Loss of Control

Heart Rate Variability (HRV) reflects the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. Slower HRV rhythms (LF) indicate increased sympathetic and/or lower vagal activity, wakefulness characteristics, while faster HRV rhythms (HF) indicate lower sympathetic and/or increased parasympathetic and vagal activity, sleepy characteristics. In this work we demonstrate that power spectral analysis of drivers' heart rate can report driving errors caused by sleepiness. Furthermore, variation of Fractal Dimension (FD) can aid significant information for the assessment of the driving situation.

Despite evidence that doctor±patient communication aects important patient outcomes, patient expectations are often not met. Communication is especially important in terminal illness, when the appropriate course of action may depend more on patient values than on medical dogma. We sought to describe the issues important to terminally ill patients receiving palliative care and to determine whether patient characteristics in¯uence the needs of these patients. We utilized a multimethod approach, ®rst conducting interviews with 22 terminally ill individuals, then using these data to develop a more structured instrument which was administered to a second population of 56 terminally ill patients. Patient needs and concerns were described and associations between patient characteristics and issues of importance were evaluated. Seven key issues were identi®ed in the initial interviews: change in functional status or activity level; role change; symptoms, especially pain; stress of the illness on family members; loss of control; ®nancial burden and con¯ict between wanting to know what is going on and fearing bad news. Overall, respondent needs were both disease-and illness-oriented. Few easily identi®able patient characteristics were associated with expressed concerns or needs, suggesting that physicians need to individually assess patient needs. Terminally ill patients receiving palliative care had needs that were broad in scope. Given that few patient characteristics predicted responses, and that the majority opinion may not accurately re¯ect that of an individual patient, health care providers must be aware of the diverse concerns among this population and individualize assessment of each patient's needs and expectations.

This paper formulates, operationalizes, and empirically validates a dual-factor model of healthcare information technology (HIT) adoption, by taking into account both the enabling factors driving HIT adoption and the inhibiting factors constraining such adoption. Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use were examined as enablers and perceived loss of control as an inhibitor. Using survey data on adoption of a new computerized patient order entry system among physicians at a community hospital, we demonstrate that inhibitors not only have a negative effect on one's intention to adopt HIT systems, counteracting the positive effect of enablers, but also negatively bias some of the enabling perceptions. The overall negative impact posed by inhibitors may override and surpass any positive impact posed by a multitude of enablers. Implications of our findings for HIT research and practice are discussed.

This paper defines and compares fault tolerances of a triple flight control architecture to a quadruple type, and investigates the impact of worst case failures on transient response of an aircraft. New insight in computing fault coverage is discussed. Two coverage models were used to compute the Probability of Loss of Control (PLOC) and the Probability of Mission Abort (PMA) for candidate architectures. Results indicate that both triple and quadruple architectures can meet the fault tolerant requirements with an acceptable level of transients upon first and second failures. Triple architectures will require a higher level of fault detection, isolation, and accommodation coverage than quadruple architectures and produce substantially larger transients upon second failure. REQUIREMENTS Derived from the MIL-F-9490D, a Flight Control System (FCS) (consisting of sensors, computers, and actuators) must be designed to a Probability of Mission Abort (PMA) of 5 x 10-5 and a Probability of Loss of Control (PLOC) of 5 X 10-7 per Flight Hour (FH). Top down apportionments of these requirements to Flight Control Computers (FCC) [ 11 are estimatedas: PMA = lO-5/FH, andPLOC = 5 x IO-VFH. MIL-STD 882B requires a FCS be capable of exhibiting a Fail-Operational / Fail-Operational (F02) S c a~~+ i o Once the aircraft is up and flying. Coverage for Fault Detection, Isolation, and Accommodation (FDIA), and the confidence intervals associated with these coverage parameters are not well defined.

Mobile phone can serve as powerful tool for world-wide communication. A system is developed to remotely monitor process through spoken commands using mobile. Mel cepstrum features are extracted from spoken words. Learning Vector Quantization Neural Network is used for recognition of various words used in the command. The accuracy of spoken commands is about 98%. A text message is generated and sent to control system mobile in form of SMS. On receipt of SMS, control system mobile informs AVR micro-controller based card, which performs specified task. The system alerts user in case of occurrence of any abnormal conditions like power failure, loss of control, etc. Other applications where this approach can be extended are also discussed.

