Health and HIV/AIDS Communication in Journalism

This study evaluates the communication strategies used in the National Immunisation Campaign in Cross River State, Nigeria between 2013 to 2016 to ascertain it effectiveness or otherwise. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and In-depth interview were used to obtain data from 64 participants (consisting of parents, policy, community leaders, health workers, media personnel). Findings revealed that programme planners used several communication strategies – interpersonal communication, local advocacy (door-to-door) using community media, mass media campaigns, social or community mobilisation, etc. While the mass media strategy proved very effective in the urban areas, those at the rural areas suffer setbacks due limited access to the mass media. As such, local advocacy through town criers and interpersonal communication with health workers were mostly their source of information. The study identified inadequate health information, unavailability of vaccines, inadequate health workers, low local participation in the planning and implementation of the communication strategies as major challenges militating against complete vaccination and eradication of childhood killer diseases in mostly rural parts of the state. The study recommends the full utilisation of local media channels and intensive community mobilisation to effectively combat vaccine resistance and promote the acceptability, usability and sustainability of immunisation Campaign in Cross River State and Nigeria at large.

ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was To Examine the influence of knowledge, attitude and practice of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevention in Hola Hospital. The following objectives guided this research: to establish the level of knowledge of HIV/AIDS among various individuals served by Hola Hospital; to examine the attitudes of various individuals served by Hola Hospital towards HIV/AIDS; to identify sexual practices adopted by the various individuals served by Hola Hospital towards HIV/AIDS prevention; and to establish the extent to which HIV prevention practices are informed by knowledge and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS in Hola Hospital. This was a descriptive cross – sectional study. Data collection was conducted from September 218 to early November 2018. The target population of the study composed of 890 recorded patients (adults over 18 years) who sought various services from the Hola hospital during the study period and the ones who were affiliated to the VCT and HIV/AIDS management were given better priority. Based on the research findings and the literature reviewed, the researcher concluded that: Knowledge about HIV/AIDS influences its spread, control and management in the sub-county’s hospital; Attitudes towards HIV/AIDS in the county influence its spread, management and control in the study area significantly; and The various practices of HIV/AIDS control and management influence the spread, infections, management and control of the disease most. 

Key words: Knowledge, attitudes, practices, HIV/AIDS

HIV has visited upon the world a huge tragedy; but ironically it has also inspired human triumph. Millions have succumbed to it and yet it has driven the world towards a better health care system for all. Ultimately,
HIV has helped reaffirm our humanity, in what we say, how we serve, in how we love and care for our affected fellow human beings. This phenomenon of being concerned and caring has been enflamed by
the dedicated service of health workers, researchers, activists,
policymakers and social movements without whom the HIV narrative would be incomplete. In this edition, Busani Ngcaweni brings together an
impressive list of people who have been at the forefront of this 35-year struggle. It is a timely, yet overdue, resource which will prove invaluable to students, health workers, academics and policymakers for many years
to come.
-Cyril Ramaphosa Deputy President of South Africa and Chair of the South African National AIDS Council


This important book reminds us of the tragedy of HIV in South Africa, the struggles and successes in saving countless lives, and the vision that our goal to reach epidemic control is closer than ever. The United States is proud to be a global leader in response to the HIV and AIDS epidemic. Standing shoulder to shoulder with the South African government,
civil society, and UNAIDS, the United States has contributed significantly to South Africa’s enormous achievements, including developing the largest HIV treatment program in the world. The U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has invested over 5
billion dollars (70 billion rand) in South Africa since 2004. New innovations to provide treatment to all people living with HIV and to prevent new infections for adolescent girls and young women demonstrate South Africa’s continued exceptional leadership and
commitment. The United States will continue to stand together with the people of South Africa in our efforts to achieve an AIDS-free generation.

-Patrick Gaspard, United States Ambassador to South Africa (2013 – 2016)

The current book is an in-depth analysis of the discourse used in campaigns of public service advertising aiming at fighting racist, homophobic and serophobic discrimination. The author examines the persuasive strategies employed in this type of mass communication by analysing a corpus of French and Polish campaigns launched by governments and non-governmental organisations between 1997 and 2017.
The study belongs to field of linguistics and focuses mainly on the persuasive strategies as used in rhetoric and propaganda. Nonetheless, the author also considers contributions from other areas of research such as marketing communication and behavioral psychology.
Through a contrastive analysis of the persuasive and discoursive strategies employed in the public awareness campaigns, the author seeks to determine how marketing specialists adapt to their intended audience and achieve the perlocutionary goals of the campaigns in the two different socio-cultural contexts.
The analysis of the corpus not only highlights the importance of identifying the right arguments to appeal to in a given context, but also allows to understand which persuasive strategies, according to marketing specialists, qualify as universal and appropriate in the fight against racist, homophobic and serophobic discrimination. 


« Le présent ouvrage est une monographie scientifique relevant du domaine de la linguistique comparative dont l’objectif est d’analyser les aspects linguistico-sémiotiques qui influencent les convictions et les attitudes envers les personnes discriminées et socialement exclues à cause de leur race, orientation sexuelle ou séropositivité (…). L’auteur a minutieusement examiné la spécificité des messages persuasifs en analysant le discours des campagnes de sensibilisation françaises et polonaises. La monographie constitue une contribution importante au développement des recherches linguistiques en communication persuasive.

