Framing

Neugier ist eine entscheidende Triebkraft, die Neues entstehen lässt, Wissensgewinn fördert und biologisch tief verwurzelt ist. Dies zeigt sich auch daran, dass die Erfüllung der Neugier, also die Reduktion des Nicht-Wissens, das neuronale Belohnungssystem aktiviert und dass das Fehlen von neuen Reizen (sensorische Deprivation) einen unerträglichen Zustand darstellt. Sowohl im individuellen als auch im evolutionären Maßstab sind Entwicklungen schwer vorstellbar ohne den Drang, Neues zu erleben, neue Handlungen auszuprobieren und Unbekanntes zu entdecken. Biologische Studien zeigen, dass sowohl Neophilie als auch Neophobie situativ vor- und nachteilig sein können, und ein Individuum Gewinn und Risiko jeweils gegeneinander abwägen muss. Zuwenig Neugier schränkt die Möglichkeit des Lernens ein, wohingegen zuviel Neugier Gefahren bergen kann. Vielleicht ist dies ein Grund, weswegen wir unsere Neugier auch im künstlerischen Modus zu stillen suchen. Die künstlerische Rahmung bietet einen Raum, in dem wir Erfahrungen sammeln können, ohne dabei allzu große Risiken eingehen zu müssen. Auf diese Weise erlaubt der künstlerische Modus, tief genug in eine Erfahrung einzutauchen, und dennoch gleichzeitig die Möglichkeit zu empfinden, trotz des Erkenntnisgewinns ohne andere gravierende Konsequenzen in das nicht künstlerisch gerahmte Leben zurück zu kehren. So bietet die Kunst einen geschützten und gleichzeitig potentiell wirklichkeitsverändernden Raum für Erfahrungen. Diese künstlerischen Erfahrungen sind auch die Quelle für eine künstlerische Art zu forschen, die zu spezifischen Erkenntnissen führen kann. Auch wenn die Neugier in der Kunstwelt eher eine periphere Rolle spielen mag, kann sie auf diese Weise dazu beitragen, unser Wissen über uns und die Welt zu verändern und zu vermehren.

The Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 was marked by the securitization of the political identity of Russian speakers living in Crimea. Discourse from Russian President Vladimir Putin as well as other important Russian political actors all framed the situation in Crimea as one that required exceptional and emergency measures from the Russian state. How did this happen? This thesis aims to examine how Russia securitized political identity by using methodology and discourse analysis from the Copenhagen School of Security Studies. Beyond simply a discourse analysis, this research also aims to determine what the actual reasons were for the annexation. In doing so, the thesis conducts a historical and cultural analysis of Russian-Ukrainian relations, examines the international, domestic, and local factors of the annexation, summarizes the Russian explanation for their actions, thoroughly analyzes the relevant discourse on the subject, asks what the actual reasons for annexation may have been, examines a similar case study of South Ossetia and asks what the implications of this securitizing move will be. Particularly interesting is that the role of political identity as a tool to be securitized will most likely remain geopolitical in nature. Further, the thesis overall makes a claim that abstract ideas that are securitized do not need to be present objective threats to the state. They simply need to be presented as such, The framing of the narrative surrounding the Crimean annexation is not only interesting due to its manipulation of facts, but to its ultimate circling of the question of whether Russia and Ukraine share a common historical memory, as the Russian explanation would have observers believe.

How social phenomenon are defined – or framed – is assumed to inform subsequent policy. Yet, the actual relationship between framing and policymaking remains understudied and undertheorized. This article aims to remedy this deficit by drawing on three broad sociological and political science literatures that rarely speak to each other but which together provide insights and theoretical leverage for addressing this question. Specifically, it draws on the literature on social movements and framing, social problem construction, and political theory (on agenda setting, ideas-driven policy, and policy instruments). It presents theoretical propositions for predicting relative consistency between dominant social problem frames and subsequent public policy, in order to animate and guide subsequent research. It argues that the relationship between social problem framing and policymaking – whether seemingly consistent or inconsistent – must be systematically problematized [First lines]

