Virtual Reconstruction

Any building can be perceived as the summation of specific actions surrounding the gathering and construction of a precise volume and variety of materials. By working backwards and quantifying its individual aspects, a structure can be estimated in terms of labour costs spent in construction. This methodology, traditionally called architectural energetics, is becoming more common in historical and archaeological analyses and can provide new avenues through which to interpret past societies via structures. Three-dimensional (3D) technologies are continually being applied to historical research in new and exciting ways. One such application comes in 3D reconstructions of past buildings. In this project, a residential structure at Kasmenai, Archaic period southeast Sicily, was reconstructed based on archaeological evidence and historical comparanda. From the volume calculations provided by Blender, volumetric analyses can be completed to aid in estimating labour costs for constructing the building. This project compares the traditional, mathematical format of architectural energetics to that aided by 3D design. The advantages of the latter demonstrate clearly the benefit of incorporating digital technologies into historical research.

1899 entdeckt Max von Oppenheim am Tell Halaf (Syrien) einen aramäischen Palast mit monumentalen Skulpturen und Bildreliefs aus dem frühen 1. Jt. v. Chr. Es folgten Ausgrabungen und Teile der Bildwerke wurden nach Berlin gebracht. Ein Luftangriff im II. Weltkrieg zerstörte diese archäologische Sammlung. Was blieb, waren lediglich Trümmer. Es sollte viele Jahrzehnte dauern, bevor diese Bildwerke in einem beispiellosen Restaurierungsprojekt des Vorderasiatischen Museum SMB/SPK wiedergewonnen werden konnten. Anlässlich einer Ausstellung in der Bundeskunsthalle Bonn wurden die Bildwerke nun gescannt, Fehlstücke virtuell ergänzt und die Bruchstellen dreidimensional retuschiert. Andere Einrichtungsgegenstände des Palastes sind anhand von Funden rekonstruiert worden. So entstand paradigmatisch ein dreidimensionales virtuelles Ensemble von virtuell rekonstruierter Architektur mit gescannten und digital retuschierten 3D Skulpturen.

This article presents some results achieved by the IBAM CNR for the reconstructive study of the Greco-Roman theater of Taormina, aimed at the realization of a CG film presented at the G7 summit (26-27 May 2017). The reconstruction is currently presented to visitors on display inside one of the two basilicas at the entrance to the theater. The work was commissioned by the archaeological park of Naxos-Taormina and proposes the ancient monument in its original appearance in two distinct phases. The first phase, dating back to the first quarter of the 2nd century AD, involves an impressive renovation, with the expansion of  the seating capacity and the construction of an external ambulatory, in addition to the reconstruction of the whole frons scaenae. The second phase is ascribable to the 3rd century, and changes the theater building and the orchestra, with the transformation of the orchestra area into an arena, a testimony to the tendency to replace theatrical performances with gladiatorial games and venationes. Our reconstruction uses rapid 3D relief methodologies based on drone and ground photogrammetry, together with the interpretative potential offered by the 3D modeling environment. This approach has led to some unpublished solutions, such as the solution of the connection of the velarium with the hill supported only by ropes. However, the main objective of this work is linked to understand the architectural of the monument in an overview that places it in its original context and that allows visitors to appreciate the various elements of its originality.

In dem Beitrag wird auf der Grundlage von konkreten Forschungserfahrungen
der generelle Umgang mit digitalen 3D-Rekonstruktionsmodellen
historischer Bauten als nachhaltigem Wissensspeicher und Kommunikationswerkzeug für die Kunstgeschichte und Architekturgeschichte erörtert. Ausgangspunkt und Beispiel ist die virtuelle 3D-Rekonstruktion des Barockschlosses Friedrichstein im ehemaligen Ostpreußen.

