Micromorphology

ABSTRACT. Viola L. subsection Boreali-Americanae (W. Becker) Gil-ad (Violaceae), confined to North America including northern México, has long been considered one of the most taxonomically difficult temperate groups of the Angiosperms. A new treatment of the subsection is presented on the basis of comprehensive evaluations and integration of micromorphological, macromorphological, ecological and phytogeographical data. Speciation among the taxa of the subsection has most likely taken place through ecological adaptation, and in a number of taxa by geographic isolation. It is manifested more extensively at the micromorphological level than at the macromorphological level. The role of hybridization in the evolution of the taxa and its effects on the systematics of the subsection are evaluated.
Sixteen taxa are circumscribed as orthospecies: Viola affinis LeConte, V. brittoniana Pollard, V. cucullata Aiton, V. egglestonii Brainerd, V. fimbriatula Sm., V. missouriensis Greene, V. nephrophylla Greene, V. novae-angliae House, V. nuevo-leonensis W. Becker, V. pedatifida G. Don, V. sagittata Aiton, V. septemloba LeConte, V. septentrionalis Greene, V. sororia Willd., V. triloba Schwein., and V. villosa Walter. Two changes of rank are proposed: Viola brittoniana Pollard forma pectinata (Bicknell) Gil-ad and Viola novae-angliae House subsp. grisea (Fernald) Gil-ad. New descriptions of the characters delimiting the subsection, keys to the orthospecies at the chasmogamous and cleistogamous phases, descriptions of the orthospecies and discussions, and discussions of names that are commonly recognized as orthospecies, but are hypothesized in this treatment to represent hybrids or introgressants, are provided. A lectotype is designated for Viola subsection Boreali-Americanae. The type specimens of 15 of the 18 taxa recognized in this research have been located. Viola affinis, and V. septemloba are lectotypified by illustrations. Viola nuevo-leonensis is illustrated for the first time.

Viola L. sous-section Boreali-Americanae (W. Becker) Gil-ad (Violacées), a emprisonné à Amérique du Nord inclure Mexique du nord, a été considéré longtemps un des groupes tempérants les plus difficiles taxonomique de l'Angiosperme. Un nouveau traitement de la sous-section est présenté sur la base des évaluations compréhensives et intégration des information micromorphologique, macromorphologique, écologique, et phytogéogrphique. Speciation parmi les taxons de la sous-section a probablement a eu lieu à travers adaptation écologique, et dans plusieurs taxons par la isolation géographique. Il est manifesté plus extensivement au niveau micromorphologique qu'au niveau macromorphologique. La rôle de l'hybridation dans l'évolution des taxons et ses effets sur le systématique de la sous-section sont évalués.
Seize taxons sont circonscrits comme espèces-ortho: Viola affinis LeConte, V. brittoniana Pollard, V. cucullata Aiton, V. egglestonii Brainerd, V. fimbriatula Sm., V. missouriensis Greene, V. nephrophylla Greene, V. novae-angliae House, V. nuevo-leonensis W. Becker, V. pedatifida G. Don, V. sagittata Aiton, V. septemloba LeConte, V. septentrionalis Greene, V. sororia Willd., V. triloba Schwein., et V. villosa Walter. Deux changements du rang sont proposés: Viola brittoniana Pollard forma pectinata (Bicknell) Gil-ad et Viola novae-angliae House subsp. grisea (Fernald) Gil-ad. Descriptions nouvelles des caractères qui délimitent la sous-section, clefs aux espèces-ortho aux phases chasmogamiques et cléistogamiques, descriptions des espèces et discussions, et discussions des noms qui sont généralement reconnus comme espèces-ortho, mais sont supposés dans ce travail de représenter des hybrides ou des introgressants, sont fourni. Un lectotype est désigné pour Viola sous-section Boreali-Americanae. Les spécimens-type des 15 des 18 taxons reconnus dans cette recherche ont été déterminés. Viola affinis, and V. septemloba sont lecto-typifiés par des illustrations. Viola nuevo-leonensis est illustré pour la première fois.

Aşıklı’daki mikromorfoloji çalışmaları 1990ların başında, Prof. Ufuk Esin başkanlığında sürdürülen ilk dönem kurtarma kazılarıyla, dünyada mikro- morfoloji analizlerinin kuramsal ve terminolojik altlığının oturduğu ve arkeolojideki kullanımının ivme kazandığı dönemle eş zamanlı olarak başlamıştır. 2010 yılında Aşıklı’da yeniden başlayan ikinci dönem kazılarında ise, ilk dönem Aşıklı araştırmalarından alınan sonuçların beraberinde getirdiği yeni sorunsallar ve değişen yaklaşım çerçevesinde, mikromorfolojinin Aşıklı’daki yaşamı anlamaya yönelik sorduğu sorular değişmiş ve çeşitlenmiştir.