Je considère que l’apport notable de cet ouvrage réside dans la manière complexe d’aborder le sujet et dans l’ancrage de la recherche sur le langage de la haine et sur le rejet de l’autre dans le contexte sociopolitique et culturel international, avec un accent particulier sur la France et la Pologne.

Un autre mérite de ce travail est de présenter les stratégies persuasives, employées dans les campagnes sociétales, sous un nouveau jour à travers une approche comparative (…). Je ne connais aucune autre publication scientifique dans le marché du livre polonais qui traiterait le même sujet dans une perspective de recherche similaire et en s’appuyant sur un tel corpus. »

Extraits de l’evaluation scientifique du Professeur Elżbieta Pachocińska

The purpose of this workshop is to introduce the use of public radio as an enlightenment tool for HIV-AIDS across the population. Participants would be trained on the process/procedures of utilizing the radio to run literacy programmes on HIV-AIDS. This radio project is an innovative community sensitization programme planned for public listeners but specifically targeting people living with HIV-AIDS and their families. This is a mobile learning activity that would provide training to participants on how to develop/utilize public radio to facilitate HIV-AIDS literacy and mass enlightenment on HIV-AIDS. By HIV-AIDS literacy, we mean empowering an individual or people living with the HIV-AIDS to have the ability to read, write and understand the issues surrounding HIV-AIDS – coping with HIV-AIDS, medication, work and stay alive!  Furthermore, people in the society are taught about HIV-AIDS – its causes, prevention, cure, and supporting people living with HIV-AIDS through the Radio HIV-AIDS Literacy project. The participants will learn the strategies to plan, package and execute the community radio talkshow to reach-out to their respective communities – using phone-in live discussions, guest interviews, music, debates, quizzes, dramas, role plays, etc, to educate and enlighten the listener on HIV-AIDS.

Gideon Mendel’s ongoing photographic work documenting HIV/ AIDS, first started in 1993, has seen shifts not only in production but also in the author’s representation of his subjects. This paper looks at three texts of Mendel’s work, taken from three different stages of Mendel’s career and reads the shifting paradigm taking Mendel from photojournalist to activist armed with documentary photography as a tool of social change. This thesis explores how different positionings as an author and different representations of the subjects, living and dying, with HIV/AIDS influences meaning-making, and what that means for documentary photography as a tool of social change.

The study was intended to assess the application of social marketing campaign in promotion of social ideas in Nigeria with focus on Zip-Up campaign. Also the study was intended to evaluate the aftermath effect of social marketing campaign on health related campaigns. To advance this, the study looked at different theoretical frameworks that best explain behavioural changes initiated by social campaign. Selected theories and models for this study are: notion of exchange theory and health belief model. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative methods of research to assess the selected campaign. In-depth interview (qualitative method of research) was utilized to solicit responses from organizers of the campaign, while questionnaires were deployed to generate data from target audience of the selected campaign. It was discovered during the study that the campaign was able to achieve its communication objective of creating awareness about the proposed idea, i.e delayed premarital sex for Zip-up campaign; and to cultivate positive opinion and support from the audience for the campaign. As with most behaviour change campaigns, most of the target audience despite their positive opinion about the campaign were yet to take determined actions as regards the proposed idea (delayed premarital sex). Another important fact established by the study was the powerful influence of friends, relatives, partners, societal and religious values on the target audience in carrying out the proposed campaign idea. This study recommends among other things the need for further studies into the influence of societal and religious values in social marketing campaign and to ascertain reasons for lack of coherence between audience perception and behavior. INTRODUCTION The health communications field has been rapidly changing over the past two decades. It has evolved from a one-dimensional reliance on public service announcements to a more sophisticated approach which draws from successful techniques used by commercial marketers,

The study examined the perceived effectiveness of social media on HIV and AIDS communication among undergraduates in southwest Nigeria. Data was obtained through the administration of 355 copies of
structured questionnaire to respondents in University of Lagos, Obafemi Awolowo University and University of Ibadan. Data obtained was analysed using tables, simple percentages and bivariate regression analysis. The results showed that awareness of social media enabled 71.3% of the respondents to use social media sites. Out of this percentage, it enabled 27% to interact; 25.1% to exchange ideas, 11.3% to be informed on HIV and AIDS, and 7.9% stated increased
knowledge on HIV. The result further showed that 90.7% of the respondents stated that HIV and AIDS information on social media platforms was very useful. Result showed that 23.7% of the male
and female respondents had sexual intercourse 3 months ago, out of this, 10.2% used a condom (s), while 13.5% did not make use of condom. Despite this high level of awareness, regression result showed that sharing of HIV and AIDS information on social media did not have significant influence on condom use (F = 2.586, p>0.05). The study suggested that HIV and AIDS communication on social media should prioritize basic messages such as encouraging use of condoms and other prevention methods.
Key Words: Social Media, HIV and AIDS, Communication, Information, Nigeria

In thirty years there have been many advertising campaigns on the phenomenon of HIV/AIDS. The claims makers involved in this work are: first the Public Administration and then the NGO. Each of these actors deals of communication responding to their goals and mission. In fact, we distinguish between: public service advertising and advocacy advertising. For these reasons, there are substantial differences in addressing the HIV theme. This paper analyzes the first thirty years of public service advertising in Italy, on HIV and AIDS issues.