"Towards a Scientific Model for Visual Reconstruction of Extinct Architectural Heritage" PhD. Thesis (in Arabic language with English Summary) Despite the value of monuments and historic buildings, they are subject to be destroyed or totally vanished. Conservation projects can protect them from deterioration, but, according to Venice Charter, it's not acceptable to reconstruct a whole extinct monument. So, instead of reconstructing them physically, artists and researchers tend to visualize their thoughts about lost monuments in the form of paintings, graphics, physical models, digital models, 3D animated movies or virtual environments. Those reconstructions are usually made for cultural, touristic, educational, scientific, entertainment or conservational purposes. This field is generally called "Visual or Graphical Reconstruction of Lost Architectural Heritage" and in digital era "Virtual or Digital Reconstruction / Reconstitution". But the problem of these reconstructions is that they may be used - intentionally or unintentionally - to disseminate false interpretations or misconceptions about the lost heritage, due to lack of information, human mistakes, bias or prejudice, especially in digital revolution era. So the objective of this research is to create a theoretical model to make and evaluate such reconstructions on an objective basis, and indicate the reliability degree of each part of them. The dissertation is consisted of ten chapters. The 1st. Chapter deals with the basic concepts of lost architectural heritage and conservation strategies related to it. It explains the importance of visual reconstructions and shows some worldwide examples. It ends with a literature review. The 2nd. Chapter discusses the different types of information sources related to vanished monuments, such as: ruins, architectural remains, historical accounts, texts, old documents, photographs, paintings, drawings, historical inscriptions, engravings, coins, sculptures, ancient maps and archaeological survey. The 3rd. Chapter focuses on criticism and investigation of sources. There are two types of criticism: external and internal. External criticism attempts to determine the authenticity, validity, or trustworthiness of the source. Internal criticism tries to determine the accuracy and the best architectural interpretation of the information extracted from the source. The 4th. Chapter discusses how to compare and synthesize that information to make a primary reconstruction and indicate its data gap (the unknown parts which have no data). This gap can be completed by studying similar buildings of the same style and applying logical inference methods, such as deduction, induction and analogy. If this gap is still unknown after that, it should be abstracted or avoided in the final reconstruction, but imagination is unacceptable. The 5th. Chapter is concerned with building the suggested theoretical model and the criteria of evaluation, depending on results of the previous chapters. This model should be tested to check its efficiency, by applying it to reconstruct an extinct monument and assess its reliability degree. It is chosen to reconstruct the Madrasa of al-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub, in Bayn al-Qasrayn region, at Islamic Cairo. The 6th. Chapter is the case study introduction. It contains the reasons for choosing this Madrasa and some basic data about it. The 7th. Chapter analyzes the architectural remains of it. The 8th. Chapter analyzes the other information sources, like historical accounts, photographs and old drawings. The 9th. Chapter focuses on comparison between sources, synthesis of information, specifying the data gap and attempts to complete it by logical inference. At the end of this chapter the final reconstruction is represented in the form of plans, elevations, sections, exteriors and interiors, with an analysis of reliability degree of each part. The 10th. Chapter includes the conclusion and recommendations about developing and utilizing the suggested model. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ghDpX2RjLFcyBNDJJW0_FwAOkWXoZPCp/view?usp=sharing

Tutti i sistemi di visualizzazione computer-based devono essere essenzialmente trasparenti, ad esempio verificabili da altri ricercatori o professionisti, dato che la validità - e quindi la finalità - delle conclusioni prodotte da tali visualizzazioni dipenderà in gran parte dalla capacità degli altri di confermare o rifiutare i risultati ottenuti (Principio N.7 della Carta di siviglia).

Развитие нового направления исторической
информатики, связанного с разработкой вирту-
альных реконструкций объектов историко-куль-
турного наследия (основанных на использовании
технологий 3D-моделирования), требует обобще-
ния опыта проектов, реализованных за последнее
два десятилетия, выявления основных тенденций
и проблем.
-------------------------------------------------------------
Development of the new component of historical
information science based on virtual reconstruction
technology of historical and cultural heritage (using
3D modeling) requires systematization, identification
of key trends and problems revealed over the last two
decades.