Three groups of Iranian men (male cause, female cause, and control)were given the translated versions of Beck's Depression and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventories, together with questionnaires on social interaction and attitudes towards having children. The inventories and questionnaires were administered at a pre-diagnosis stage and six months (follow-up) into their medical treatment. Also, the spouses of the above men completed a questionnaire on their partner's dominance in the household at both the above stages. The results showed significant anxiety for the two clinical groups at both the initial and follow-up stages. The depression scores tended to increase significantly for the male infertile group at the follow-up stage. There was also a clear lack of social interest and loss of control at the household level for the latter group. The implications of these findings are discussed.

This article reviews the literature on the onset and dynamics of domestic terrorism, with special emphasis on the interactions between terrorist organizations, the state, and society. Because this literature has often been based on case studies, we seek to impose some structure to its findings. We challenge the distinction between domestic and international terrorism, which truncates the sample of violence, and we show that the actor-sense of terrorism (violence carried out by underground organizations) is the most appropriate model for causal analysis. Terrorist organizations tend to emerge in developed countries in which the state is able to prevent the loss of control over any part of its territory. Terrorists take advantage of the state's mistakes (when, for example, it is over-repressive or makes ineffective concessions) in order to boost their support. Terrorists cannot survive without some degree of support. Consequently, levels of violence and targets are determined by social constraints. 31 Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 2009.12:31-49. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND -COLLEGE PARK -MCKELDIN LIBRARY on 07/15/09. For personal use only.

AbstractÐNarrative analysis is well established as a means of examining the subjective experience of those who suer chronic illness and cancer. In a study of perceptions of the outcomes of treatment of cancer of the colon, we have been struck by the consistency with which patients record three particular observations of their subjective experience: (1) the immediate impact of the cancer diagnosis and a persisting identi®cation as a cancer patient, regardless of the time since treatment and of the presence or absence of persistent or recurrent disease; (2) a state of variable alienation from social familiars, expressed as an inability to communicate the nature of the experience of the illness, its diagnosis and treatment; and (3) a persistent sense of boundedness, an awareness of limits to space, empowerment and available time. These subjectivities were experienced in varying degree by all patients in our study. Individual responses to these experiences were complex and variable.

Experimental and self-report studies have shown that parents have a strong influence on their normal or overweight children's eating behavior, i.e. through parental feeding behavior or communication. Studies in children with loss of control (LOC) eating that have investigated this relationship are scarce, and ecologically valid observational studies are missing. This study examined family functioning at mealtimes in home environments in 43 families of a child with LOC eating and 31 families of a child without LOC eating; the children were 8-13 years old. Familial interactions, child eating behavior, and parental mealtime behavior were assessed using the Mealtime Family Interaction Coding System, observation of bite speed of the child, and self-report questionnaires. Less healthy patterns of communication (U = 201.53, p < .01) and interpersonal involvement (U = 207.54, p < .01) and more maladaptive overall family functioning (U = 233.52, p < .05) were observed but not self-reported in families of a child with LOC eating compared to those without LOC eating. Children with LOC eating (M = 4.73, SD = 1.88) ate faster than controls (M = 3.71, SD = 1.19; p < .05), with highest bite speed in a group with high recurrent LOC eating (p < .01). The results indicate that maladaptive patterns of family functioning during family mealtimes are present in LOC eating in children and are associated with the child's eating behavior. Parent-child communication training should be tested as an intervention for children with LOC episodes. ß