--- PORTUGUÊS ---
A produção audiovisual contemporânea dos grandes circuitos parece não ter acompanhado o avanço das experiências relacionadas ao HIV. Com os novos dispositivos e tecnologias de produção de saúde e prazer, o ambiente cognitivo sobre o vírus da AIDS ganhou outros horizontes. Porém, tanto a cinematografia mainstream quanto os produtos
televisuais de grande alcance, como filmes e séries, ainda reforçam os estigmas de um passado onde portar o vírus se relaciona invariavelmente ao imaginário da morte e da consequente perda de traços da vitalidade, a exemplo do próprio prazer. Em minha análise, pretendo acompanhar produções audiovisuais que tenham, entre 2010 e 2017, passado pelo tema do HIV, e perceber, através de seus usos estéticos e de linguagem, como ainda existe uma sensibilidade
negativa à sua volta. Mais do que isso, buscarei entender como tais estetizações funcionam de aparatos para as estruturas de poder e desqualificam os corpos e subjetividades de pessoas vivendo com HIV, colocando-as muitas vezes como abjetas e até mesmo num patamar de
monstruosidade. Na contramão dessa lógica, entretanto, encontro, na web e na cultura de redes, vlogs e webséries que imprimem novos métodos e relações de construção audiovisual, o que possibilita o surgimento de narrativas mais densas, informativas e não necessariamente ligadas a o que chamo de "necroestética" (ou estética da morte).

--- ENGLISH ---
The contemporary audiovisual production of the major circuits does not appear to have accompanied the progress of HIV-related experiences. With new devices and technologies of health and pleasure production, the cognitive environment on the AIDS virus has gained new horizons. However, both mainstream cinematography as well as wide-ranging television products such as films and series still reinforce the stigma of a past where carrying the virus invariably relates to the imaginary of death and the consequent loss of vitality traits, pleasure itself. In my analysis, I intend to follow audiovisual productions that have undergone the theme of HIV between 2010 and 2017 and to perceive, through their aesthetic and language uses, how there is still a negative sensitivity around them. More than this, I will try to understand how such aestheticizations function as apparatuses for the structures of power and disqualify the bodies and subjectivities of people living with HIV, often placing them as abject and even on a plateau of monstrosity. Contrary to this logic, however, I encounter on the web and in the culture of networks, vlogs and webseries that imprint new methods and relations of audiovisual construction, which allows the emergence of denser, informative narratives and not necessarily linked to what I call "necroesthetic" (or aesthetics of death).

BACKGROUND: Couple HIV Testing and Counseling (HTC) has proven to increase HIV/Aids, health care provider, testing coverage and expand HIV prevention perspectives opportunities amidst numerous challenges to its access in Nigeria. This study was carried out to INTRODUCTION
determine barriers to couple counseling of HIV HIV testing and counseling (HTC) from the experience of counselors at the- remains the entry point in the global efforts to  Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) clinics in Osun State combat the spread of HIV and provide
South Western NigeriaMETHODS: This was a descriptive cross, However, access to HTC health facilities alone
sectional qualitative study of 32 counselors does not translate into the utilization of HTC
1
from four (ART) clinics in Osun State, service. As a result of unequal gender
Southwestern, Nigeria. The study instrument dynamics in relationships and societal roles
was a focal group guide. Four focus group definitions that placed the female gender as
discussions of eight eligible counselors each second fiddle; women are bearing more of the
was carried out during the study period. the burden of reproductive health problems
RESULTS: Mean age of respondents was 31.4 including HIV. There has been a recognition
± 2.1 years with 31(96.9%) belonging to the 21- that men need to be equally involved in matters
40 years age group. Seven (22.0%) were male, of safe reproductive health. There is a need to
29 (90.6%) had up to post-secondary school counsel couples together in order to circumvent
level education, 18 (56.1%) were married while many of the barriers associated with the
19 (59.4%) were social workers and 10 (31.3%) traditional one - on - one HTC. Couples' testing
were nurses. Twenty-six (81.3%) were trained has proven to increase testing coverage and
on HCT while 11(34.4%) had further training expands HIV prevention opportunities amidst
2
on couple counseling. Focus group discussants numerous challenges to its access.
highlighted counselors faced numerous It is estimated that half to three-quarters
challenges when counseling couples. of new HIV infections could be prevented by
CONCLUSION: Only few of the counselors voluntary HIV counseling and testing services
w 3
ere trained on couple HTC and this targeted toward cohabiting couples. Despite
underscored the need for formal training for an increase in the number of health facilities and
counselors in order to circumvent most of this improved access, there have been low utilization
challenges based on the experience of health care of such services in the West African sub4 providers in ART setting in Osun State,

Over the last three and a half decades, HIV/AIDS pandemic has been one of the topical public health issues in Nigeria. The use of ICT, or online media in combatting the scourge in the country needs no further emphasis especially because Nigeria is the most populous nation in Africa and the second nation with the highest population of HIV infected people in the world. Adolescence, literacy, media awareness and other social issues have been identified as significant factors aiding the spread of the scourge. Despite the progresses made in research in this area, issues related to online media HIV/AIDS awareness among almajiri pupils, particularly in the NorthEast region where the population of almajiris is one of the highest in the country, has received little research attention. This paper proposes a conceptual framework designed on a mixed method approach for adoption in exploring the HIV/AIDS online media awareness based on the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) analysis. The paper is expected to provide a strong conceptual underpinning toward an empirical investigation of this problem, with the aim of assessing the relevance of ICT in combatting the scourge among one of the most vulnerable groups in the society.