В исторических исследованиях технологии трёхмерного моделирования, фотограмметрии, виртуальных панорам, дополненной реальности и аэрофотосъёмки только получают достойное место в инструментарии исследователей. Особый интерес в разработке виртуальных реконструкций историко-культурного наследия Москвы представляют монастырские комплексы, не дошедшие до нас, исчезнувшие с карты
Москвы в XX в.
Автор поэтапно рассматривает процесс пространственной реконструкции монастыря Всех скорбящих радости в его эволюции (с примыкающей территорией северной части Москвы) во второй половине XIX – начале XX в., осуществляет анализ источниковой базы и описывает методы её синтеза в программах трёхмерного моделирования и фотограмметрии, вписывает используемые методы и технологии в мировой опыт коллективов историков и археологов, которые ведут исследования по рассматриваемой проблематике.
Монография предназначена для историков, археологов, архитекторов, искусствоведов и широкого круга читателей, интересующихся применением технологий трёхмерного моделирования в исторических исследованиях.
Ключевые слова: методы исторического исследования, источниковедение, историческая информатика, технологии 3D моделирования, фотограмметрия, виртуальные реконструкции, монастырь Всех скорбящих радости, история России XIX–XX вв., Голицыны.

Zherebyatyev D.I.
Cad in the Field of Historical Reconstruction of Moscow Monasteries:
Monograph. ― M.: MAKS Press, 2014. ― 224 p.
Development of the new component of historical information science based on virtual reconstruction technology of historical and cultural heritage (using 3D modeling) requires systematization, identification of key trends and problems revealed over the last two ecades.
The author demonstrates his approach using 3D software as a tool of virtual reconstruction of the Moscow women monastery «All of Joy Sorrow» in the beginning of 20th century.

Keywords: 3D modelling, virtual reconstruction, fotogrammetry, monastery «All of Joy Sorrow», Russia History XIX–XX century, Dukes Family Galitsins.

Abstract.
The article puts forward a new approach to the development of virtual reconstruction of historical and cultural heritage objects that is based on the advanced 3D modeling technologies and addresses the issues of historical urban science. Along with sociocultural significance and architectural importance of the lost cultural heritage objects (convent complex in this case) for virtual reconstruction tasks, an important criterion for their selection is the preservation rate of the source base. The article focuses on the use of virtual and augmented reality technologies in historical reconstruction tasks. As an additional opportunity to “plunge” into the historical past, the authors propose the creation of historical panoramas to use them in pads or smartphones. The article also studies the technology associated with the use of VR HMD. 3D modeling, digital sculpting, photogrammetry of monuments, layer projection technologies form an important part of methods used in this work. The article is the first in Russian historiography to address the practical use of virtual and augmented reality technologies to reconstruct the lost objects of the historical building system (by the example of Strastnoy Convent). The authors test the software module that validates / verifies the results of virtual reconstruction as well as enhances representation and visualization opportunities of these results. The authors simulate the augmented reality within the virtual reality and thus overcome limitations of AR. 
          Предлагается новый подход к созданию виртуальной реконструкции объектов историко-культурного наследия, основанный на передовых технологиях 3D моделирования, применительно к задачам исторической урбанистики. Важным критерием для выбора утраченных объектов культурного наследия (в данном исследовании - монастырского комплекса) в задачах виртуальной реконструкции является, наряду с их социокультурным значением и архитектурными достоинствами, степень сохранности источниковой базы. В центре внимания статьи – вопросы использования технологий виртуальной и дополненной реальности в задачах исторической реконструкции. В качестве дополнительной возможности «погрузиться» в историческое прошлое предлагается создание исторических панорам для использования их в планшете или смартфоне. Рассматривается также технология, связанная с использованием VR шлемов. Моделирование, цифровая лепка, фотограмметрия исторических памятников, технологии послойной проекции составляют важную часть методов, применяемых в данной работе. В статье впервые в отечественной историографии рассматривается опыт использования технологий виртуальной и дополненной реальности в задачах реконструкции утраченных объектов исторической городской застройки (на примере Страстного монастыря). Проводится апробация программного модуля валидации/верификации результатов построенной виртуальной реконструкции, углубления возможностей репрезентации и визуализации этих результатов. С помощью авторской технологии происходит симуляция дополненной реальности внутри виртуальной, тем самым мы снимаем возможные ограничения AR.