Bu yazıda arkeoloji dünyasında halen çok da yaygınlaşmamış bu yöntemin geçmiş insanların ve toplulukların yaşamının anlaşılmasına sağladığı katkı, Aşıklı yerleşmesinde yapılan mikromorfoloji çalışmaları ile değerlendirilecektir.

A procedure for petrographic and micromorphological thin sections preparation and examination in extra-laboratory and field conditions is presented. With use of basic, often improvised off the shelf equipment, standard petrographic thin sections of rocks, sediments, ceramics, mortars and plasters can be produced and examined. The use of newly-introduced Goren portable microscope enables laboratory-grade examination and recording of such materials during field expeditions. Examples from the field of material analysis in art and archaeology are demonstrated.

Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology goes beyond a mere review of current literature and features the most up to date contributions from numerous scientists working in the field. The book represents a groundbreaking and comprehensive resource covering the plethora of applications of micromorphology in archaeology. Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology offers researchers, students and professionals a systematic tool for the interpretation of thin sections of archaeological contexts.

This important resource is also designed to help stimulate the use of micromorphology in archaeology outside Europe, where the technique is less frequently employed. Moreover, the authors hope to strengthen the proper application of soil micromorphology in archaeology, by illustrating its possibilities and referring in several cases to more specialized publications (for instance in the field of plant remains, pottery and phytoliths). Written for anyone interested in the topic, this important text offers:

- Contributions from most of the world's leading authorities on soil micromorphology
- A series of chapters on the major topics selected among the most recurrent in literature about archaeological soil micromorphology
- Systematic descriptions of all important micromorphological features
- Special analytical tools employed on thin sections, such as SEM/EDS, image analysis, fluorescence microscopy, mass spectrometry, among others
- Numerous cross-references
- 400 illustrated full-colour plates

The resource provides the most current and essential information for archaeologists, geoarchaeologists, soil scientists and sedimentologists. Comprehensive in scope, Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology offers professionals and students a much-needed tool for the interpretation of thin sections of archaeological contexts.

Session Abstract: This one-day workshop will enable cross-fertilization between cutting-edge approaches to reconstructing the critical issue of water management across the broad chronological and geographical sweep of the Ancient Near East. Speakers are drawn from across the UK, Europe and Middle East.

Black mats are organic-rich sediments and soils that form in wet environments associated with spring discharge. Micromorphological and geochemical analyses of 25 black mats dating to the Younger Dryas Chronozone (12.9–11.7 ka) and early Holocene were conducted to determine their composition and depositional environment. Samples were collected from Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Nevada. Micromorphological analyses were conducted on thin sections using polarized and blue fluorescent light. These analyses determined that black mats contain humic acids, fine (5–20 μm) plant fragments, diatoms, phytoliths, and gastropods. The dominant type of organic matter in black mats is derived from herbaceous plants, contradicting previous studies that supported algal or charcoal sources. Differences in the micromorphological characteristics of the samples revealed that black mats formed as three different types, organic horizons, moist soils and, ponded sediments, depending on their topographic position in relation to the water table. The microscopic evidence found in black mats supports the presence of widespread wet environments in Nevada and Arizona during the Younger Dryas Chronozone, clearly indicating a sustained period of greater effective moisture, optimal for spring discharge and black mat formation.

Context: Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. (Lamiaceae) is an annual or perennial herb or subshrub widely distributed from the Mediterranean to central Asia and Afghanistan. In Xinjiang, China, the whole herb has been used in traditional Kazakh and Uygur medicines as anti-febrile and detoxicating drug.

Aims: To characterize macroscopical, microscopically of the overground part of the Z. clinopodioides, explore and establish the macro-morphology, micro-morphology, quality and physicochemical parameters standards for this plant.

Methods: Pharmacognostical and phytochemical investigations were conducted in terms of macroscopic, microscopic and preliminary phytochemical parameters.

Results: The vegetable material can be identified by structural features of the flowers, structural characteristics of the stem, specific pale brown hesperidin can be regarded as identification character. This crude drug showed the characteristic physicochemical values like total ash (7%), insoluble ash (1.3%), water soluble ash (3.7%), moisture (7.5%). The ethanolic extract contained flavonoids, organic acids, alkaloids, and glycosides.

Conclusions: Various pharmacognostical characters that observed in this study can be an effective supplement to further research of this ethnomedicinal plant. Meanwhile, the results of this paper deal with pharmacognostical studies on the Ziziphora clinopodioides in an attempt to mitigate the adulteration to the crude drug.