Background: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus epidemic continues to be a major public health problem worldwide. It has become one of the world's serious health and development challenges. In sub-Sahara Africa women accounted for 56% of new HIV infections among adults in 2016. HIV testing is the first step clients take towards taking responsibility for the protection of themselves and others. By taking the voluntary step, they accept their vulnerability to HIV infection. In Somaliland the prevalence of HIV test uptake among women of reproductive age was 2.7% in 2011.Where 39,543 women attending ANC services in facilities offering PMTCT services in Somaliland, only 9,101 (23%) were tested for HIV and 5,869(0.06%) of them were HIV positive. In Somaliland the prevalence of HIV test uptake among women of reproductive age was 2.7% in 2011. Method: institutional based unmatched case control study was conducted from February 5 to March, 26, 2017. 88 Cases were women during reproductive age who were tested for HIV. 176 Controls were women during reproductive age and never tested for HIV. Descriptive and frequency statistics was done. BivariateandmultivariateanalysiswasalsoperformedusinglogisticregressiononSPSSversion21.softwarein order to determine factors associated with HIV test. Results: HIV test uptake was associated with; having less than three number of children (AOR=4.67, 95% CI=2.12, 10.29), knew on available of antiretroviral therapy (AOR=5.6, 95%CI=1.19, 26.28), perception about test confidentiality (AOR=0.09, 95%CI=0.02, 0.51), and fearing of stigma (AOR=0.05, 95%CI=0.005, 0.24) after the effect of other significant variables were controlled. Conclusion and recommendation: This study has identified; Source of information about HIV /AIDS, number of children, knowing availability of antiretroviral therapy, perceived test confidentiality an d stigma as determinants of HI V test uptake. Health care providers should motivate client to be tested for HIV by giving them adequate information about HIV/AIDs. Stigma is deeper rooted problem in community so that Intensive campaign and efforts against stigma should be taken in the community level continuously in order to root out stigma barrier.

This report would not have been possible without all the pregnant rst time antenatal care bookers who agreed to participate in the survey, a warm thank you. My sincere gratitude goes to all the nurses in the public health clinics for their continued dedication and professionalism over the past 23 years in the implementation of this survey. The National Department of Health's Directorate: Epidemiology plays a pivotal role in the coordination of this survey (conducted in 1 500 clinics, 52 districts and all nine provinces and provincial laboratories) and publication of this report. I would like to thank each of the staff members for their time, passion and enthusiasm in ensuring that the implementation of these annual surveys are a success. A special, thanks go to Dr. Thabang Mosala, for her key role in providing technical strategic and leadership at all stages of the survey implementation and for leading the technical discussions during data analysis, interpretation of the ndings and for writing of this report. Many thanks also go to Ms. Manti Maifadi and Mr. Lusizo Ratya for taking the lead in the overall operational and logistical coordination of the survey, for providing technical input in this report and compiling the tables and gures contained in this report. A warm thanks to Ms. Audrey Mbatha for preparing all the maps, Ms. Fulufedzhani Musehane and Mr. Paul Ndala for assisting with the technical support to the provinces, districts and clinics to ensure that the nurses adhere to the survey protocol. Thanks to Ms. Corrie Nagel, Ms. Tinyiko Maluleke and Ms. Norah Moakamedi for their administrative support. Our sincere gratitude also to the 9 provincial HIV antenatal sentinel survey coordinators for their time and commitment in coordinating the survey in their respective provinces and districts and providing technical support to participating clinics: Mr. Z. Merile and Ms. L. Mangesi (EC), Mr. A. Khajoane (FS), Dr. B. Ikalafeng (GA), Ms N.

