Journalist

Much research implicitly suggests that journalism values arise from culturally removed organizational structures and shared occupational training. Further, few studies examine the perspective of journalism from both audiences and journalists. These omissions are important given the essentiality of mutually constructed and culturally embedded normative behaviors within journalism. This research examines audiences and journalists in Samoa, a country purposefully selected as a recently independent, post-colonial, country that relies upon a very traditional, shared national identity for it's relatively nascent identificatory cohesion. This study aims to gain a better understanding of how local culture can set parameters and expectations for journalism; how journalists negotiate culture into their own professional ideology; and how audiences understand journalism within a cultural context.

Much research implicitly suggests that journalism values arise from culturally removed organizational structures and shared occupational training. Further, few studies examine the perspective of journalism from both audiences and journalists. These omissions are important given the essentiality of mutually constructed and culturally embedded normative behaviors within journalism. This research examines audiences and journalists in Samoa, a country purposefully selected as a recently independent, post-colonial, country that relies upon a very traditional, shared national identity for it's relatively nascent identificatory cohesion. This study aims to gain a better understanding of how local culture can set parameters and expectations for journalism; how journalists negotiate culture into their own professional ideology; and how audiences understand journalism within a cultural context.

Political control is one of the central and
conditioning aspects of the relationship
between journalists and politicians.
Through the perceptions of journalists
and politicians, this article analyzes the
validity, characteristics, and functioning
of one of the principal mechanisms of political
control: the journalistic oversight of
politics, which is linked to the watchdog
theory and political pressures on the media.
In addition, the degree of mediatization
of politics is measured with regard
to media autonomy. The methodology is
based on in-depth interviews of 45 participants
in Spain. The results indicate
the pre-eminence of political pressures
that are principally exercised via indirect
means (i.e., communications offices
and media enterprises). The latter are a
vehicle for channeling political control,
which reveals the weight of the factors
associated with political economy in the
relationship between journalists and
politicians. Finally, the low incidence of
journalistic oversight of politics reveals a
reduced level of mediatization in Spain.

AJI bukanlah sebuah organisasi yang berdiri karena landasan -sakit hati‖ akibat pembreidelan 1994. Itulah yang selalu saya tegaskan dalam berbagai forum diskusi jurnalistik. Betul, bahwa AJI secara faktual berdiri pada 7 Agustus 1994, sesudah terjadinya pembreidelan terhadap tiga media -DeTik, Tempo dan Editor-pada 21 Juni 1994. Namun, cikal bakal AJI dan benih-benih kelahiran AJI sudah disemaikan jauh sebelum terjadinya pembreidelan tersebut.

Dans un contexte de parti unique et de radio d'Etat, l'information régionale est longtemps restée captive d'une logique de banalisation. Elle n'a pu jouer le rôle d'affirmation des spécificités culturelles locales, encore moins favoriser l'éveil de citoyens analphabètes, longtemps marginalisés par rapport aux affaires de la nation. D'une part, l'usage des langues nationales qui pouvait favoriser un tel fait était négligé dans les programmes, d'autre part, les émissions produites n'avaient presque pas d'ancrage local.

As news organizations continue to explore the opportunities and challenges presented by engagement with audiences across digital and social media platforms in the creation and sharing of news and in the development of news-oriented products, they also offer up uniquely personal investment pathways and emotional ties for their audiences. This commentary considers conceptualizations of emotion and individual agency in engagement with journalists, news organizations, and the process of newsmaking. We suggest that exploring more forms of engagement and accepting them as part of the news process can encourage the sharing of emotion and the development of positive emotional connections to journalists and news content and products. This is important to consider as audiences move from influencing the profession of journalism to becoming one of its indispensable creators.

Data-driven journalism (DDJ) can be considered as journalism’s response to the datafication of society. To better understand the key components and development of this still young and fast evolving genre, we investigate what the field itself defines as its ‘gold-standard’: projects that were nominated for the Data Journalism Awards (DJA) from 2013 to 2016 (n= 225). Using a content analysis we examine, among other aspects, the data sources and types, visualisations, interactive features, topics, and producers. Our results demonstrate, for instance, only a few consistent developments over the years and a predominance of political pieces, of projects by newspapers and by investigative journalism organisations, of public data from official institutions as well as a glut of simple visualisations, which in sum echoes a range of general tendencies in data journalism. On the basis of our findings we evaluate DDJ’s potential for improvement with regard to journalism’s societal functions.

Definicja zawodu dziennikarza pozostaje niedookreślona. Dziennikarzem nazywane są często osoby, które pracują w mediach, choć nie zawsze wykonują zadania przypisane do tego zawodu. Z drugiej strony coraz częściej pracę typową dziennikarską wykonują osoby nie będące dziennikarzem i publikujące np. w internecie. Artykuł jest próbą scharakteryzowania obu wskazanych grup. Na podstawie badań pilotażowych autorka próbuje scharakteryzować współczesny obraz zawodu dziennikarza z perspektywy odbiorców. Jednocześnie stara się wskazać na motywy kierujące młodymi osobami wybierającymi ten zawód.