A heavy load of symbolism surrounds psychoactive substance use, for reasons which are discussed. Psychoactive substances can be prestige commodities, but one or another aspect of their use seems to attract near-universal stigma and marginalization. Processes of stigmatization include intimate process of social control among family and friends; decisions by social and health agencies; and governmental policy decisions. What is negatively moralized commonly includes incurring health, casualty or social problems, derogated even by other heavy users; intoxication itself; addiction or dependence, and the loss of control such terms describe; and in some circumstances use per se. Two independent literatures on stigma operate on different premises: studies oriented to mental illness and disability consider the negative effects of stigma on the stigmatized, and how stigma may be neutralized, while studies of crime generally view stigma more benignly, as a form of social control. The alcohol and drug literature overlap both topical areas, and includes examples of both orientations. Whole poverty and heavy substance use are not necessary related, poverty often increases the harm for a given level of use. Marginalization and stigma commonly add to this effect. Those in treatment for alcohol or drug problems are frequently and disproportionately marginalized. Studies of social inequality and substance use problems need to pay attention also to processes of stigmatization and marginalization and their effect on adverse outcomes. [Room R. Stigma, social inequality and alcohol and drug use. Drug Alcohol Rev 2005;24: 143 -155]

This paper studies the influence of road camber on the stability of single-track road vehicles. Road camber changes the magnitude and direction of the tire force and moment vectors relative to the wheels, as well as the combined-force limit one might obtain from the road tires. Camber-induced changes in the tire force and moment systems have knock-on consequences for the vehicle’s stability. The study makes use of computer simulations that exploit a high-fidelity motorcycle model whose parameter set is based on a Suzuki GSX-R1000 sports machine. In order to study camber-induced stability trends for a range of machine speeds and roll angles, we study the machine dynamics as the vehicle travels over the surface of a right circular cone. Conical road surfaces allow the machine to operate at a constant steady-state speed, a constant roll angle, and a constant road camber angle. The local road-tire contact behavior is analyzed by approximating the cone surface by moving tangent planes lo...

The objective of this paper is to present the results of the analysis performed on a selection of accidents included in the MARS database. This is a database of past accidents that occurred in Europe maintained by the European Commission, in order to help the Member States to meet the requirements of the Seveso and Seveso II directives. The study is focused on those accidents that involve reactions between chemical substances, whether wanted or unwanted, that generated a hazardous situation by loss of control of such reactions. Runaway reactions are known to be especially dangerous, given that many times they are unexpected, or their possible consequences underestimated, so sometimes chemical industries are not ready to cope with the effects of loss of control of reactive processes. The aim of the analysis is to obtain lessons learned from past accidents in order to prevent similar situations in the future, or to reduce their consequences. Understanding the causes of past accidents, including equipment failures, deviations in the expected course of a reaction, or deficiencies in process operations performed, can help to a better understanding of similar processes. Industries working with potentially dangerous chemicals should consider introducing lessons learned into their safety management systems.

To establish what is known about binge eating in children and adolescents and to identify unresolved questions. We reviewed relevant studies to highlight and synthesize salient research findings. Available research has suggested that loss of control over eating may be more important than consumption of an objectively large amount of food in the assessment of binge eating in children. In addition, dieting may not be associated consistently with binge eating in children. Behavioral correlates of binges may include eating in the absence of hunger, eating in response to strong emotions or external cues, and eating in secret. On the basis of available research, provisional research criteria for binge eating disorder (BED) in children are suggested to stimulate further study of pediatric samples. We emphasize the need for prospective studies on the relationships among aberrant eating, weight and mood, and the inclusion of boys and girls of different ethnicities.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) involves unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors that can be highly distressing and disabling. Obsessive themes typically center on contamination, illness, worries about disaster, orderliness, and loss of control. Sexual obsessions are a common form of OCD, but it is not known how many of those with sexual obsessions experience homosexuality anxiety -an obsessive fear related to homosexual feelings, thoughts, or images. The phenomenology of OCD-related homosexuality anxiety is described and contrasted with an ambivalent homosexual orientation. Examples of OCD homosexuality anxiety are provided from on online OCD support forum. Mental health professionals who are unfamiliar with OCD may mistakenly attribute symptoms to a sexual identity crisis, resulting in greater distress and confusion in the patient. It is important that clinicians properly identify and treat this manifestation of OCD. More research is needed to quantify the prevalence of homosexuality anxiety and how to best tailor treatment.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) involves unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors that can be highly distressing and disabling. Obsessive themes typically center on contamination, illness, worries about disaster, orderliness, and loss of control. Sexual obsessions are a common form of OCD, but it is not known how many of those with sexual obsessions experience homosexuality anxiety -an obsessive fear related to homosexual feelings, thoughts, or images. The phenomenology of OCD-related homosexuality anxiety is described and contrasted with an ambivalent homosexual orientation. Examples of OCD homosexuality anxiety are provided from on online OCD support forum. Mental health professionals who are unfamiliar with OCD may mistakenly attribute symptoms to a sexual identity crisis, resulting in greater distress and confusion in the patient. It is important that clinicians properly identify and treat this manifestation of OCD. More research is needed to quantify the prevalence of homosexuality anxiety and how to best tailor treatment.