Achieving an AIDS-free in clinic.
the world requires availability and accessibility of highly active antiretroviral therapy to people Keywords: Reasons, industrial strike action,
living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIVs). They need health care workers; ARVClinic
access and adhere to antiretroviral drugs to prevent drug resistance and early death. The INTRODUCTION
objective of this study was to assess reasons for Industrial strike actions by health care staff are
industrial strike action by health care workers occurring with increasing frequency
1,2 and make recommendations on preventing worldwide. Strike actions result mostly from future strike action. workers dissatisfaction with their working
M 3 METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional condition and could be prevented most times if
the study was conducted using an interviewer the employers usually government in most
administered questionnaire. Data collected was cases and employee take immediate steps and
analyzed with SPSS version 16. Summary dialogue in line with the staff's demand. In
statistics using mean, median, standard Nigeria, industrial actions by Government
deviation, the range for continuous variables and workers are common mostly due to low salary
4
frequency/percentages for categorical variables and deplorable working conditions. Health was generated. care workers belong to the sensitive and
RESULTS: There were 7 (24%) males and 22 essential sectors; hence are not expected to go on
(76%) females who participated in the study. industrial action. Even when they decide to
The mean age of the participants was 39.5 (SD strike there should be provision for emergency
9.8) years. They were 27 (93%) professional coverage. Life is sacred and health care and 2 (7%) support staff. All reported that their workers, even though legally have the right to
labor union directive called because of their demand for their rights, should be reluctant to
5 poor pay packages made them join the strike. begin any industrial action. It is therefore
They felt improved pay package from the expected that the employer should make every government will abate and prevent future strike effort to meet any legitimate demand by these action. workers so that any disagreement is sorted out
CONCLUSION: Industrial action affected through dialogue to prevent any breakdown in the smooth running of the clinic. There is a need for negotiation. Dialogue is the only way forward
for government and health care workers to

AIDS appeared in Slovenia and Yugoslavia in the mid-1980s, when the federation was facing an economic crisis and increasing political discord, while at the same time Slovenian society was characterised by accelerated democratisation and liberalisation. This article addresses the question of how the Slovenian – and to some extent the Yugoslav – politics, experts and public reacted to the arrival of AIDS. Drawing on the periodical press and archival sources, the article outlines the measures adopted by the state in the struggle against AIDS. It also highlights the disagreements that emerged among Yugoslav experts and between federal and republican authorities in dealing with the new disease. In this paper, the response to AIDS serves as a prism for examining the capacity of Slovenian and Yugoslav authorities to deal with complex socio-medical issues, the functioning of the Slovenian and Yugoslav medical profession, and the state of the Slovenian media. It also provides insight into public attitudes towards republican-federal antagonisms and the stigma of the disease, thus revealing the state of socio-political values in the Slovenian and Yugoslav territory during the turbulent 1980s.

In this essay I examine the early responses to the AIDS epidemic in the international community as they have been reported during the brief history of the disease. I include some special references to the AIDS responses in Greece, pointing out that my country constitutes a special phenomenon as the responses to the epidemic came with an unprecentended delay and because of the fact that in many cases the representation of AIDS in Greece was rather a misrepresentation. I attempt to exhaust my analysis through a historical perspective. That means from the moment when the AIDS crisis emerged, till our days (1998). Chronologically and historically the AIDS era begins when the medical profession was forced to recognize that something new and unexpected had arrived and was killing people. This happened worldwide in the first years of 1980s.

The whole world and India are a complete lockdown due to coronavirus, which we also have known as "Covid-19". People are getting scared of print media because there is a fear among people that this virus spreads from the newspaper too. Subsequently, electronic media, it is social media, which is the most powerful medium of information in society. Nevertheless, it spreads more misinformation and is more frightening than the disease among people. In recent times, WhatsApp messenger has begun as an additional short message service in emerging nations. This one consists of a range of functions like the live location of a user, documents, audiovisual content, and text messages globally. Nowadays, whole things are going digitally from laypeople to an elite class is using WhatsApp so much that they do not use any other medium. Because it is an instant messaging service and we simply come to know about Information, Misinformation, and disinformation of the Coronavirus through WhatsApp. The purpose of doing this study is to content analysis of all the incoming and status messages on WhatsApp and turns it into junk middle fake content after the actuality of COVID-19, and the educated people of the society forward it and give rise to new violence in the community. The purpose of doing this study is to analyze the content of the incoming and status messages on WhatsApp and turn it into junk middle fake content after the actual.

HIV and AIDS are generally thought to be synonymous, but one can be infected with HIV and still not develop AIDS. The development of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has made HIV no longer the deadly disease it once was. However, the AIDS epidemic has left a terrible lingering legacy, especially for those who are HIV-positive. An estimated 1.1 million people in the U.S. are currently living with HIV due to better treatments, whereas globally, approximately 35 million are living with HIV as of 2013. These epidemiological trends will continue to capture the attention of public health professionals, but what is overlooked in the race for a cure is the communication surrounding HIV and more so around those who have it. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the meaningful portrayals of the HIV-positive condition and to analyze its messages that are communicated from a variety of channels (i.e. literary metaphors, personal narratives, and news and popular media) to better understand the overall perceptions of living with HIV in American society alongside other global perspectives. Perceptions of health and illness in HIV discourse, collective themes described in metaphors, the media’s portrayal of HIV, and expressions of identity through narratives are discussed. Following the analysis of these messages are implications for future direction that shed light on the considerations necessary for handling this historically devastating disease that lives on today. HIV has persevered through society from its birth in the AIDS epidemic to the manageable chronic disease it could be for those adhering to ART. As a result, there are now individuals living with HIV who are undetectable, have a non-compromised immune system, live a normal lifespan, and are unlikely to transmit the virus. Despite the perpetual impact of stigma and erroneous claims by media outlets, people with HIV continue to form positive metaphors, realize their own humanness, and ultimately frame their identities in a more sanguine outlook that sustains their health, livelihood, and resilience in society.