La repercusión de las noticias falsas en la pérdida de credibilidad periodística y la alarma social que suscitan enmarcan esta investigación. El objetivo es contribuir a la comprensión del fenómeno dilucidando qué responsabilidad tienen en él los periodistas como emisores profesionales de noticias. Se ha realizado una investigación de tipo exploratorio sobre noticias publicadas en periódicos en los últimos años y desenmascaradas como noticias falsas, de la que se sigue la formulación de un modelo clasificatorio de fenómenos desinformativos desde la intención del emisor periodista, y la revisión de casos paradigmáticos que ayuden a sistematizar los rasgos distintivos de textos periodísticos que encierren noticias falseadas y, por tanto, no trasmitan información de calidad. Las limitaciones de este trabajo vienen dadas por la carencia de un repositorio de noticias falsas originadas o difundidas por los periódicos; no obstante, el paradigma de estudio que se propone ayuda a delimitar la posición de los periodistas en el fenómeno de la desinformación, alerta de la presencia de signos evidentes de desinformación en textos que no tienen por qué estar concebidos con tal fin y, por ello, plantea la necesidad de ampliar el concepto mismo de la desinformación para incluir noticias falsas no intencionadas.

Berdasarkan panduan dari Dewan Pers, pembagian jurnalis muda, madya, dan utama lebih didasarkan pada "jam terbang," yakni berapa lama seseorang menjalani profesi sebagai jurnalis. Untuk jurnalis muda, masa kerja di bawah 6 tahun. Jurnalis madya, antara 6 sampai 12 tahun. Sedangkan jurnalis utama, sudah bekerja di atas 12 tahun.

Media ownership is believed to be the dominant force driving news decisions and policy. This study
investigates whether media ownership prompted news bias and gave way to newsroom intervention
during Indonesia’s highly-polarised 2014 presidential election period. The examination focuses on the
perceptions and experiences of Indonesian television journalists under two different media ownership
structures, i.e. politician owned and non-politician owned TV channels. Using a survey method, a
total of 102 television journalists from two politician owned media (Metro TV and TV One) and two
non-politician owned media (Kompas TV and SCTV) were examined; eight of whom were later
interviewed using semi-structure in-depth interview technique. As previous studies and observations
assert, Metro TV endorsed Joko “Jokowi” Widodo, whilst TV One backed Prabowo Subianto in the
presidential race. TV channels without political affiliation were relatively neutral. This study reveals
that media ownership prompted news bias, exemplified by politician owned media journalists’
perceptions and experiences arguing that they were not given freedom to cover political news freely
and impartially, their news products were overtly biased, and their media owners interjected opinions
and personal interests into news and editorial. Also, they experienced direct and indirect owner
intervention within news-making processes. In contrast, their counterparts from non-politician owned
media believed that media ownership did not prompt news bias, as they experienced no intervention
in upholding news balance and impartiality. This study contends that politician owned TV channels
were severely abused and used as political machine to serve the owners’ political ambitions, despite
the fact that the channels are broadcast via public frequencies. As the Indonesian public was given
limited options to gain pluralistic political information, further studies investigating how Indonesian
voters reacted to the news bias presented by the politician owned TV channels, as well as whether or
not the news bias had influenced their voting behaviours are worth examining.

El estudio de la credibilidad es uno de los campos más ricos en la investigación asociada a la Comunicación.Podemosencontrarliteraturacientíficasobrelasourcecredibility(ocredibilidad delafuente),especialmentecentradaenlacredibilidaddelosoradoresysusefectossobrela persuasión;sobremediacredibilityocredibilidaddelmedioodelacredibilidadinstitucionalde la empresa de comunicación, volcada en la relación del concepto con las funciones democráticasysocialesdelperiodismo,ysobrelacredibilidaddelosmensajes,queestudianla combinacióndecaracterísticasdelasinformacionesqueconfiguransucredibilidad.

Technical pressures otherwise known as "technostress" because of the use of work-related information and communication technology (ICT) are increasingly causing stressful experience to journalists in the newsroom. Existing research has shown that journalists' attitudes and performance are adversely affected by technostress creators, and not much is understood about their effects on non-working lives especially in the Global South context. This study aimed to close this research void by examining the relationship between technostress creators and "work-life balance" with "job self-efficacy" as a mitigating factor. Employing a survey questionnaire, the data was collected from 300 full-time Nigerian and Vietnamese journalists. Key findings showed that (i) technostress creators were negatively associated with work-life balance; and (ii) the negative relationship was moderated by work self-efficiency. These findings enrich the technostress research by providing an insight into the influence of technostress creators on journalists' work-life balance and highlight how to cope with technostress situations.