Ключевые слова: виртуальная реконструкция, 3D моделирование, Страстной монастырь, визуализация, виртуальная реальность, дополненная реальность, верификация, шлем виртуальной реальности, историко-культурное наследие, историческая урбанистика

Lo studio costituisce un nuovo contributo alla conoscenza della Cappella Palatina nel Palazzo Reale di Palermo.
In relazione alle vicende costruttive della cappella sono stati validati e confutati i dati già esistenti e sono state proposte nuove chiavi di lettura grazie all'interpretazione dei dati di misura acquisiti ed al confronto con precedenti rilievi e studi storico archivistici. Le tecniche digitali della rappresentazione utilizzate hanno inoltre permesso di offrire alla comunità scientifica un modello digitale 3D condivisibile che unisce alla
documentazione delle caratteristiche morfologiche del manufatto la puntuale rappresentazione dei suoi apparati decorativi nella loro configurazione spaziale.

The topic addressed in this article will be the subject of an upcoming book by the author. What was Michelangelo’s initial project for the Tomb of Pope Julius II? The hypothesis proposed here follows Vasari and Condivi’s descriptions of this project. A hypothesis that allows identifying similarities between the original design for the Tomb and the Sistine Ceiling frescoes.

Простов В.А., Жеребятьев Д.И. Формирование источникового комплекса для построения виртуальной интерактивной реконструкции Скорбященского монастыря // Историография и источниковедение отечественной истории: Сб. науч. статей (Вып. 6). – СПб.: «Скифия-принт», 2011. - С. 192-215.

This paper describes the public archaeology approach and placemaking experiment at the Etruscan and Roman site of Podere Cannicci in Tuscany (Italy), drawing from the previous experience at three other archaeological sites along the Tyrrhenian coast. After three years of excavations at the IMPERO Project (Interconnected Mobility of People and Economy along the River Ombrone), the team has begun a side project to develop new strategies for communicating the results of the research. These include, but are not limited to, an app which displays augmented reality and 3D reconstructions of both the site and the material culture. The project uses digital narratives to engage local communities and scholars in the interpretation and reconstruction of ancient landscapes along with the middle valley of the Ombrone river. This approach also has the potential to support and sustain local tourism, providing an original experience for visitors. Moreover, the solution allows people from all over th...

El presente artículo pretende servir de guía práctica para que tanto los solicitantes de reconstrucciones virtuales como los profesionales del sector vean facilitado su trabajo durante la primera de las fases de un proyecto de reconstrucción virtual: la de documentación. De este modo, se explicará cómo llevar a cabo el proceso de documentación de una reconstrucción virtual, abordando tanto temas de contenido-qué es necesario saber de un bien patrimonial para llevar a cabo una reconstrucción con rigor-como temas prácticos como gestión de plazos y presupuestos.

Italy is among the countries with the most important heritage in the world, in different sectors. The amount of historic villages and their centuries-old history is a source of pride, but on the other hand of concern due to the latest earthquakes. While on the one hand, with the GIS systems, much has been done for the digitalization of a lot of information even on minor centers, on the other there is still a tool that integrates and allows the volumetric vision of them to understand criticalities, stratifications and instability. The latest structure for motion technologies could fill this information gap.