Oral presentation given at the International Association for Media and Communication Research (IAMCR) 2015 Conference, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), July 12-16, 2015.

The TB-AIDS DIARY can be understood in an anthropological sense. These photo collages attempt to understand self through a conceptualization of the "other," a "stranger" who, without this kind of scrutiny, becomes all too commonly branded and further unknown.

Networked and digital technologies mediate the sexual behaviours and practices of many gay men, other men that have sex with men (MSM) and transgenders (TG). These changes challenge the effectiveness of biomedical HIV and AIDS research, prevention and care. Driven by the normative positivist philosophy of science, these approaches-while paramount to fighting the epidemic-have neglected to rethink their ontological and epistemological assumptions when confronting the cognitive, social, cultural, material and technological drivers of HIV. The HIVe is a dynamic model that stimulates ongoing systems-wide strategic collaboration among HIV research, policy and practice sectors to share effective digital community-based and led HIV prevention and care interventions across gay men, other MSM and TG communities. 'Building the HIVe' fore fronts community-based and led social sciences HIV and AIDS research, prevention and care. The model addresses digitally mediated and driven sexual behaviours to reduce vulnerabilities, construct and exchange social, cultural, economic and symbolic capitals, and challenge stigma and discrimination with the aim of stopping new HIV infections. The HIVe disrupts and queers biomedical approaches by building an accessible and dynamic open source, universal access research community engaged in reflexive performativity to improve the health and human rights of marginalised communities disproportionately at risk of HIV and AIDS.

"Abstract

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic is spreading fast in Africa in spite of the various efforts and resources put in place to prevent it. In Kenya, reproductive health programs haveused the mass media and other communication interventions to inform and educate the public aboutthe disease and to promote behavior change and healthy sexual practices. This effort has led to adiscrepancy between awareness and behavioral change among people of reproductive age. In thisarticle I examine the discrepancy in Kenya from a communications perspective addressing socialcultural and related factors contributing to the lack of change in behavior and sexual practices. I draw on the theoretical framework of Grunig’s model of excellence in communication, the importance of understanding and relationship building between programs and their stakeholders. Data were gatheredqualitatively using focus groups and in-depth interviews among men and women in rural Kenya. Key findings indicate that although awareness of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is high in Kenya, a majority of the population, particularly those in the rural communities, lack understanding of the communicated messages. They also lack theknowledge of other ways of transmitting HIV particularly among those not sexually involved. Culturalbeliefs, values, norms, and myths have played a role in the rapidly increasing epidemic in the ruralcommunities and yet HIV/AIDS communication programs have not addressed these factorsadequately. I conclude that successful behavior change communication must include strategies thatfocus on increasing understanding of the communicated messages and understanding of the audiencethrough application of appropriate methodologies. Building a relationship with the audience orstakeholders through dialogues and two-way symmetrical communication contributes toward thisunderstanding and the maintenance of the newly adopted behaviors and practices."

Abstract
The study evaluated factors that affect use of social media for HIV and AIDS communication among federal university undergraduates in south western Nigeria. The cross-sectional research method was employed. Structured questionnaire copies were administered to 355  undergraduate students. Quantitative data gathered from the administered questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Result showed that blogs (41.1%), twitter (25.4%) and WhatsApp (17.7%) were the social media sites preferred by male and female respondents for sharing and accessing HIV and AIDS information. The use of these social media sites for HIV and AIDS information communication was influenced by privacy and neutrality. It also showed that majority of the undergraduates affirmed that HIV
and AIDS information on social media platforms was very useful because it facilitated access to quality tips on HIV. A significant percentage of the respondents also affirmed that the use of social media was hugely affected by epileptic nature of power supply, poor network connectivity, ICT skills and cost of subscription.
Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified ICT skill as the only environmental factor that had significant influence on social media use (F= 4.234, p<0.05) and was responsible for 33.9% of the variation in social media use for HIV information communication. The study suggested the campaign on prominent HIV/AIDS discussion sites and ICT skill acquisition to enable youth connect and effectively make use of social media for HIV information communication.