Sinemada belirli mesleklere dair tekrarlanan arketipler ve stereotipler, toplumun bu profesyonelliklere bakışına ve bu mesleklerin imajlarına etki etmektedir. Gazeteciler ve basın da bundan bağımsız değildir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, sinemada son dönemde inşa edilen gazeteci imajını belirleyebilmek açısından 2010‟dan sonra gösterime giren Spotlight, Truth ve Nightcrawler filmleri incelendi. Bu noktada Spotlight ideal kahraman, Truth eksik kahraman, Nightcrawler ise kötü adam (anti kahraman) örneklemi olarak ele alınarak Campbell ve Vogler bağlamında yolculukları ve Greimas bağlamında özne konumlandırılmaları incelendi. Arketipler açısından alandaki Ray, Saltzman, Ehrlich, Good gibi yazarların gazeteci imajına dair bulguları ile Lule‟nin ortaya koyduğu yedi büyük mit de temel alındı. Bunun yanında filmlerde gazeteci kategorileri olarak Demokrasinin Savunucu ve Front Page şeklinde iki yeni kategorileştirme oluşturuldu ve örneklem filmlerin bu kategorilerle uygunluğu incelendi. Ayrıca, filmlerde tekrar eden veya kırılan stereotiplere bakıldı. Sinemanın yalnızca karakter imajını etkilemekle kalmayıp sektörel ve toplumsal/siyasal söylemler de içerdiği dikkate alınarak, filmlerde bu söylemlerin nasıl inşa edildiğine bakıldı. Tüm bunların sonucunda, son dönem filmlerde gazetecilere yönelik özellikle kahraman, anti kahraman, sahtekar ve günah keçisi arketiplerinin kurulduğu, bu gazetecilerin yeni oluşturduğumuz iki kategorinin özelliklerini taşıdığı, ayrıca filmlerde gazetecilere yönelik bazı stereotipler devam ederken bazılarının kırıldığı ortaya çıktı. Filmlerde gazeteci karakterlerinin genel anlamda kahraman yolculuğu aşamalarına uyarken, bunları yer yer kırdığı da ortaya kondu. Bunun yanında filmlerde sektöre ve topluma, karakterler ve konular üzerinden özgür basın miti ve bunun önemi bağlamında mesajlar verildiği görüldü. Ayrıca, filmlerin dönemlerinin istek, özlem, kriz ve kuşkularını yansıttığı, hatta toplumsal ve siyasal gelişmelere dair öngörülerde bulunabildiği ortaya çıktı.

ABSTRTACT
Cinema helps shaping the image of journalists in the popular culture with recurring archetypes, stereotypes and stock characters in the movies. In this study, we aimed to look at the images of journalists in Hollywood movies which were screened after 2010, and in all these movies we analyzed, the journalists and the issues of the press were at the center of story. In this perspective, we have chosen Spotlight as an example of “ideal” journalist, Truth as an “imperfect” and Nightcrawler as a “villain” journalist. In the study, the protagonists were analyzed according to the stages of “heroes` journey” based on Campbell and Vogler‟s books, and also to the narrative scheme of Greimas. And in addition to that, to identify and designate which archetypes these protagonists represent, we drew upon the work of other scholars who have studied the image of journalists in the popular culture. On the other hand, we created two new characterization categories to depict journalists in the movies as “Protector of Democracy” and “Front Page” journalists. Besides that, we tried to find out whether these movies impose the recurring stereotypes, stock characters. Cinema not only shapes the image of journalists but also reinforces some myths pertaining to the sector and the society as a whole. With this perspective, we searched which myths/discourses were established and implied in these movies. In the end, we reach a conclusion that the Hollywood uses especially heroes, scoundrels, scapegoats and trickster archetypes to depict journalists. Moreover, while protagonists in Spotlight and Truth represent the “Protector of Democracy”, the main characters in Nightcrawler exemplify the “Front Page” journalists. We found that although some stereotypes on journalists persist in these movies, some others are about to dissipate. Furthermore, we see that through both heroes and scoundrels these movies imply and emphasize the importance of a free and independent press in the USA. We also notice that these movies reflect desire, fear, and expectations of their era, and foresee the future developments in the American society, as Ryan and Kellner indicated. We come up with a conclusion that while Hollywood movies reinforce and strengthen the free press myth, they also still contribute the unfavorable images of journalists with recurring archetypes and stereotypes on journalists and the press.