Purpose-To offer greater insight in the role of blogs in the creation of a more transparent news media system and a more democratic political reality. Design/methodology/approach-Framing theory is employed as a conceptual tool to re-interpret existing evidence of the performance of news blogs during situations of political conflict and war. A theoretical analysis is developed setting out the premises of the challenge that blogs can pose to the framing of conflict by mainstream media. The analysis incorporates empirical examples of reporting conflict and war in the blogosphere. Finally, with the aid of international relations theories, the role of blogs is evaluated in terms of the political transparency and accountability they could offer during conflict and war. Findings-The analysis demonstrated that by promoting alternative and progressive voices, blogs have the capacity to shift the power over framing away from the usual sources in the news reporting of political conflict and turn the media system into a greater constraining factor for governments than even before. Originality/value-Presents a novel approach to the interaction between blogs and mainstream media by combining theories from the disciplines of communications and international relations. The analysis generated a hypothesis that can be empirically assessed with the investigation of the framing output of influential news blogs and mainstream news media during political conflict and war.

The NFL protests are only one of many celebrity-fueled political controversies during the Trump presidency. Why is there such a proliferation of celebrity activism? More importantly, does it amount to anything? What does our knowledge of celebrity influence tell us about the recent NFL controversy?

Ο λαϊκισμός έχει παρεισφρήσει πάλι στο δημόσιο διάλογο - κάποιοι θα έλεγαν ότι δεν χάθηκε και ποτέ - σχηματίζοντας τις αντιλήψεις, τις ελπίδες, τους φόβους και τελικά την πολιτική στάση των πολιτών. Η χαοτική κατάσταση που επέφερε το δημοψήφισμα του Brexit χαρακτηρίστηκε από ερευνητές και δημοσιογράφους ως νίκη του λαϊκισμού, ενώ χρησιμοποιήθηκε από τις πολιτικές ελίτ ως χαρακτηρισμός για τη μη φερεγγυότητα της αντίπαλης πλευράς. Αυτή η εργασία έχει ως στόχο να αναδείξει την επιρροή του λαϊκισμού εξετάζοντας σε μικρο - επίπεδο τα επιχειρήματα που χρησιμοποίησαν οι επαγγελματικές ομάδες “βάσης” που σχηματίστηκαν και έδρασαν κυρίως μέσω Facebook κατά την προεκλογική περίοδο. Μέσω της σύγκρισης δύο περιόδων, μια πριν το δημοψήφισμα της 23ης Ιουνίου και πριν τις 25 Νοεμβρίου 2018, ανέλυσα 800 δημοσιεύσεις, συγκρίνοντας κάθε ομάδα “βάσης” με το αντίστοιχο εργατικό σωματείο. Επιπλέον, βασιζόμενη στη θεωρία συλλογικής δράσης, αυτή η εργασία ανέπτυξε ένα σύνολο πλαισίων χρήσιμων για την ανάλυση των λαϊκισμού. Σε αντίθεση με την εδραιωμένη θεωρία, τα κινήματα “βάσης” δεν ήταν τελικά πιο ριζοσπαστικά στα επιχειρήματα τους σε σχέση με τους θεσμικούς τους συνομιλητές, τα εργατικά σωματεία. Ωστόσο, η διαβρωτική φύση του λαϊκισμού φαίνεται να χρησιμοποιεί διάφορες κοινωνικο - οικονομικές ομάδες προκειμένου να φτάσει και να επηρεάσει το ευρύτερο κοινό.

Members of newly formed design teams have different framesimplicit values, goals and assumptions -each of them hold about what problems are important and how they are best addressed. In the early, informal phases of design projects, these frames, and the degree to which they are shared within the team, have substantial consequences. However, little is known about the interactions and activities that reveal frames and support frame sharing in teams. Our study follows 22 newly-formed multi-disciplinary teams through the early phases of the design process in a New Product Development course. We used a mixed method, interdisciplinary approach to understand the dynamic process through which design frames are socially negotiated and shared. We identified core framing activities of design teams and propose a framing cycle of pseudo-frame setting, making individuals' frames explicit, making frame conflicts salient, and building a common frame.

The article is a theoretical and semantic analysis of the concept of Public Interest. It starts with a focus on the ambiguity of the concepts of interest and public, whose different interpretations directly impact the understanding of the expression "Public Interest." An examination follows of the most important contributions in the literature on the idea of Public Interest. A distinction is then drawn between the concept and different conceptions of it. In particular, I propose a typology of five ideal-typical conceptions of the Public Interest: formal, substantive, realist, aggregative, and procedural. For each conception, I highlight the constitutive elements and the relevant consequences in their respective visions of democracy and of lobbying. Some expectations are finally advanced on the uses of the various conceptions in actual policymaking contexts.