Some buildings in Hadrian's Villa, as the Maritime Theatre and Piazza d’Oro, show
trabeation with a characteristic curvilinear shape decorated with figured friezes. The dispersal of most of the
decoration of Hadrian’s Villa in public and private collections involves difficulties in replacing the friezes in
each building.
As already known, the architectural decoration of the southern pavilion of Piazza d’Oro, subjected to
anastylosis operations in the sixties, had been soon removed, because considered a wrong solution. Also in
the Maritime Theatre several figured friezes have been wrong replaced inside the building, as already stated
by recent studies.
A new integrated approach applied to the study of the curvilinear shape friezes, belonging to the Maritime
Theatre (ADEMBRI, DI TONDO, FANTINI 2009), allowed to make new reliable assumptions about the
replacement of the architectural decoration (Adembri, Di Tondo, Fantini, Granada 2010, soon to appear;
Adembri, exhibition catalogue of the last exhibition in Hadrian’s Villa, 2010); however, the state of
conservation of the masonry does not provide enough evidence for the reconstruction of the original aspect
of this building.
Piazza d'Oro, which shows an architectural decoration very close to the Maritime Theatre, could be a
meaningful comparison to a better understanding of the design solutions adopted in Hadrian’s buildings with
curvilinear shape.
Figured friezes from Piazza d’Oro, preserved in the Villa and in other Italian and European collections, are
the key elements for solving the problem of how the curvilinear marble elements were assembled.

Las campañas de excavación desarrolladas en la villa romana de Mitra (Cabra, Córdoba) pusieron al descubierto, entre otros, un importante conjunto musivario. La ausencia de una integración de los mismos en sus correspondientes ambientes constituye el punto de partida de la presente aportación completada con un análisis del medio en el que se insertaba la villa así como una reconstrucción infográfica de su conjunto.

This volume is the first of a series of books dedicated to individual areas of Virtual Restoration, which today represents one of the possible ways to know, preserve, safeguard and enhance works of art. Through the examination of numerous case studies, this book deals with the restoration of pictorial and mosaic surfaces and all the topics related to restoration through the use of digital technologies: from the relief to the representation of decorated surfaces, the integration of gaps to virtual iconographic reconstruction up to the use of non-invasive diagnostic analysis. For each individual issue, solutions are compatible with the principles, rules and methods of real restoration, according to the axiom physical restoration to preserve and virtual restoration to enhance: an evolving methodology.
Massimo Limoncelli is an archaeologist and teaches Virtual Archeology at the ISUFI High School of the Salento University and 3D Digital Modeling Techniques at the Lecce Academy of Fine Arts. He participates in excavation and restoration activities with renown Italian and foreign research institutes such as the Universities of Salento, Calabria, Bari, Naples, and Venice, the CNR-Ibam, the Deutsches Archaologisches Institut Rom, the University of Zurich, the Institute of Fine Arts, New York, and the University Of Texas. He has conducted research on Virtual Archeology in the Mediterranean, particulary at Hierapolis of Frigia (Turkey), Dime (Egypt), Leptis Magna (Libya), Nabeul (Tunisia), Rome, Selinunte, and Metapontum.
Year: 2017
Publisher: L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER
Series :Studia Archaeologica, 218
ISBN: 978-88-913-1575-5
Binding: Paperback
Pages: 200, 138 ill. B/N, 69 ill. Col.
Size: 17 x 24 cm

El objetivo fundamental de la reconstrucción virtual de monumentos desa- parecidos o en peligro de desaparición, o de aquellos de los que solo quedan algunos restos, es profundizar en el conocimiento de los mismos y de sus ca- racterísticas y difundir su imagen de modo que pueda completar y enriquecer la visión existente sobre un momento histórico, un movimiento artístico o una etapa de la Historia del Arte o el patrimonio cultural de un determinado lu- gar. Sus ventajas son incuestionables. El desarrollo de aplicaciones informáticas permite, en efecto, que estos modelos reconstruidos puedan ser vistos y consul- tados desde cualquier lugar del mundo porque no son ni una reconstrucción física del monumento ni una maqueta del mismo, que podríamos encontrar en un museo. Son reconstrucciones virtuales y, como tales, pueden consultarse fácilmente desde ordenadores o dispositivos móviles, pero que, además, en la actualidad, se pueden concretar ya en un objeto físico gracias a la aparición de impresoras 3D, que permiten modelar el objeto virtual en una pieza real del tamaño que deseemos, una opción, por lo demás, muy interesante para la aplicación de la tiflología para dar a conocer estos monumentos a personas con discapacidad visual.