"For nearly 40 years as a professional journalist, found in my career numerous political figures and of the business world who have tried to influence the way their image or interests are presented in the media, either by threat, persuasion of the strength of their power position, or by offering material rewards.
Case specific of this study, the 2006 exposed scandal of journalists of El Nuevo Herald, Spanish version of The Miami Herald and other media in Florida moonlighting of the Voice of America (VOA) service, Radio and TV Martí. We intend to show how for decades the federal Government has paid Hispanic journalists in Florida directly or indirectly through different budgets for non-profit organizations and financed publications with the pretext of patriotism and the fight against communism.
This case cost their work to ten journalists of El Nuevo Herald, a sports writer from the Hispanic television network Univisión, as well as the Director of The Miami Herald and its Spanish twin, El Nuevo Herald, current in these institutions practice to lay off or push for a res-ignation of journalists and editors, when scandals like this arise.
Based on the Herman and Chomsky’s 1988 five-filter propaganda model, the evidence of collaboration between mainstream media and governmental institutions or special interest organizations arise. The case of the New York Times coverage of the build-up towards the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, the issue of weapons of mass destruction in general, focus us towards an extension of six-filter model that recent studies consider."

INTRODUCTION


Theater is obviously one of the oldest methods used as a mean of communication by human being. As a result of research which have done by researchers, it is clear that people have used theatre to express their ideas and feelings for not only people whom they lived in their age but people also lived after them, and people who live today since ancient times. We can improve that claim by giving example of the figures and pictures which were drawn on the walls of caves and on stones. Therefore, we can perceive that human being has used theatre for ages.
As a matter of fact, theatre emerged as a result of imitation. Humans’ efforts to imitate each other causes by making fun of or modeling on each other. As everybody knows, marriage turned out to be game by being played by children reflecting and resembling parents’ action and behaviors. Most of us used to play this game in our childhood.
One point that should not be avoided is theatre hasn’t carried out imitation by performing only positive characteristics of society and individuals, but it has also put negative sides of society and individuals on stage. Of course, the ultimate purpose of the theatre is not only to display beauties and good things, but also to reveal the faults, falsifications, and deficiencies in society and individuals. However, the problem was that even till late 1800s, playwrights hesitated to express problems experienced by different individuals and existing condition in society. Most of the time they had taken the themes and subjects of the works from ancient Greek mythology or put plays on the stage fantasized by them. Works and plays of these playwrights were not conveyed to ordinary people, in other words individuals out palace. Written plays and novels either praised a king, sultan, and upper-class men or entertained them and were performed in theatres. Briefly speaking, people to whom these plays were dedicated were the representatives of noble classes. Additionally, the themes that writers could work on were limited. This limitation was carried out by church which had authority and power considering either dominant or noble class or European Theatre. Displaying faults and mistakes of church was considered to be sin. The ones who tried to show faults of church and clergymen were severely punished. Therefore, writers hesitated and were of showing problems. For example, Christopher Marlowe was excommunicated from Christianity andThomas Kyde was tortured.
Although Romanticism and romantic novelists and playwrights who emerged after classicism age underlined problems of society and individuals, the themes and subjects of written works comprised mainly love, beauty, and nature. These works were not those which stated people’s problems. Themes and subjects of famine, unemployment, hypocrisy, injustice in politics and government, and war had become part of works only in late 19th and early 20th centuries. During 19th century Chekhov in Russia, Strindberg in Switzerland, and Ibsen in Norway were the writers and dramatists who selflessly wrote problems of individuals and society. Theatre were not only satisfied with making people laugh and entertain, but it also started to make them reason, Especially Ibsen provided transition of theatre from romanticism into realism by highlightening major themes and using methods. Critics of that time called him the founder of modern theatre.
In late 19th  and early 20th  centuries, Bernard Shaw who was prominent and remarkable writer, dramatist, film maker, stage manager, theatre and music critics, and orator, besides owner of other skills followed Ibsen’s way, too. Bernard Shaw clearly expressed himself to be the follower and the successor of Ibsen by extolling him in his work “Quintessence of Ibsenism””. He is one of the writers who lived longer, Shaw always emphasized on all problems of the society and continuously struggled against them all his lifetime.
Shaw not only expressed and put the problems on the stage, but he also made people laugh and think about them. The main point is that he also revealed ways of solution to these problems and put them forward. This concept of theatre having formed in Shaw’s creativity was called “Intellectual Drama”. To take all these factors into consideration, Shaw has become the only and first person in the world who was honoured by both Nobel Prize in literature and Oscar Award in film industry.
Actuality of Dissertation. The problems addressed by George Bernard Shaw are now observed and experienced in social life of modern Azerbaijan. Social, political, religious, and philosophical themes and problems were written by him, and their ways of solution brought up by him highlights the modern problems in the world and Azerbaijan. From this aspect, he is one of the writers and dramatists whose works have been read and performed most. As a result, to conduct a research into the creativity of Bernard Shaw acquires paramount importance from the prospects of themes and subjects taken up and innovations brought to drama by him.
The Goals of Dissertation. The main goals of this dissertation are to research the concept of “Intellectual drama” by Bernard Shaw, who was the founder of “Intellectual drama” in 19th and 20th  centuries’ literature, to show the themes and subjects discussed by him, to specify his thoughts about these themes and subjects, to find out the ways how he directed and staged his plays as a director, to demonstrate from which aspect he approached world problems, and to analyze the characteristics of methods used by him while writing his plays. Our main purpose on doing this research is to reveal innovations brought by Shaw to World theatre and drama, especially to European theatre, and moreover, to identify Show’s place in the European and World theatre.
The Content and Elements of Dissertation.  Bernard Shaw’s rich drama creativity and active director work comprise the focus and content of this research. As elements of this dissertation, I chose the characteristics of “Intellectual Drama” being popular in the European stages in the second half of 19th century and during 20th centuries, the display drama and theatre concept of Bernard Shaw who was one of the famous representatives of “Intellectual Drama” comparatively with Ibsen, Chekhov, and Strindberg, and research of the social, religious, and problems of women, Shaw’s directing specifications and features he used in his plays.
Scientific innovation of Dissertation. In the historical literature of Azerbaijan, dissertations almost do not exist which analyzing Shaw’s creative features and resources of them, reflecting Shaw’s views having been put forward with regard to socio-political problems, revealing his contributions and innovations brought by him to the World and European theatre and drama as a director, and showing Bernard Shaw’s approach to “Intellectual Drama”. In this respect this master dissertation can be considered as a first step in this realm.
Theoretical and practical importance of the Dissertation. This dissertation can be benefited in scientific lectures and seminars in colleges and universities to give information and enlighten students studying on literature of foreign countries. This dissertation could be also useful for research activities in literature field that might be carried out in the future.
Structure of Dissertation. With 75 pages, this dissertation consists of introduction, chapter I, chapter 2, conclusion, and bibliography.
In the first chapter, dissertation gives a plenty of information about Bernard Shaw’s life, touches creativities of Strindberg, Chekhov, and Ibsen who have important role in Shaw’s creative activity and creative work, and talks about his creativity until he is rewarded with Nobel Prize and later period, and amplitude of subject is specified.
In the second part, we talk about Shaw’s directing activity, setting, structure, and specifications of his plays which brought him an award of Oscar are taken up, dicuss his Intellectual drama concept and characteristic features of his satire, humor, irony, paradox, discussion, and remarks used in his plays, and give information about secularization of the themes which he touched.
Finally, at the end of this dissertation, conclusion and bibliography were included.