Key words: Social media, HIV/AIDS information, communication,
barriers

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Health challenges in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) continue to undermine the attainment of a SADC vision that includes healthy citizens in all its Member States. Among these health challenges are the communicable diseases, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Tuberculosis (TB) and Malaria.
In order to help address these challenges, the SADC Protocol on Health was invoked to produce an agreement on the harmonisation of disease surveillance throughout the SADC region. To support such harmonisation, and in accordance with the e-SADC framework, the SADC Secretariat has undertaken a study to assess the status of Telehealth and its potential as a surveillance and information-sharing tool for HIV and AIDS, TB and Malaria. A further objective of the study was to propose a Telehealth system that could serve as a platform for strengthening all aspects of surveillance of these diseases, as well as national referral hospitals and reference laboratories in the region.
The assessment highlighted several challenges, including: policy and the regulatory environment for eHealth in Member States; health information systems; human and financial resources; and the current use of, and available equipment and infrastructure for Telehealth in Member States.
The study also identified several strengths, which could form the foundation for a regional Telehealth network for disease surveillance (TNDS) to meet the needs of Member States and the SADC Secretariat.
Informed by the findings, the TNDS thus aims to support the harmonised control of HIV and AIDS, TB, Malaria and other communicable and non-communicable diseases, and to mitigate the impact of these diseases in the SADC region. The objectives are to:
- Enable timely collection and reporting of data on the three diseases through Internet links between Ministries of Health in SADC Member States and the SADC Secretariat, as well as through links between the Ministry of Health, the national referral hospital and national reference laboratory in each Member State;
- Serve as an early warning system for disease outbreaks;
- Support programming and management of communicable diseases;
- Improve referrals for the three diseases within and across SADC Member States;
- Strengthen sharing of information and knowledge among reference laboratories for HIV and AIDS, TB and Malaria; and
- Network the databases, as well as individuals, in order to create communities of practice for disease surveillance in the SADC region.
In terms of their use of Telehealth to meet these objectives, Member States fit into three broad categories:
- Mauritius and South Africa are well advanced, with policies and systems, as well as the technical infrastructure to support ICT-mediated services;
- Nine Member States (Angola, Botswana, DRC, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles and Tanzania) are at various stages of building technical and human capacity for eHealth, and are implementing projects and programmes to improve health services through the use of ICT; and 
- Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe have ICT infrastructure in the health sector that is in its early stages and that needs to be strengthened to provide basic eHealth services.
The main service areas are disease surveillance and early warning; patient referrals among hospitals; and specialised testing and quality assurance in national and supranational reference laboratories.
Three levels of ICT use are shown for each service area: an entry level, a intermediate level and an advanced level.  For disease surveillance and early warning, the levels are:
- Data collection, storage and analysis, with periodic non-automated updating and reporting;
- Data collection, storage and analysis, with periodic non-automated updating and reporting, with much greater speed and reliability; and
- Data collection, storage and analysis, with automated updating and reporting (web-based full early-warning system).
Proposed Telehealth System for HIV and AIDS, TB and Malaria Surveillance
and Information Sharing in the SADC Region
9
- For referral hospitals, the levels are:
- Communication between referring and receiving hospitals without imaging;
- Communication between referring and receiving hospitals, supported by full imaging studies; and - Full videoconferencing for real-time Teleconsultations.
For national and supranational reference laboratories, the levels are:
- Telepathology with store and forward technology;
- Telepathology with remote reading of locally-prepared and -stored slides; and
- Real-time Telepathology with remote handling of slides from the reference laboratory.
In order to assist Member States to progress to the next level in each of the three service areas through the implementation of the TNDS, the equipment and connectivity requirements for each level of service have been determined.
Since the SADC Secretariat is expected to assist African Development Fund (ADF) Member States in their implementation of the TNDS, a gap analysis identifies the additional infrastructure, equipment and other needs (such as geographic information systems, or GIS) that are needed in each ADF Member State. In addition to these technology requirements, specific human resources (such as ICT experts and ICT-skilled health workers), financial resources and institutional structures are required to put the network into operation.
The TNDS is designed to connect SADC Secretariat and each national node to the Internet, and to have the national node serve the national referral hospital and reference laboratory through a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN). There are four options for connectivity:
- A mobile monitoring and reporting system;
- Cloud-based services;
- Digital subscriber loop (DSL) connectivity from local providers; and
- The TNDS as a component of a SADC-wide satellite-based communication services.
A scoring system for the options assesses their respective:
- Cost considerations;
- Reliability and maintainability;
- Levels of integration of various programmes with differing needs into the network; and
- Other considerations, including the SADC Secretariat’s remit with regards to activities in Member States.
Based on these considerations, the satellite option is recommended for connectivity. However, Member States can also leverage fibre optic and other connectivity options for connectivity to the TNDS.
The TNDS will connect not only computers and equipment, but will link users of the computers and equipment into a disease surveillance network of health professionals. Three options for structuring this human network into an efficient mechanism for knowledge and information sharing are provided in the Annexes:
- A formal network that is endorsed at the highest levels of the SADC Secretariat and that has a governing structure;
- A semi-structured formal collaboration among the nodes that has an advisory body to serve as a governance mechanism; and
- An informal network that grows organically and is self-managed.
The success of the TNDS in fulfilling its purpose will depend on long-term political commitment, the establishment of real conditions for ownership of the process within Member States, continued availability of a critical mass of trained technical personnel, effective resource mobilisation, and adequate budget provision. It will also be necessary to set up an monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system for the TNDS.

Community structure analysis compared cross-national coverage of responsibility to fight HIV/AIDS in newspapers in 18 countries, selecting articles of 250+ words from May 7, 2003, to September  13, 2013. The resulting 291 articles were coded for “prominence” and “direction”  (“government,” “society,” including nongovernmental organizations [NGOs]/foreign aid or “balanced/neutral” coverage),  each newspaper’s “Media Vector” (range + .4974 to -.1465). Newspaper support for governmental versus societal involvement was 9 to 9 (50/50). Pearson correlations revealed significant relationships in privilege and vulnerability categories: public  knowledge of HIV/AIDS preventative measures and general health of the population. Regression of national characteristics against Media Vectors yielded percentage of women who know condom use prevents HIV (63.7% of variance), percentage of men who know condom use prevents HIV, and  percentage of population undernourished, collectively totaling 84.8% of variance, all correlated with support for government intervention. A second regression analysis excluding self-report variables found that “% population undernourished” and “% females in the workforce” (combined 52.8% of variance) were linked to coverage supporting government responsibility. “AIDS incidence” (13.6% of variance) was linked to support for “societal” intervention. Most of the variance was linked to
coverage supporting government responsibility for HIV/AIDS