This paper considers whether the criteria currently used to classify the diagnosis of binge eating disorder (BED) are valid and appropriate. We review evidence that reflects on the validity of the current criteria for binge eating episodes and BED, using literature retrieved through major psychology and psychiatry search engines (e.g., PsycInfo, PubMed). Evidence from experimental research points to the relative importance of episode frequency, the amount of food consumed at episodes, the subjective sense of loss of control over eating, and several additional criteria associated with binge episodes in BED. Evidence on the differences in psychopathology between BED and bulimia nervosa and between BED and obesity without binge eating, as related to diagnostic criteria, is reviewed. Although evidence concerning the diagnostic criteria of BED is mixed, broadening certain diagnostic criteria for binge eating episodes and BED might more accurately reflect the research literature and incre...

The use of in-wheel motors, often referred to as hub motors, as a source of propulsion for pure electric or hybrid electric vehicles has recently received a lot of attention. Since the motor is housed in the limited space within the wheel rim, it must have a high torque density and efficiency, and survive the rigours of being in-wheel in terms of environmental cycling, ingress, shock and vibration and driver abuse. Finally, to ensure adequate levels of functional safety are met it is essential that failures do not lead to loss of control of the vehicle. This paper presents studies of a fault tolerant concept for the design of inwheel motors. The study focused on achieving a high torque density and the ability to sustain an adequate level of performance following a failure. A series of failures are simulated and then compared with experimental tests on a demonstrator motor.

This study examined the clinical significance of the loss of control over eating as a key component of eating disorders. It investigated the association of eating-related psychopathology and general psychopathology with objective bulimic episodes (OBEs; experiencing a loss of control while consuming large amounts of food) and subjective bulimic episodes (SBEs; experiencing a loss of control while consuming small/moderate amounts). A community sample of 81 women with a range of disordered eating was recruited: binge-eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, subclinical eating disturbances, or no eating disorders. They were interviewed using the Eating Disorder Examination and completed measures of eating-related and general psychopathology. Both OBE and SBE frequencies correlated significantly with measures of eating-related and general psychopathology, and no significant differences were found between the magnitudes of the correlations with either binge episode type. SBE frequency significantly and independently predicted global eating disorder psychopathology. The loss of control over eating, without consuming large amounts of food, was as closely associated with specific eating disorder psychopathology and general mental health as were traditionally defined OBEs. SBEs may be an important target of treatment and should be considered for future diagnostic classifications of eating disorders. r

A thorough review of trust models is carried out in this paper to reveal the key capabilities of existing trust models and compare how they differ among disciplines. Trust decisions are risky due to uncertainties and the loss of control. On the other hand, not trusting might mean giving up some potential benefits. Advances in electronic transactions, mutliagent systems, and decision support systems create a necessity to develop trust and reputation models. The development of such models will allow for trust reasoning and decisions to be made in situations with high risk and uncertainty. In recent years, several attempts have been made to model reputation and trust. However, perceiving trust differently and the lack of having a unified trust definition are among the main causes of the proliferation of many trust models across different disciplines.

Research on smart houses has mostly been focused on automation and invisible integration of technology, which may lead to a perceived loss of control and a sense of being observed. In our perspective users play an active and creative role, deliberately engaging with visible technology, not for reasons of efficiency, but rather for the fostering of social relations. In particular, we are looking at the kitchen environment, and we present the Living Cookbook. It enables people to share their cooking experiences, to educate others in the cooking practice, and to suggest a sense of presence and sociability. The cooking activity is reinterpreted as an experience, and the use of technology supports intimacy, communication, education, fun and creativity while cooking.