Halo teman-teman yang baik, buku "Liputan-Liputan Gembira Jurnalis Persma" merupakan dokumentasi dari kumpulan berita online yang pernah saya buat selama berkecimpung menjadi jurnalis pers mahasiswa. Sebenarnya sudah lama saya kumpulkan, tapi baru bisa saya unggah sekarang.

本文聚焦新闻业转型语境下的怀旧话语实践,特别是其中浮现的黄金时代叙事,藉 此理解新闻界在面临巨变的历史当口如何“向后看”“向下看”“向前看”。通过分析 名流纪念、个体离职、组织纪念日、丑闻危机等场景下的怀旧文本,可以看出黄金时代 指向1990年代中后期到21世纪初的新闻改革和市场化媒体勃兴,其内核是个体层面的青 春和理想主义叙事与新闻改革大叙事的结合。黄金时代是新闻业当下处境所激发出的 “神话”,除了为“黄金一代”加冕、传递对“当下”的批判之外,它更像是呼应纸媒 衰落,对建构出的过往所作的一曲挽歌。

Penelitian ini berjudul Kompensasi Wartawan dan Independensi (Peranan Kompensasi Wartawan Terhadap Independensi Anggota Aliansi Jurnalis Independen Cabang Medan). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kompensasi yang diterima wartawan dan sejauh mana tingkat independensi wartawan yang terdaftar sebagai anggota Aliansi Jurnalis Independen cabang Medan tersebut dalam mengonstruksi suatu berita.

Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian deskriptif. Penelitian deskriptif dimaksudkan untuk pengukuran yang cermat terhadap fenomena sosial tertentu. Penelitian deskriptif mengembangkan konsep dan menghimpun fakta, tetapi tidak melakukan pengujian hipotesis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis kualitatif yang merupakan pengukuran dengan menggunakan data nominal yang menyangkut klasifikasi atau kategorisasi sejumlah variabel ke dalam beberapa sub kelas nominal. Melalui pendekatan kualitatif, data yang diperoleh dari lapangan dapat diambil kesimpulan yang bersifat khusus kepada yang bersifat umum.