Aim of this paper is to present the project of enhancement of the archaological heritage of Brescia (Italy) with the task of re-enacting the landscape of the ancient city, using contemporary technologies. Thanks to archaeological excavations the ancient landscape has been completely studied and re-enacted, and it is now put on display with excellent architectural solutions in order to protect the ancient layers and to enhance their value. Different tools have been experimented to present the area and the ancient landscape to the public and different technological solutions were surveyed in order to select the best targeted tools for the visitors: a video operating like a time machine across the ages, special glasses with augmented reality overlapped to the natural landscape and virtual reality devices to present the ancient landscape of Brixia even far from Brescia.

Emblematic icon of the classical language of architecture and sculpture, the building, rotunda Doric dated years 380-350 BC., is located on the terrace of Athena Pronaia in Delphi. Its outer order, climbed from three columns in 1938, has a well-preserved elevation. It includes a base with three degrees, columns, entablature (architrave and Doric frieze) and its roof gutters. As claimed by Vitruve, the originality of the building plan, led its architect, Theodorus - a Phocaean - to devote it a treaty. The building is distinguished by its rich sculptural decoration, two Doric friezes including eighty metopes with carved figures in very high relief of outstanding quality.  After briefly reviewing the story of its rediscovery, this paper stresses the techniques for digitizing the hundreds of fragments (more than 500) belonging to the two doric friezes and the principles and protocols of their digital reconstruction.
Such a program aims at providing the Greek and international community a complete virtual 3D restitution of its carved decoration.

https://www.cairn.info/revue-archeologique-2021-1-page-129.htm
https://videotheque.efa.gr/?p=995
https://videotheque.efa.gr/?p=997

O presente artigo constitui uma síntese dos resultados da quinta edição da Maratona de Arqueologia Virtual, centrada no Castro de Monte Mozinho (Penafiel). Inserido num projeto mais amplo de valorização patrimonial do qual faz parte o Simpósio de Arqueologia Virtual, este conceito, desenvolvido em Montemor-o-Novo, no âmbito da plataforma Morbase, conheceu uma evolução gradual no sentido de maior complexidade e diversificação de métodos adotados. Através de uma leitura diacrónica, perfila-se o percurso trilhado deste conceito singular baseado no trabalho em equipa e na fusão de conhecimentos e competências dos distintos investigadores, com vista à conceção de conteúdos infográficos e audiovisuais para a compreensão e promoção do bem patrimonial. A segunda parte do artigo, de cariz descritivo, aborda os conteúdos produzidos para documentação deste povoado fortificado na segunda metade do século I/ século II d.C.. Perfila as limitações constatadas, das quais partiram as oportunidades para a conceção de cenários e ambientes representativos do quotidiano doméstico e social deste castro. Não se pretende uma reflexão exaustiva acerca de cinco dias de trabalho intenso e intensivo com vista à produção de uma reconstituição virtual coletiva, este documento pretende relevar a pertinência do trabalho corporativo, muitas vezes alheio ao desenvolvimento de projetos de investigação científica. O Castro de Monte Mozinho conheceu através da Maratona, no centenário da sua valorização científica, um fôlego diferenciado ao nível da difusão e compreensão. Palavras-chave: Arqueologia virtual, valorização patrimonial, reconstituição tridimensional, Castro de Monte Mozinho, maratona de virtualização.