PACIFIC PANDEMIC DIARY: By David Robie, self-isolating in Auckland under New Zealand’s Covid-19 lockdown as part of a Pacific Media Watch series. Donald Trump’s sabre-rattling freeze on funding for the World Health Organisation at a time when many countries are pulling together for a global response to the coronavirus pandemic has surely earned him the epithet of the “world’s chief covidiot”. The US President’s efforts at deflecting the blame for his country’s national public health crisis by pointing the finger at WHO and announcing that Washington would pull funding as the largest donor has shocked the world, triggering widespread condemnation from leaders and public health experts. The impact of this shock decision is bound to be felt in the Pacific region with some countries and territories clinging precariously to their Covid-19-free status, while others – such as the US territory Guam, New Caledonia and French Polynesia – have already become hotspots

This thesis explores the role of the media and communication in the politics of the HIV/AIDS pandemic and the campaign for access to medicines in the Global South. It consists, firstly, of a comprehensive frame analysis of ‘AIDS in Africa’ in British (Guardian, Daily Mail, BBC News/Newsnight) and pan-European elite news media (Financial Times, The Economist, European Voice) since the late 1980s. It shows that for much of the past two decades the dominant framing is a crisis whose origins are spatially localised within Africa itself, a ‘fact of life’ of an innately disease-ridden continent. In the early 2000s, as focus shifted to the North-South confrontation over treatment access, a transnational civil society movement succeeded in rupturing the hegemony of frames, which had rationalised the denial of life-saving medicines to the global poor, and drawing the pharmaceutical industry and Northern governments into the glare of media publicity. More recently, however, a decline in coverage has contributed to a renewed depoliticisation of the AIDS crisis in media discourse.
Secondly, through interviews with NGO and pharmaceutical industry lobbyists, EU officials and journalists, the thesis investigates the communication strategies of and relations between the key policy actors involved in the struggle over access to medicines and intellectual property rights. Focusing on the communicative space in Brussels - a key site of power in global trade and health governance - the analysis indicates that policy elites operate almost wholly outside the mediated public sphere and circuits of mass communication. Consequently, despite repeatedly losing the media framing battle, the pharmaceutical industry’s capacity to shape EU policy agendas has not significantly diminished.
Located at the interface of Media Studies, Political Communication and Political Sociology, the thesis seeks to contribute to a critical understanding of media power and its limits in contemporary post-democratic modes of governance.

This article explores the February 12, 2001 edition of Time magazine which focussed on Aids in Africa. I examine the extent to which Jo-Ellens Fair's viewpoint on news as reinforcement of the "relations of ruling" holds true. The article focuses on how the binary oppositions "us" vs "them" came into being and more particularly on how the magazine's depictions of HIV/Aids and HIV+ people intersect with perceptions of race, place and gender. I also argue that Time's framing of this special issue fits the definition of a "doxiconic process" as suggested by Dana Cloud and the the (visual) rhetoric of HIV/Aids has many similarities to what she sees as a culture clash in the rhetoric of the (American) war on terrorism.

While many transgenders, or 'lady-boys', have a high visibility and work in professions such as hairdressing, cabaret shows, and Thailand's sex industry, they still remain marginalised and stigmatised in Thailand. Drawing on data from a larger research study, we learned that trarisgenders face unique issues in regards to their legal rights and risk to HIV/AIDS. Transgenders are regularly victims of sex crimes and due to stigma and fear; often do not report these crimes to police. Most transgenders do not know their legal or human rights under Thai law, where to go for help when their
rights are violated, or about the availability of Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) after a sexual assault. We describe working with transgenders, through a unique international collaboration, to produce a context-specific animated film that supports their struggle for social justice and the protection of their human rights. The animation is a new, strategic screenbased resource that aims to empower trans genders in overcoming barriers that deny them equitable access to participation in social, economic, political and cultural relations in their local community. The animation is currently being distributed through peer outreach on mobile phones and MP3 players among the different transgender communities in Chiang Mai. Looking forward, we describe our plans to integrate the animations into a chatroom-based peer-education programme to promote equity, social justice and how to negotiate condom use to minimise the transmission of HIV among the target population.

In 1997, Larry Kramer, the AIDS activist, was given the big and, for gay men, rare platform of a NY Times Op-Ed piece, basically excoriating the gay male community for still having anonymous or as Nichols calls it "spontaneous sex." Kramer as usual in this period groups all gay men together as irresponsible, and/or as living in sophisticated urban settings. Brass and Nichols will have none of this: Their response to Kramer is extremely sex-positive, but also embracing the gay community in all of its diversity and, in the face of so much oppression, amazement. They use humor as well as genuine sensitivity in deflating Kramer's self importance—but they also take Larry Kramer seriously enough to respond to him in a way that had not been done before: with genuine heart.