Les conduites à risques à enjeux physiques (prise de risque routier, sport extrême, conduites de scarification, jeux dangereux/violents) sont devenues un problème majeur de santé publique. Cet article fera le point tant à partir d'une revue de la littérature internationale que d'études personnelles sur les liens entre conduites à risques et dépendances comportementales. Dans quelle mesure les comportements de mise en danger peuvent-ils conduire l'individu à s'installer dans une assuétude comportementale ? Nous analyserons plus spécifiquement la place de la sensation dans les liens unissant l'individu avec sa pratique dangereuse au travers de l'étude de la personnalité et du fonctionnement émotionnel. Nous discuterons de l'intérêt de développer la notion d'addiction au danger pour décrire de nouvelles formes d'assuétudes comportementales, puis nous évoquerons certaines pistes préventives et thérapeutiques.

Alcohol use disorders are characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking, loss of control in limiting intake, and withdrawal syndrome in the absence of drug. The central amygdala (CeA) and neighboring regions (extended amygdala) mediate alcohol-related behaviors and chronic alcohol-induced plasticity. Acute alcohol suppresses excitatory (glutamatergic) transmission whereas chronic alcohol enhances glutamatergic transmission in CeA. Acute alcohol facilitates inhibitory (GABAergic) transmission in CeA, and chronic alcohol increases GABAergic transmission. Electrophysiology techniques are used to explore the effects of neuropeptides/neuromodulators (CRF, NPY, nociceptin, dynorphin, endocannabinoids, galanin) on inhibitory transmission in CeA. In general, pro-anxiety peptides increase, and anti-anxiety peptides decrease CeA GABAergic transmission. These neuropeptides facilitate or block the action of acute alcohol in CeA, and chronic alcohol produces plasticity in neuropeptide systems, possibly reflecting recruitment of negative reinforcement mechanisms during the transition to alcohol dependence. A disinhibition model of CeA output is discussed in the context of alcohol dependence-and anxiety-related behaviors.

This article explores the historical construction of the ‘transit country’ as one answer to the perceived loss of control over migration that governments of the developed North have increasingly felt. A frenzy of re-conceptualisations has taken place over the past 20 years, leading to a discourse*unquestioned and accepted by policy-makers and many academics*of Migration Management. A consequence of the evolution of Migration Management is captured by the notion of ‘suspension’, which often refers to either the physical or the metaphorical death of a certain minority of illegal migrants. However, I argue that such ‘suspended’ illegal migrants have the capacity to reinvent themselves precisely because they are outside the realm of juridico-political categorisation and enumeration.

Keywords: Migration Management; Asylum-Seekers; Illegal Migrants; Transit Country; European Union; ‘Suspension’

The present paper addresses the problem of spin recovery of an aircraft as a nonlinear inverse dynamics problem of determining the control inputs that need to be applied to transfer the aircraft from a spin state to a level trim flight condition. A stable, oscillatory, flat, left spin state is first identified from a standard bifurcation analysis of the aircraft model considered, and this is chosen as the starting point for all recovery attempts. Three different symmetric, level-flight trim states, representative of high, moderate, and low-angle-of-attack trims for the chosen aircraft model, are computed by using an extended-bifurcation-analysis procedure. A standard form of the nonlinear dynamic inversion algorithm is implemented to recover the aircraft from the oscillatory spin state to each of the selected level trims. The required control inputs in each case, obtained by solving the inverse problem, are compared against each other and with the standard recovery procedure for a modern, low-aspect-ratio, fuselage heavy configuration. The spin recovery procedure is seen to be restricted because of limitations in control surface deflections and rates and because of loss of control effectiveness at high angles of attack. In particular, these restrictions adversely affect attempts at recovery directly from high-angle-of-attack oscillatory spins to low-angleof-attack trims using only aerodynamic controls. Further, two different control strategies are examined in an effort to overcome difficulties in spin recovery because of these restrictions. The first strategy uses an indirect, two-step recovery procedure in which the airplane is first recovered to a high-or moderate-angle-of-attack level-flight trim condition, followed by a second step where the airplane is then transitioned to the desired low-angle-of-attack trim. The second strategy involves the use of thrust-vectoring controls in addition to the standard aerodynamic control surfaces to directly recover the aircraft from high-angle-of-attack oscillatory spin to a low-angle-of-attack level-flight trim state. Our studies reveal that both strategies are successful, highlighting the importance of effective thrust management in conjunction with suitable use of all of the aerodynamic control surfaces for spin recovery strategies.