Penelitian ini menggunakan teori atribusi, yaitu proses menyimpulkan motif, maksud, dan karakteristik orang lain dengan melihat pada perilakunya yang tampak. Jadi, melihat motif yang mendasari perilaku seseorang. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah wartawan anggota Aliansi Jurnalis Independen cabang Medan yang seluruhnya berjumlah 45 orang.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah kompensasi yang diterima wartawan dari perusahaan media tempatnya bekerja ternyata memiliki peranan penting terhadap independensi wartawan dalam membuat berita. Pendapatan yang mereka terima hasil bekerja menjadi wartawan ternyata jauh dari kata cukup. Kebutuhan hidup mereka terutama yang sudah berkeluarga, berkali-kali lipat lebih besar dari kompensasi yang mereka dapatkan. Hal ini menyebabkan para wartawan tersebut melakukan berbagai cara untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Dari mencari pekerjaan sampingan hingga menerima pemberian dari narasumber. Dua hal tersebut ternyata dapat mengganggu independensi seorang wartawan. Teori atribusi kemudian berlaku. Ada hubungan sebab-akibat dari situasi itu. Kompensasi seorang wartawan yang tidak mencukupi, menyebabkan mereka menerima pemberian narasumber demi menambah penghasilan, meskipun ada juga dengan alasan yang lain. Pemberian yang diterima tersebut kemudian berdampak pada independensi mereka, meskipun mereka berusaha mencari celah agar tak terlihat secara langsung. Perusahaan media tempat mereka bekerja juga seolah tutup mata dengan perilaku itu, karena sadar belum memberikan kompensasi yang layak pada wartawannya. Itulah sebabnya Kode Etik Wartawan Indonesia maupun AJI melarang seorang wartawan menerima pemberian apapun dari narasumber termasuk uang, hadiah, maupun pemberian fasilitas. Para responden yang notabene anggota AJI, tetap mengambil resiko melanggar aturan ketat organisasinya karena kompensasi yang diterima sangat minim. Menjalankan pekerjaan sampingan atau berprofesi ganda, terkadang juga rentan memengaruhi kinerja profesional wartawan. Dari yang bersinggungan dengan politik hingga instansi pemerintahan. Beberapa responden melakukan itu demi mencukupi kebutuhan keluarga mereka.

Que veut dire être journaliste de presse écrite en République démocratique du Congo et en Côte d’Ivoire ? Cette question a guidé une recherche doctorale durant quatre années et est à l’origine de la mise en œuvre d’une comparaison à la fois géographique et diachronique, portant sur le journalisme de presse écrite en République démocratique du Congo et en Côte d’Ivoire, de la période coloniale à nos jours. La perspective comparative privilégiée a été menée en termes de configurations et a systématiquement pris en compte les parcours individuels des journalistes ivoiriens et congolais, leur identité de groupe, ainsi que la façon dont ils interagissent avec leur environnement politique et économique, afin de souligner le mélange de déterminisme historique et de contingences qui a modelé la profession dans les deux pays. L’article revient sur cette expérience comparative, de sa genèse à son aboutissement. Il interroge la pertinence de la méthode au regard des objectifs poursuivis, expose les outils théoriques qui ont servi son développement ainsi que les résultats qu’elle a permis d’engranger. Les enjeux relatifs au choix de la comparaison, à la façon de la mettre en œuvre et à la manière de présenter les données qu’elle fait émerger sont également discutés. Si les conclusions  finalement mises en évidence ne sont pas directement transposables à d’autres zones géographiques que la République démocratique du Congo et la Côte d’Ivoire, la réflexion proposée peut néanmoins constituer une base pour qui souhaite aborder la profession telle qu’elle est pratiquée dans d’autres régions du monde. En faisant preuve de créativité, il est par ailleurs loisible à tout comparatiste expérimentateur d’adapter la méthode présentée en vue d’élucider d’autres pratiques sociales, dans d’autres contextes.

What does it mean to be a press journalist in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Côte d’Ivoire? This question was the focal point of a four year doctoral thesis and is the foundation upon which rests a geographic
and diachronic comparative study of press journalism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Côte d’Ivoire, from colonial times to the present day. The comparative study addressed configurations and systematically examined the individual career paths of Ivorian and Congolese journalists, their group identities and how they interacted with their political and economic environments in order to draw attention to the intermixture of historical determinism and circumstances that shaped the profession in both countries. This paper revisits this comparative study, from its genesis to its conclusion. It examines the relevance of the method in light of the research objectives, lays out the theoretical tools that served in its development and discusses the conclusions reached. It also reviews the pros and cons of comparative research, how it should be implemented and how the data extracted should be presented. Though the conclusions discussed may not be directly transposable to geographical areas outside the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Côte d’Ivoire, they can nevertheless serve as a foundation for anyone wishing to study the profession as it is practiced in other parts of the world. A comparative researcher willing to innovate can adapt the method presented here to other social practices, in other contexts.