How can we explain the dynamics of nonconventional struggles such as the Gaza flotilla case of May 2010? Most international relations scholars analyze international disputes using a “chess logic,” according to which the actors seek to outmaneuver their opponents on the battleground. However, an increasing number of clashes are guided by a “performance logic”: although the players interact with one another, their real targets are audiences. The present study aims to bridge this gap, proposing a phenomenological framework for analyzing this particular kind of performative contest over legitimation and delegitimation in contemporary conflicts. It expands upon the idea that current anarchical global politics increasingly lead contending actors to engage in “pure” legitimation struggles—“battles for legitimacy”—seeking to persuade international audiences that they deserve political support. After providing guidelines for the identification of these phenomena, this article presents a model for the methodical examination of their interactive dynamics based on three legitimation functions (appropriateness, consensus, empathy). This model is applied to the flotilla case by mapping the protagonists’ framing contests across “legitimation (battle)fields.” The findings of this study, which emphasize the strong interplay between normative, political, and emotional mechanisms for empowering (de)legitimation strategies, can contribute to expanding the research program concerning international legitimacy.

Drawing on submissions to the 2006-2007 New Zealand Inquiry into Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes, this article outlines how the food and marketing industries (industry) and the public health sector framed the issue of obesity. The analysis revealed that industry framed obesity as a consequence of poor lifestyle choices attributed largely to knowledge, cultural or other character deficits. Industry argued that lack of physical activity rather than increased food consumption was the dominant cause of obesity. In contrast, public health groups positioned obesity as a normal response to an obesogenic environment, characterized by the ubiquitous marketing and availability of low-cost, energy-dense/nutrient-poor foods. For public health groups, increased consumption of energy-dense/nutrient-poor foods was positioned as the dominant cause of obesity. Many public health submitters also suggested that social inequalities contributed to obesity. Industry emphasized education as the key solution t...

This paper develops vocabulary to discuss the phenomena related to the new design paradigm, which considers designing as a situated and constructive activity of meaning making rather than as problem solving. The paper studies how design projects proceed from the fuzzy early phases towards the issues of central relevance to designing. A central concept is framing, and it is elaborated with examples from two case studies. Several aspects of framing are explicated, exploratory, anticipatory and social framing, and related concepts of 'focusing', 'priming', and 'grounding' are explained. The paper concludes that understanding designing as a situated and constructive making of meaning has bearings on how designing needs to be supported.

The role of media is to shape opinions and presenting a particular version as reality. They also play an important role in structuring the audience perspectives about the issues that happen around the world. For this matter, they are believed and expected to portray a fair picture on any issues occur both at the local and international level. However, in portraying Islam, especially after the September 11 attacks, a number of research found that the International media tend to negatively depict Islam by associating it with terrorism. Issues concerning the way international media, specifically in the US and UK, equate Islam with terrorism have been tremendously debated. Research showed that after the September 11 attack, terrorism has been repeatedly associated with Islam by most of the international media. There is a perception that international media play a vital role in creating a relationship between Islam and terrorism in their media that leads to the formation of labels on Islam and terrorism. However, many think that the death of Osama Bin Laden would end the negative association between Islam and terrorism made by Western media for so many years after Sept 11. Based on this view, the researchers will be conducting a content analysis on two international news magazines looking at the tendency patterns in labeling Islam associated with terrorism after the death of Osama Bin Laden and also looking at the discourse analysis by extracting any recurrent themes emerged from the articles selected.

Framing studies remain a powerful line of research in political communication. However, in recent years, coinciding with the emergence of social media, theoretical and operational advances have been detected, as well as a significant reorientation of its research agenda. The interaction between media and platforms such as Twitter or Facebook has built a clearly hybrid communica- tive environment and profoundly transformed the organization of public debate. This is the case, especially, with processes such as the setting of the public agenda or the construction of interpretive frames. Based on a systematic review of the international reference literature (2011–2021), this article analyses the influence of social media on the evolution of framing studies. Moreover, specifically, the beginning of a new stage of digital development is contextualized, and a triple research impact is explored. The main contributions of the text are that it (1) identifies advances in the theoretical and empirical organization of these studies; (2) explores its reorientation of content towards a greater balance between the analysis of media and political frames; and (3) reviews the recent experimental development of effects studies. Finally, the main challenges for future research in this field are detailed.

