owing to the detachment of locals from conservation, and insufficient awareness on how to manage environment. Further, the
government policies on environment sometimes conflict with the locals’ principles that are traditional in nature and which if
incorporated may serve a great deal in the management of environment. The paper seeks to answer the following questions; what
are some of the causes of conflict on environment? How can sustainability in environment be achieved? What are some of the
African traditional approaches in environmental conservation? Are taboos still viable in the management of environment? And
finally, is it high time we start ‘protecting’ and not ‘managing’ environment and its resources as captured on Kenya’s lead National
Environment Management Authority (NEMA)? By looking at two cases, this paper highlights two situations; The Katuk- Odeyo
gulley erosion, a representation of a hidden conflict and the Mt. Elgon land case, an example of a full blown conflict on environment.
Keywords: Inter-generation, Intra-generation, Totem, Policy, Conflict, Environment, Security

Le Parc National du Haut Atlas Oriental a été imposé en 2004 aux populations les plus déshéritées du Maroc afin de protéger principalement le cèdre et le mouflon à manchettes. Cet encadrement par le haut pose la question classique de l’acceptance par les usagers traditionnels qui ont été exclus du processus décisionnel. Or l’étude de terrain révèle des appropriations divergentes par les acteurs politiques concernés par le Parc. Au nord, dans la commune d’Anemzi, des élus profitent de l’absence de concertation des populations locales pour manipuler les rancœurs entre les usagers et les agents forestiers. La création d’un climat de conflit permanent leur permet de maintenir les habitants dans l’isolement pour détourner librement la manne des ressources forestières. Au sud, dans la commune d’Imilchil, le tourisme international a favorisé l’émergence d’associatifs désireux de participer des grands mouvements mondiaux. Ces derniers deviennent les relais privilégiés des programmes de développement local impulsés par l’administration des eaux et forêts. La protection de la biodiversité devient alors un argument pour obtenir des compensations financières à même d’assurer le développement local. Par ailleurs, le Parc National est inscrit dans un combat politique plus vaste par des individus qui se sentent méprisés et qui désirent obtenir la reconnaissance de leur rôle social au sein de la nation et la valorisation de leur identité culturelle, l’amazighité. Dès lors, la structure d’abord présentée comme un encadrement du délit de pauvreté devient le support de revendications de davantage de justice spatiale.

This article examines why the Canaima National Park carries bad associations for the Pemon and suggests ways in which UNESCO and the World Heritage Committee could help to ensure that indigenous peoples’ and traditional inhabitants’ world views and rights receive greater consideration in the future implementation of the World Heritage Convention.

This study explains aspects and strategies of critical decision in crisis management. Critical decisions enable organizations to cope with consequential environmental threats or take advantage of important opportunities in the presence of highly restricted time. In particular, critical decisions involve a process of thinking and acting for optimal solutions to complex problems in the presence of highly restricted time and aversive environments. The context of critical decisions can be due to scarce natural/economic resources, uncertain factors, aversive environment, environmental difficulties, ambiguous circumstances, unclear and volatile situations, or a combination of these factors. Firstly, this study presents different typologies of endogenous and exogenous crises for organizations and different types of critical decisions that can be categorized in responsitive, proactive and recovery. Secondly, the study proposes strategies for critical decisions in different environments based on theory of rational choice. Final part of this study shows how a complex problem can be treated in a wider perspective of ecological rationality by approaches of resolution, solution and dissolution that lead to satisficing critical decisions for bounded rationality of human societies.

Following on a pamphlet-style guide to consensus building principles, published by the Canadian National Roundtable on the Economy and the Environment, this volume unpacks and elaborates on the key principles and uses a case study approach to provide guides to practitioners.