The article challenges the widespread notion that, in the age of global and instantaneous communication, foreign correspondence is becoming “redundant.” Based on a range of in-depth interviews with foreign correspondents in London, it examines the identity, newsgathering routines, and outputs of journalists working for a range of foreign media organizations. The study suggests that foreign correspondence is indeed evolving, but the changes are not necessarily for the worse. In fact, not only foreign journalists are not disappearing, but the heavy use of new communication technologies—rather than leading to superficial and low-quality reporting—can indeed support the pursuit of exclusive news-story angles and a fuller delivery the correspondent’s value.

One of the major problems that the legislators face with regards to defamation law is balancing the right to speech against the right to reputation. In 2013 the U.K Parliament enacted the Defamation Act of 2013to codify the common law and add clarity. The new Act talks about a new public interest defence after abolishing the old common law Reynolds defence. However, many academics and commentators have pointed out that with the introduction of the new act little has changed. In the recent years U.K has been increasingly inclined towards greater freedom of expression as opposed to some of its commonwealth counterparts. This research paper will analyze the new act in four parts. The first part will discuss the old common law and how the law evolved that led up to the Defamation Act 2013. The second part focuses on what changes have been brought about in the new Act, how the old law compares and if there has been any clarity brought about by the new law. The third part and fourth part will briefly analyze the present law on the same issue of other commonwealth jurisdictions and the fifth part will focus on how the U.K law fares in comparison. Last but not least, the dissertation is concluded with the anatomy of my research and recommendations that could help improve the current law.

Pers Indonesia mengalami dua rezim pemerintahan. era orde Baru pada masa pemerintahan Presiden Soeharto dan era Reformasi pasca Soeharto. Keduanya memiliki dinamika pers yang berbeda. Pada orde Baru, terutama pasca Peristiwa Malari, Pemerintah Indonesia menjadi pemegang hegemoni dominan. Pemerintah dalam konteks penelitian ini, Presiden, memiliki pengaruh kuat terhadap perusahaan pers dan jurnalis sebagai aktor di dalamnya. Sebaliknya, pada era Reformasi dengan kebebasan pers, dominasi beralih dalam media itu sendiri. dalam arti, jurnalis sebagai subordinat pada hegemoni pemilik media sekaligus pemerintah. Proses reportase jurnalis mengalami perubahan, tidak hanya sebagai dampak dari kebebasan pers tetapi juga pers sebagai sebuah industri. Sejumlah penelitian dan publikasi menyoroti perubahan era orde Baru ke era Reformasi yang terjadi pada tataran regulasi pers Indonesia dan implikasinya pada pemberitaan. Sementara itu, penelitian ini berupaya mengungkap lebih jauh bagaimana perubahan reportase jurnalis dari sudut pandang jurnalis di lingkungan terdekat Presiden atau jurnalis kepresidenan pada dua era pemerintahan, Presiden Soeharto dan Presiden Joko Widodo.

The Indonesian press has survived two regimes of government: the New Order era during the reign of President Soeharto and the post-Soeharto Reform era. The press dynamics in the two periods are different. In the New Order, especially after the Malari incident, the government held the dominant hegemony. The President wielded a powerful influence on the media companies and journalists as the actors. By contrast, in the Reform Era which is typidfied by freedom of the press, the dominance shifts to the media themselves. In this situation, journalists are the subordinates of media owners and even the government. The news reporting process is changing, as a result of not only the freedom but also industrialization of the press. A number of studies and publications highlight the changes of the New Order Era to the Reform Era that took place in the press regulations and their implications on the news. This research seeks to reveal further how press coverage in changes from the perspective of journalists close to the president or journalists posted in the presidential palace in the era of Soeharto and Joko Widodo.

This report explores the untold story of how the COVID crisis has impacted on journalists – and journalism - in Emerging Economies and the Global South. It’s a story told not only through the insights of industry leaders, advocates and media experts – but critically, through the voices of the journalists themselves, too often unheard or silenced. It is the first report of its kind to bring together both fact-based data and first-hand experience with this regional focus.

Taking a deep dive into the critical challenges faced by the profession, the report examines issues including the pandemic’s impact on the personal safety and welfare of journalists, the structure of newsrooms and disruption to business models, the proliferation of fake news, and surging threats to media freedom. The study also identifies best practice and innovative approaches that have been developed as a response to the challenges of COVID-19.

Contributing alumni from TRF’s journalism training programmes span 26 countries, sharing their own experiences to illustrate the reality of journalism outside of North America and Western Europe.