Purpose -Shadowing is becoming an increasingly popular method in management and organization studies. While several scholars have reflected on this technique, comparatively few researchers have explicated the specific practices that constitute this method and discussed their implications for research on processes of organizing. The purpose of this article is to address these issues by offering a conceptual toolbox that defines shadowing in terms of a set of framing practices and provides in-depth insight into the methodological choices and challenges that organizational shadowers may encounter. Design/methodology/approach -In this article, the authors explicate the specific framing practices in which researchers engage when taking an intersubjective approach to organizational shadowing. To demonstrate the value of viewing shadowing as framing, the paper grounds the theoretical discussion in actual fieldwork experiences, taken from three different ethnographic studies. Findings -Based on a systematic and critical analysis of fieldwork experiences, the paper argues that organizational shadowing is constituted by three interrelated framing practices: delineating the object of study; punctuating the process/flow of a given organizing process; and reflecting on the relationship between researcher and the object(s) or person(s) being observed. These analytical constructs highlight specific activities with which shadowers are confronted in the field, namely foregrounding and backgrounding particular aspects in defining a given object of study, trying to keep this object in focus as the fieldwork unfolds, and making decisions about the degree to which the relationship with shadowees should be taken into account in understanding this object. Originality/value -This article provides an in-depth reflection on the subtle practices that constitute organizational shadowing. It offers a useful conceptual toolbox for researchers who want to use this method and demonstrates its operational value to help them understand how knowledge construction is the outcome of a coconstructive process that depends on a series of decisions negotiated in ongoing interactions with the actors under study.

The 2010 general election was the first in the UK in which a series of televised leaders' debates were broadcast. This article takes forward research on mediated political performance and the relationship between celebrity and politics through an analysis of these debates. By discussing how the candidates perform 'personality', the article highlights the use of performance in constructing informality and a personalised audience address, contrasting these with where candidates engage in conventional political speech-making. The article also examines the strategic use of language, particularly where it is designed to align speakers with the public in opposition to the political establishment. The article argues that celebrity should not be viewed as an innate quality but instead as an interpretative set of frames, the terms of which are established through performance. The article concludes by reflecting upon the implications that can be drawn about the relationship between performance, framing and political celebrity.

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Major international conflicts tend to receive intensified media coverage, which is often framed differently when compared across distinct news networks. This study compares the framing of the 2014 Gaza War by two news organizations operating inside the United States at the time, CNN and Al Jazeera America (AJAM). A content analysis of 74 online news articles during the 50-day war was conducted to examine the type and nature of sources, the reporting on the death toll, the length of the articles and the use of multimedia. The study revealed that AJAM cited only Palestinian citizens in its articles and always differentiated between militants and civilians when reporting on the Palestinian death toll, while nearly 15 per cent of CNN articles did not clarify whether it had been a militant or a civilian who had died. AJAM and CNN would reference Haaretz newspaper in some articles, yet CNN would also reference other Israeli news outlets. In the meantime, unlike its sister channels Al Jazeera Arabic (AJA) and Al Jazeera English (AJE), AJAM seemed to be shifting to American journalistic practices with regard to the use of routine sources and social media in its coverage of the 2014 Gaza War.

Power in policy making revolves in part around the ability to control media attention to an issue while framing an issue in favorable terms. These two characteristics of media coverage both reflect and shape where an issue is decided, by whom, and with what outcomes. In understanding this process, a number of studies have observed cyclical waves in media attention and historical shifts in how an issue is framed, linking these features to policy decisions. Yet there has been little theoretical specification and testing of the social mechanisms that drive these cycles. With this in mind, this study outlines a model for understanding "mediated issue development." The theoretical components of the model include the type of policy arena where debate takes place, the media lobbying activities of strategic actors, the journalistic need for narrative structure, and the competition from other issues for attention across policy and media environments. Related factors include the type of journalist assigned coverage and the level of attention from opinion pages. Using data from a content analysis of twenty-five years of coverage at the New York Times and Washington Post, the model is applied and tested against the issue of plant biotechnology. Generalizability of the model is the primary goal,and the authors conclude with comparisons to other issues such as the Human Genome Project and intelligent design. Understanding, however, why plant biotechnology remains at low levels of controversy in the United States compared to the rest of the world remains the object of considerable curiosity, and the focus of this study posits several explanations.