The past two decades have witnessed an upsurge in the number of external agencies involved in the health sectors of developing countries. Concomitantly, there has been an increase in the volume of resources transferred through multilateral, bilateral and non-governmental organizations to these health systems. Notwithstanding the beneficial impact of increased resources, recipients and donors are increasingly concerned about the effects of this trend. This is particularly pertinent where the effort lacks adequate coordination. Recipients despair of an unruly mélange of external ideas and initiatives, that too often results in project proliferation and duplication, unrealistic demands, and ultimately a loss of control over the health development process. Donors on the contrary, are concerned about aid efficiency and effectiveness, two areas it is assumed will gain from increased attention to coordination. Both recipients and donors are looking for ways of better managing the aid relat...

Individuals with binge eating disorder have increased gastric capacity and may require excessive food intake and increased volume in the stomach to produce satiation. The present study examined whether lower energy density (ED) meals lead to lower energy intake more than higher-ED meals in women with binge eating disorder (BED) and weight-matched controls. Women with BED (n = 15) and healthy weight-matched controls (n = 15) were instructed to consume as much as they wished during two test meals on non-consecutive days. Participants were served two hedonically similar versions of a pasta salad (19% protein, 50% carbohydrate, 31% fat): low-ED (1.0 kcal/g) and high-ED (1.6 kcal/g), and food intake and appetite ratings were assessed. Energy intake was significantly lower in the low-ED condition than in the high-ED condition across all participants. BED participants were more likely to report greater prospective consumption, desire for dessert, loss of control over eating, and less enjoyment after meals. Decreasing the energy density of food consumed may help target disturbances in satiation in women with frequent binge eating.

The present paper addresses the problem of spin recovery of an aircraft as a nonlinear inverse dynamics problem of determining the control inputs that need to be applied to transfer the aircraft from a spin state to a level trim flight condition. A stable, oscillatory, flat, left spin state is first identified from a standard bifurcation analysis of the aircraft model considered, and this is chosen as the starting point for all recovery attempts. Three different symmetric, level-flight trim states, representative of high, moderate, and low-angle-of-attack trims for the chosen aircraft model, are computed by using an extended-bifurcation-analysis procedure. A standard form of the nonlinear dynamic inversion algorithm is implemented to recover the aircraft from the oscillatory spin state to each of the selected level trims. The required control inputs in each case, obtained by solving the inverse problem, are compared against each other and with the standard recovery procedure for a modern, low-aspect-ratio, fuselage heavy configuration. The spin recovery procedure is seen to be restricted because of limitations in control surface deflections and rates and because of loss of control effectiveness at high angles of attack. In particular, these restrictions adversely affect attempts at recovery directly from high-angle-of-attack oscillatory spins to low-angleof-attack trims using only aerodynamic controls. Further, two different control strategies are examined in an effort to overcome difficulties in spin recovery because of these restrictions. The first strategy uses an indirect, two-step recovery procedure in which the airplane is first recovered to a high-or moderate-angle-of-attack level-flight trim condition, followed by a second step where the airplane is then transitioned to the desired low-angle-of-attack trim. The second strategy involves the use of thrust-vectoring controls in addition to the standard aerodynamic control surfaces to directly recover the aircraft from high-angle-of-attack oscillatory spin to a low-angle-of-attack level-flight trim state. Our studies reveal that both strategies are successful, highlighting the importance of effective thrust management in conjunction with suitable use of all of the aerodynamic control surfaces for spin recovery strategies.