U tekstu autorka upućuje čitaoce na kompleksnost
polja kulturnog naseđa i na njegovu povezanost sa socijalnim, ekonomskim i političkim pitanjima društva. Kroz rad
ona prezentuje različite pristupe naslovnoj temi, kroz objektiv
arhitekture, umetnosti, istorije. Istražena su pitanja koja okru-
žuju mogućnosti, svrhu i načine interpretacije i prezentacije
kulturnog nasleđa. Takođe, autorka se bavi i savremenim diskursom uzročno-posledičnih odnosa novih medija i kulturnog
nasleđa koji pretenciozno nameće pitanje statusa originala i
kopije kao i odnosa prošlosti i sadašnjosti. Diskusije o teorijskim i tehničkim okvirima zajedno sa metodološkim ograničenjima kreiranja virtuelnog kulturnog nasleđa su protkane
kroz ceo tekst. Predstavljene su mogućnosti i prednosti novih
medija, ali i nezaobilazna ograničenja koja ovi mediji nameću. Takođe, kroz nekoliko primera virtuelne rekonstrukcije,
predstavljen je proces integracije novih medija i kulturnog nasleđa, kao vrlo značajno pitanje današnjice. / The first part of the paper is devoted to the complexity of
cultural heritage and its interconnections with social, economic and political issues in a given society. The author
presents various approaches to her subject including perspectives of architecture, art, history. The problems connected to possibilities, purpose and means of interpretation
and presentation of cultural heritage are also discussed.
The author further analyzes contemporary discourse of a
cause-effect relationship of new media and cultural heritage, that so pretentiously questions the status of original
and copy, as well the past-present relationship. The text as a
whole is interwoven with discussions of theoretical and
technical framework and methodological limitations
built-in creation of virtual cultural heritage. The potentials
and advantages of new media, but also the unavoidable restraints they impose are presented. Few instances of virtual
reconstruction illustrate the process of integration of new
media and cultural heritage as a very important present-time issue.

L’articolo propone una riflessione sul ruolo che la ricostruzione virtuale digitale riveste nel campo della storia dell’architettura, sulla scorta degli esiti di tre esperienze di ricerca condotte nell’ambito del Dottorato di Ricerca in “Storia dell’Architettura e Conservazione dei Beni Architettonici” (XXIV ciclo) attivo presso il Dipartimento di Architettura dell’Università degli Studi di Palermo. L’obiettivo di tali ricerche è quello di offrire un contributo alla conoscenza di fabbriche profondamente modificatesi nel tempo, incompiute o scomparse, attraverso l’integrazione delle tecniche di rilevamento e modellazione tridimensionale digitale con gli strumenti propri della ricerca storica.

Virtual reality applications in archaeology are growing. Virtual reconstruction of architecture and artifacts is one such application. After a period of initial exploration and development, scholars know recognize the need for transparency of the processes by which virtual reconstructions are created. Several key factors of virtual reconstructions should be transparent. These include: contextual information, problem and resolution pairs, sources, instances of conjecture, levels of uncertainty, and alternative options for reconstruction. This project takes up the challenge of creating a system to document transparency information. A case study concerning the ancient Maya site of Xunantunich is utilised to apply the proposed ‘Paradata Documentation’ scheme. Above all, this project explores the experiential value of the process of creating virtual reconstructions and the added value transparency can impart to virtual archaeology as a growing sub-discipline.

"В статье рассматриваются методы и технологии комплексного использования исторических источников при построении виртуальной реконструкции памятников историко-культурного наследия. Этапы создания 3D-модели с помощью современных компьютерных программ демонстрируются на примере виртуальной реконструкции московского женского монастыря «Всех скорбящих радости» конца XIX – начала ХХ вв.

Жеребятьев Д.И. О методике комплексного исследования источников при виртуальной реконструкции объектов культурного наследия // Вестник РУДН, серия История России. – 2010, №6 – С. 68 – 74."