ABSTRACT The paper explores pollination from a multilevel policy perspective and analyses the institutional fit and interplay of multi-faceted pollination-related policies. First, it asks what the major policies are that frame pollination at the EU level. Second, it explores the relationship between the EU policies and localised ways of understanding pollination. Addressed third is how the concept of ecosystem services can aid in understanding the various ways of framing and governing the situation. The results show that the policy systems affecting pollination are abundant and that these systems create different kinds of pressure on stakeholders, at several levels of society. The local-level concerns are more about the loss of pollination services than about loss of pollinators. This points to the problem of fit between local activity driven by economic reasoning and biodiversity-driven EU policies. Here we see the concept of ecosystem services having some potential, since its operationalisation can combine economic and environmental considerations. Furthermore, the analysis shows how, instead of formal institutions, it seems that social norms, habits, and motivation are the key to understanding and developing effective and attractive governance measures.

Press Photography and Visual Framing of News presents an argument for the necessity of taking images seriously within the field of media and communication studies. The argument, although not new, is worth repeating, since regardless of the (over)saturation of contemporary communication with visuals, the field has still not come to terms with the image.

The book presents key theoretical debates on news framing and the specifics of the visual framing of news, which are reconsidered within the norms and conventions of the specific cultural apparatus within which photography is put to work – journalism. The book provides a tentative typology of visual framing and outlines the general trend of the visual framing of news as a move towards a more iconic and symbolic representation. This move on the one hand increases the role of images in news reporting by exposing their ability to condense the events into easily recognisable and culturally shared symbols. On the other, it can lead to the impoverishment of visual communication through the overt reduction of particular events into typical occurrences, transforming photographs into mere illustrations and generic visual cues.

The book also points to the important future challenges of visual framing research, namely the need to be able to explain the increasingly convoluted ways in which photographs are used within the convergent media environment to make sense of on-going events and the need to address the changes within the medium of photography itself, namely the fact that in the converged and increasingly surveilled communication environment, the primacy of the representational value of images has been both challenged and instrumentalised.

Media image of reality. Empirical research conducted over decades has proven unequivocally that the media affects its audience. Depending on the decade and the existing paradigm, a broader or narrower scope for potential impact is indicated. The author presents selected results of research on the agenda ‑setting and fram‑ ing process as well as the characteristics of both phenomena in order to find out whether the mechanisms behind them should be considered in the manipulation category. Nowadays, in the age of rapid development of " new " media, especially social media platforms, individuals are no longer merely passive users but can act as an active sender. This causes the impact of the media to appear distracted. The purpose of this article is also an attempt to answer the question of what role traditional media plays today and whether their role in setting up the thematic agenda has changed significantly. Medialny obraz rzeczywistości. Prowadzone od dziesięcioleci badania empiryczne dowiodły jednoznacznie, że media oddziałują na swoich odbiorców. W zależności od dekady i obowiązującego paradygmatu wskazywano szerszy lub węższy zakres potencjalnego wpływu. Autor prezentuje wybrane wyniki badań nad procesem agenda ‑setting i uramowienia (framing) a także cech charakterystycznych obu zjawisk celem poszukiwania odpowiedzi na pytanie czy mechanizmy stojące za nimi powinny być rozpatrywane w kategorii manipulacji. Współcześnie, w do‑ bie gwałtownego rozwoju " nowych " mediów, w szczególności platform społecz‑ nościowych, jednostki nie są już jedynie biernymi odbiorcami, ale mogą pełnić rolę aktywnego nadawcy. Powoduje to, że oddziaływanie mediów wydaje się być rozproszone. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest też próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, jaką rolę pełnią dziś tradycyjne media i czy ich rola w ustanawianiu agendy te‑ matycznej uległa znaczącej zmianie.

Een framinganalyse van de verschillende opvattingen in de discussie over de kleur van Zwarte Piet. Een inductieve analyse uitgevoerd op sociale media en opiniestukken in de krant leverde vier frames op. Door middel van een deductieve analyse is onderzocht hoe de frames strategisch worden gebruikt in de publieke uitingen van de gemeenten Groningen, Amsterdam en Gouda, en de HEMA en Albert Heijn.

A relatively brief overview of Erving Goffman's notion of "framing analysis" is given, developed through several examples, and, then, that perspective is placed in dynamic juxtaposition to various issues concerning technocracy, especially in conjunction with the idea of "infrastructure".