Little is known about the phenomenology of pediatric loss of control (LOC) eating. Overvaluation of shape and weight, however, appears to be diagnostically meaningful among binge eating adults. We explored the significance of shape and weight overvaluation among children and adolescents with LOC eating. Participants (n=526) included 149 overweight youth with LOC eating and 377 overweight controls (CON). Participants were categorized as those reporting at least moderate overvaluation (LOC-Mod, n=74; CON-Mod, n=106) or less than moderate overvaluation (LOC-Low, n=75; CON-Low, n=271), and compared on measures of eating-related and general psychopathology. LOC-Mod evidenced lower self-esteem than CON-Low, and greater behavioral problems than CON-Mod and CON-Low, but did not differ from LOC-Low in these domains. With the exception of LOC-Low and CON-Mod, all groups differed on global eating disorder severity, with LOC-Mod scoring the highest. Overvaluation of shape and weight appears to be of questionable importance in defining subtypes of youth with LOC eating. However, as overvaluation and LOC eating each independently predicts eating disorder onset, their confluence may confer even further risk for eating disorder development. Longitudinal studies should address

Objective: Research suggests that subtyping adults with binge eating disorders by dietary restraint and negative affect predicts comorbid psychopathology, binge eating severity, and treatment outcome. Little research has explored the validity and clinical utility of subtyping youth along these dimensions. Method: Children (aged 8-18 years) reporting loss of control eating (n ¼ 159) were characterized based upon measures of dietary restraint and negative affect using cluster analysis, and then compared regarding disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, and parent-reported behavior problems. Results: Robust subtypes characterized by dietary restraint (n ¼ 114; 71.7%) and dietary restraint/high negative affect (n ¼ 45; 28.3%) emerged. Compared to the former group, the dietary restraint/high negative affect subtype evidenced increased shape and weight concerns, more frequent binge eating episodes, and higher rates of parent-reported problems (all pso0.05). Conclusion: Similar to findings from the adult literature, the presence of negative affect may mark a more severe variant of loss of control eating in youth. Future research should explore the impact of dietary restraint/negative affect subtypes on psychiatric functioning, body weight, and treatment outcome.

In this paper the possibility to predict vehicle control loss using information about the host vehicles states and the road ahead is investigated. An introduction to conventional yaw stability control is presented and a threat assessment algorithm is proposed that can be used in an active safety system to e.g either issue earlier yaw control interventions or completely autonomous maneuvers in order to keep the vehicle on the road. In addition an experimental assessment in which a vehicle equipped with yaw stability control is driven on a test track is presented. It is shown that it is possible to predict powerful understeer situations if the future geometrical path of the vehicle is known.

a b s t r a c t A significant percentage of fatal vehicle crashes involve loss of control (LOC). Electronic stability control (ESC) is an active safety system that detects impending LOC and activates counter-measures that help the driver maintain or re-gain control. To assess the effectiveness of ESC in preventing LOC, an empirical study was conducted on a high-fidelity driving simulator. The ESC systems for two vehicles were incorporated into the simulator's dynamics code which was calibrated to ensure engineering validation. The study utilized three scenarios designed to recreate typical LOC situations, and was designed to assess the effects of ESC presence, vehicle type, scenario, age and gender. A total of 120 research participants completed the study. Results showed a statistically significant reduction in LOC with ESC compared to without ESC (F = 52.72, p < 0.0001). The study findings of 5% LOC with ESC and 30% without ESC match several epidemiological studies that have analyzed ESC effectiveness on real-world crashes, providing strong support to the use of driving simulation for studying driver behavior. Study conclusions suggest that wide-spread utilization of ESC is likely to reduce traffic fatalities.

This article presents a protocol for assessing team performance in terms of control based on cognitive systems engineering theory. The protocol changes the focus of team performance assessment from good and bad behaviours towards team activity. By using Hollnagel's Contextual Control Model (COCOM), a protocol is developed so that team activity can be described as four control modes. Data is collected through observation and questionnaires and is analysed in time intervals. Each time interval is then given a control mode. Based on how the control mode changes over time the performance of the team can be assessed. The protocol was tested in a pilot study where commanding staff exercises were analysed. The results show that the protocol can be used to identify differences in team performance. The study also gives empirical validity to COCOM in that the loss of control in emergencies corresponds to an opportunistic or a scrambled control mode.