Owing to their plural dimensions (medical and scientific, judicial,
politic, economic, etc.) and to her considerable coverage, the
mediatization of the « infected blood scandal » in France between 1991 and 1995 is an exemplar case which shows that a great event coverage depend in part to the division of labor between different professional types of journalists. This article shows how progressively the medical journalists have been deprived of this affair by their most prestigious colleagues (general interest reporters, political journalists, columnists). It analyzes also the effects of these shifts on the event’s dominant perception, particularly her politicization, in the French media.

: This article examines the extent to which journalists of The Daily Monitor and The Ethiopian Herald report on internal conflict, especially ethnic conflicts, which were prevalent during the study period, from 2005 to 2013, in Ethiopia. These two English medium dailies newspapers were purposely selected due to their high circulation and longevity in the media market as well as their focus on current affairs. The study employed both content analysis and interviews data collection and process in tools. The result shows that only a small number of internal conflict stories were reported in the selected newspapers and journalists were found to prefer refraining from reporting ethnic conflicts. This is attributable to the fact that journalists live in the circle of fear and self-censorship resulting in the exclusion of ethnic-related conflict stories in the selected media. Keywords: internal conflict, Ethiopian media, fear and self-censoring, omission, silence *** Resume: Cet article ex...

This article goes in depth into the key mechanisms that
enable a digital interaction between journalists and expert
sources in political journalism, developing a scale that
articulates these interaction mechanisms on Twitter. On the
basis of this analytical proposal, this study tries to reflect the
potential professional consequences which are generated by
this social network throughout the journalistic work as well
as some changes in important professional skills, such as
data verification and contact with expert sources. Those are
key aspects to determine the opportunities of the journalists
in the future of the profession. It also tries to analyse the
relationship between journalists and politicians into a digital
context by assessing the impact of using different new media
tools on the journalistic culture and political discussion.

The research presents analysis the framing of anti-Russian sanctions, in Russian government's official newspaper Rossiiskaya Gazeta. The dominant frames of the newspaper were Economic, Strategic game, and the combination of Suffering Europe frame and optimistic frames, which can be combined as Positive frames.
An important finding was that  The sanctions were presented not as a respond to the Russian involvement in Ukrainian crisis, but as a tool to punish Russia for it's independent foreign policy and opposing the West, particularly USA.
Pro-government stance of the newspaper was evident in its use of sources. 15 out of 32 selected articles used quotes from the governmental and official sources. The newspaper also used  interviews, reports etc. with the representatives of the European business community and with officials in more friendly European countries.
The coverage was skillful and designed to produce the impression of objectivity. The newspaper was trying to position itself as a source that was not trying to hide the problems of the Russian economy because of the sanctions, but to discuss them. While highlighting the economic problems in Russia, the newspaper focused on economic alternatives and on ways to minimize the losses, drawing mostly optimistic picture of the economic future of Russia. This editorial strategy was clearly in line with the government's official view, and was logical for the official newspaper of the government to adopt.

This paper presents the results of an empiricalstudy about the presentation of politicalspeeches on TV and the manifestos of theCatalan political parties -CiU, PSC and PPC - inregional elections held in Catalonia in2012. The main hypothesis, formulated beforethe start of the campaign, argues that "electoral programs do not translate into TV news; thequestion of the independence of Catalonia iswhat the speeches of the candidates emphasize,ahead of the state of the economy, which is themain concern of citizens." This hypothesis iscontrasted with the Regional Manifestos Project
data, the statistical results of the CEO’s
Baròmetre, and a quantitative field study thathas monitored the evening news broadcasts of TV3 and TVE during the period of the electoralcampaign. Combining all of this data confirmsthe problem of modern democracies withrespect to the non-correspondence of electoral programs and the speeches of politicians, whichis so emphatic in Catalonia. What manifestossay is barely heard in the speeches of  politicians, nor is it seen and heard on TV. Inthe case of Catalonia elections, the territorialcleavage is the most important issue of theelection campaign, rather than the traditionalleft-right axis.

This article challenges the widespread idea that, in an age of instantaneous and ubiquitously accessible information, foreign correspondents are doomed to disappear. The last study of foreign correspondents in the London hub was conducted 30 years ago. Based on a new study involving a range of in-depth interviews with foreign correspondents in the British capital, the article reveals the ‘‘story behind their stories’’ and the changes that have occurred since then. It particularly focuses on the impact that advances in communication technologies have had on the correspondents’ professional identity, newsgathering routines, and news outputs. The findings contribute to a more nuanced and empirical understanding of the impact of media globalization on the practice of journalism. They underline the increasingly important role of foreign correspondents as ‘‘sense makers’’ within the huge tide of information available. While foreign journalists have to a large extent always fulfilled this function, they appear more needed than ever in a deeply interdependent world. Foreign correspondents are also developing novel ways of reporting. Indeed, rather than a ‘‘crisis’’ of foreign correspondence, we could perhaps be witnessing its renaissance.