This chapter focuses on the role of social media in galvanizing street protests, demonstrations, and other forms of democratic participation associated with the Iranian Green Movement, and examines how Iranian activists framed relevant events, norms, values, ideologies, issues, narratives, and symbols on Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and other websites.  The political, social, economic, and technological circumstances in Iran that triggered the Green Revolution and eventually contributed to its apparent demise are investigated.  In particular, the chapter explores how movement activists utilized social media to enunciate their political demands and mobilize supporters – both within Iran and around the world.  Attempts by activists to achieve a frame alignment between the Green Movement and relevant indigenous (national) and transnational discursive concepts are examined.  The chapter proposes that the use of collective action frames in social media was instrumental initially in mobilizing the Green Movement and contesting the dominant frames of the regime, but ultimately proved to be insufficient and even counterproductive at times in sustaining the necessary levels of popular support to topple the regime from power.

Drawing upon activist interviews and framing theory this article proposes that the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) is better understood not by focusing on the objective status of its leadership as middle-class intellectuals, but by instead looking at what these 'movement intellectuals' subjectively did to link their philosophy of liberation to the lifeworlds of those they sought to engage. It argues that this shift reveals three important features of social movements and movement intellectuals more generally. Firstly, it uncovers the meaningful, value-driven, emotional and collective-identity bases for action, alongside the more familiar instrumental motivations. Secondly, given the inevitable clash between movement intent and the contingent constraints under which movements invariably operate, it argues that movement success is better judged not by external criteria that are assumed to hold universally, but instead by reference to the unique strategic intentions articulated by movements themselves. Finally, it shows how, given heterogeneous audiences, the deployment of a diversity of grounded intellectual strategies can help augment the resonance of a movement's core political message.

Since the 1990’s the digital revolution has inspired the prophecies of Silicon Valley pundits that we are about to enter a leaderless society. Yet, the cyberutopian excitement about the ‘wisdom of the crowd’ has given way to an unprecedented disillusionment since 2016 at the latest. If we want to learn from this sobering experience, we must face the decisive problem: Every democracy is founded on practices of acclamation and praise. Social networks like Facebook have turned such practices into a manipulative tool that undermines the democratic pursuit of the true and the good. What can we learn from the premodern cultivation of practices of worship and praise if we want to overcome the life-threatening crisis of contemporary democracies?

A common challenge facing public health practitioners and social marketers is how best to frame and present benefit–risk information in campaigns that aim to change perceptions and increase acceptance of health recommendations, such as vaccinations. Given that public service advertisements and brand promises are often core components of social marketing and health communication efforts, this study examined whether, and how, framing and the use of text or image support to convey influenza vaccination brand promises affected college-attending young adults' beliefs and intentions regarding influenza vaccination. PSAs that varied with respect to gain or loss frame and type of support provided (i.e., image vs. text-supported) were used as the stimulus material. The findings indicated two pairings performed equally well with respect to the outcome measures used. A gain-framed image-supported PSA and a loss-framed text-supported PSA were both associated with the highest levels of positive affect toward the PSA, positive attitude toward flu vaccination, flu vaccination confidence, and flu vaccination intention. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of assessing both the framing used in social marketing or health communication materials and the approach used to support the framing. It is likely that the effectiveness of framing is affected by the visuals and text used to reinforce the brand promise conveyed by the framing, irrespective of whether it is positive or negative.

This study used frame analysis to explore gendered frames and archetypes in the news coverage of two mass shootings, in which both suspects were White, middle-class university professors: Amy Bishop at the University of Alabama and George Zinkhan at the University of Georgia. Three people were killed in each of the shootings, but the amount of coverage on Bishop exceeded by about four times the amount of news about Zinkhan—a difference whose magnitude can hardly be explained
only by the circumstances of the shootings. Although the female professor committed murder in a professional setting, due to dissatisfaction with a career outcome, the coverage focused on her personal life and alleged psychological instability, in line with the archetype of the “Female Monster.” By contrast, the coverage of Zinkhan’s crime, committed in highly personal circumstances—the murder of his wife and two men at a picnic—fit a patriarchal, Othello-like archetype of a man embroiled in a crime of passion, and focused mostly on his successful career, lacking an investigation of past abusive behavior that may have preceded the murder. The news coverage serves to exemplify the societal discourse on women and men who kill.

This article investigates the ways in which social distancing and home confinement restrictions have been experienced and perceived in the Italian socio-cultural context, in order to assess how they reshaped everyday life, and which are their social implications. Drawing on 60 in-depth semi-structured interviews, this article sheds light on the sense-making processes and the construction of inter-subjective meaning around home confinement and social distancing that emerged during the lockdown. Results support that during the national quarantine individuals had to reframe everyday practices, thereby redefining the boundaries of their experience. Indeed, individuals had to deal with a lack of personal spaces, a following stress overload and a collapse of the typical boundaries between the professional and private sphere, which required a complex management of everyday activities. Implications of these preliminary findings are discussed, as well as suggestions for future research.

The study shows that the perceived healthfulness of processed organic foods, compared to their conventional counterparts, can be altered by slight variations in how promotional messages are framed. A sample of US organic food shoppers (N = 375) was exposed to advertisements promoting processed organic (and processed conventional) foods by highlighting either virtue or vice aspects of the products. An interaction between the type of processed food (organic, non-organic) and the type of promotional message (vice, virtue) was observed. Processed organic foods were perceived as more healthful than non-organic equivalents only when advertisements emphasized vice-related aspects of the product. Following exposure to virtue-framed advertisements, organic and non-organic products were seen as equally healthful. The result was replicated conceptually using different vice and virtue products, rather than framing the same product as virtue and vice. The paper concludes by presenting theoretical, practical, and methodological implications of the design and reported findings.

Human rights organizations often rely on individuals for support, and outcomes of human rights campaigns often include numerous individual actions as a core determinant of their success. Furthermore, some of our most prominent theories regarding the effects of human rights in international relations emphasize the importance of average citizens in placing pressure on states to improve their human rights practices. Despite these realities, we know little about how individuals develop policy views on human rights, including the ways in which individual differences may systematically affect this process. In this paper, I argue that ideological differences along a left-right spectrum have considerable implications for the ways in which human rights issues are understood and processed by individuals. Bringing together research from three survey experiments, I theorize that political liberals prioritize the suffering experienced by the victims of human rights abuse but are skeptical of the use of force in their defense. Political conservatives, by contrast, respond more positively to images depicting graphic bodily harm, particularly when such abuses are inflicted towards members of the in-group. These observations provide a possible foundation for the building of new theories regarding political ideology and international human rights.

Background: Media reporting on illicit issues has been frequently criticised for being sensationalised, biased and narrow. Yet, there have been few broad and systematic analyses of the nature of reporting. Using a large sample and methods commonly adopted in media communications analysis this paper sought to identify the dominant media portrayals used to denote illicit drugs in Australian newspapers and to compare and contrast portrayals across drug types. Methods: A retrospective content analysis of Australian print media was carried out over the period 2003-2008 from a sample comprised of 11 newspapers. Articles that contained one or more mention of five different drugs (or derivatives) were identified: cannabis, amphetamines, ecstasy, cocaine and heroin. A sub-sample of 4397 articles was selected for media content analysis (with 2045 selected for full content analysis) and a large number of text elements coded for each. Key elements included topic, explicit or implicit messages about the consequences of drugs/use and three value dimensions: overall tone, whether drugs were portrayed as a crisis issue and moral evaluations of drugs/use. Results: The dominant media portrayals depicted law enforcement or criminal justice action (55%), but most articles were reported in a neutral manner, in the absence of crisis framings. Portrayals differed between drugs, with some containing more narrow frames and more explicit moral evaluations than others. For example, heroin was disproportionately framed as a drug that will lead to legal problems. In contrast, ecstasy and cocaine were much more likely to emphasise health and social problems. Conclusion: Media reporting on illicit drugs is heavily distorted towards crime and deviance framings, but may be less overtly sensationalised, biased and narrowly framed than previously suggested. This is not to suggest there is no sensationalism or imbalance, but this appears more associated with particular drug types and episodes of heightened public concern.

The public develops interpretations of physical and mental disabilities through a variety of resources, most notably representations presented by the news media. While disability scholars have long lamented negative portrayals of disabilities in the mass media (e.g., movies, fictional television programs, songs) as dehumanizing and devaluing, studies of news media depictions have been scant. The present study focuses on a salient mental disability—autism—to advance current scholarship about representations of disabilities in the news. Stigmatizing cues and framing techniques from news coverage of autism over a period of approximately 15 years suggest that journalists may be creating a threatening space for autism, particularly through the perpetuation of stigmatic cues in more than two-thirds of news coverage of autism, coupled with the selection of certain news frames. Implications for media and disabilities practice and scholarship are discussed.

In the current business word, developing a new product successfully is a factor for growth and survival of companies, and deficiency in product development process especially in small medium size enterprises which possess limited resource will have disappointing consequences. In order to present a solution for each of the product development problems, scholars have introduced some critical success factors. These critical factors will be entirely more effective when the entrepreneur, well organized structure, and cross functional teams are provided with a relative awareness of framing effects. This awareness enables them to make more rational decisions in risky and certain circumstances, and their judgments are less affected by the values that are imposed by problem manipulation. Therefore, the awareness of framing and its effects on the subjective values is investigated not only as a critical success factor but also as a gorge between these factors and new product success. By employing framing, companies can provide the winning condition for themselves in business environments. The present study's research data is qualitative and is retrieved from reviewing the literature of critical success factors in product development, investigating frames and their effects, heuristic and cognitive biases in each of the critical success factors. Ultimately, based upon the discussion, the proposed model would be presented.

Forty years ago in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, the first agenda-setting study showed that the issue priorities of the news become the issue priorities of the public in the 1968 U.S. presidential campaign. Since then, the agenda-setting model has been replicated in more than 400 studies that include both election and non-election settings, covering a wide variety of issues, and extending beyond the U.S. to a broad range of countries in the five continents. This article examines the progress of this research to date, reviewing its principal variations, how now encompasses five different theoretical stages, and what are the possible new areas of application and development.

ABSTRACT: Taking Berlin's Pergamon Museum as a case study, the article explores how the museum has appropriated cultural heritage from the (so-called) Ancient Near East and produced what has become known as the 'Pergamon Altar' or 'Ishtar Gate', for example. Apart from the acquisition, the article addresses the reproduction of the ancient monuments in Berlin in the early 20th century, and the museum's historical as well as current curatorial approaches to present the reproduced monuments. By exploring the strategies that museum professionals have developed to transform ancient remains from the Near East into iconic museum exhibits on display in Berlin’s Museum of the Ancient Near East (Vorderasiatisches Museum) in the Pergamon Museum, the article discusses how the various ways, the fragments-turned-exhibits have crossed borders, have contributed to the production of 'cultural heritage'. By examining the practices of presenting objects and setting up displays through a multi-modal analysis of the architectural reproductions, modern reconstructions, wall paintings, decorations, wall panels, labels, photographic images and printed information, the article explores how museum professionals have framed the museum’s role in the production of 'cultural heritage' and addressed these transformational practices of appropriation and re-interpretation.

Keywords: Museums, Cultural Heritage, Display, Framing, Research Framework.

Since 2000, there has been a flurry of policy activity to address the problem of human trafficking. A wide consensus has formed in most of the international community on the nature of the problem. However, there is considerable disagreement among scholars and activists over definitions and how best to address the problem. A content analysis of relevant articles in The New York Times and Washington Post between 1980 and 2006 reveals that media coverage has relied mostly on official sources and is framed in a way that has mirrored the dominant view of trafficking. This has helped legitimize the consensus among policymakers while marginalizing alternative views that also might be critical of official policy. This analysis also shows that articles initiated by investigative journalists are more likely to break away from the official frame and report alternative views than articles generated from traditional news beats.

Mindestens 15.000 Menschen sind laut der ‚UN-Flüchtlingsagentur‘ UNHCR in den letzten fünf Jahren auf ihrem Weg nach EUropa ertrunken. Soziale Bewegungen wie die Seebrücke in Deutschland haben die Seenotrettungsfrage ins Zentrum ihrer Kämpfe gestellt und sich zum Ziel gemacht, dem Sterben vor EUropas Grenzen ein Ende zu bereiten. Trotz ihres EUropäischen Anliegens, adressiert die Seebrücke in ihrem Protest jedoch vor allem den Bundesinnenminister und kooperiert mit einem Netzwerk von Kommunen. Die Arbeit untersucht, warum die Bewegung in ihrer Strategie vor allem auf der kommunalen und nationalen Ebene ansetzt, um EUropäische Migrationspolitik zu verändern. Anhand des Konzepts der ‚scale frames‘ werden die räumlichen Vorstellungen der Seenotrettungsaktivist*innen analysiert und gezeigt, dass diese die EU Mitgliedstaaten für die humanitäre Krise auf dem Mittelmeer verantwortlich machen, während sie in den Kommunen eine Möglichkeit sehen, die Macht der Nationalstaaten herauszufordern und zur Enstehung einer transnationalen Ebene in der EU beizutragen.