Cassia occidentalis is used in Ghana mainly for the management of hypertension. The aim of the present studies was to establish standardization parameters for the authentication and quality control of the leaf and seeds of Cassia occidentalis. The macromorphological, qualitative and quantitative features, physicochemical, phytochemical and some spectroscopic features of the medicinally used parts were evaluated using standard methods. The plant was found to be a glaborous herb with compound pinnate leaves. It has 6-8 pairs of leaflets. The leaflets are broadly lanceolate to ovate, with an acute apex and possessing a gland near the base of the leaf rachis. The seeds are ovoid about 4 mm long flattened with a smooth and hard testa. It is amphistomatic with anomocytic stomata. The quantitative indices of the leaf and physicochemical parameters have also been established. A 0.5% ethanol extract of the leaves and seeds showed characteristic UV maxima which may be invaluable in its identification. The pharmacognostic features established in this study may be used as part of a pharmacopoeial standard for the correct identification and quality control of Cassia occidentalis.

The burial mound of Mereto di Tomba (Udine): the archaeological investigations and micro-morphological analysis of the context at the bottom of the stratigraphic sequence – This short contribution intends to offer the results of the micro-morphological analyses carried out in the
lower context of the stratigraphic sequence of the burial mound of Mereto di Tomba, systematically excavated by the University of Udine, 2006-2008. The monumental layout of the site developed progressively starting
from a stone funerary marker of an individual burial in the advanced Early Bronze Age. The scientific analyses together with a reconsideration of the archaeological data suggest that the site had a very long history as it was
occupied before the foundation of the tomb, between the late Copper Age and an early part of the Early Bronze Age, and probably included a structure for ritual use.

El renovado interés por el patrimonio construido con tierra ha arrojado nuevos retos a la investigación arqueológica, entre ellos la correcta identificación de las técnicas de construcción, en ausencia de información histórica o etnográfica. Por las deficiencias en la formación profesional de los arqueólogos con respecto a la arquitectura de tierra, son recurrentes las instancias de reportes de excavaciones donde la técnica constructiva no se identifica o se identifica erróneamente. Aparte de la necesidad de sensibilizar a los arqueólogos sobre las distintas técnicas constructivas que existen, también es útil desarrollar un método que pueda apoyar a su identificación. El presente documento propone desarrollar un método que permita comparar, a nivel micromorfológico, muestras constructivas arqueológicas con muestras experimentales hechas con tierra de la misma zona del sitio arqueológico, donde se conoce la cantidad de agua y el modo de densificación. Para ello, se propuso trabajar con muestras obtenidas por la aplicación del test Carazas. Esto permitirá caracterizar los rasgos micromorfológicos, observados a nivel microscópico, que son resultado del diferente tratamiento que se le da a la mezcla constructiva, que se pueden asociar a diferentes técnicas de construcción (tapia, cob, adobe, tierra vertida) que coincidan con alguna posición del Test Carazas por compartir el porcentaje de humedad y/o proceso de densificación necesarios para el desarrollo de dicha técnica. En este trabajo también se compararán las características observadas con interpretaciones propuestas para muestras constructivas arqueológicas, por un equipo francés pionero en el tema. Los resultados obtenidos indican que es posible observar diferencias específicas (1) en la proporción de poros, (2) en los tipos de poros que se encuentran y (3) en la posición y distribución de estos en la muestra. Estas diferencias se pueden relacionar tanto con la humedad como la acción mecánica ejercida y permiten evaluar las interpretaciones propuestas para las muestras arqueológicas que distinguen las técnicas constructivas.

Most of the long-term archaeological sequences from north-west Australia are located in cave and rockshelter settings, where deposits are often discontinuous. Yet, there have been few geoarchaeological investigations in such settings in tropical semi-arid regions and in Australia in general. Consequently the dynamics of site formation processes and their implications for the integrity of the archaeological record are still poorly understood. This thesis aims to rectify this by presenting the geoarchaeological analysis of five Pleistocene and Holocene archaeo-stratigraphic sequences from sheltered sites located in the Devonian ranges of the southern Kimberley region: Riwi, Carpenters Gap 1, Carpenters Gap 3, Djuru and Mount Behn. Located in the adjoining Gooniyandi and Bunuba traditional lands, some of the sites have occupation dated back to the early colonization of Australia about 49–45 ka (cal. BP). The relatively similar cultural, geological and climate setting of the area investigated provides an opportunity to explore and assess the long-term archaeo-stratigraphic record of the region, and, in a larger perspective, people’s responses to regional environmental change. The deposits were examined using micromorphology as the main analytical method as this technique allows the detailed characterization of sediment components and organization and helps disentangling natural and anthropogenic factors responsible for sediment inputs (or removal). This provided a comprehensive depositional history for each site and demonstrated that sedimentary dynamics vary mainly depending on the shelter’s lithological setting, its position in the landscape, its morphology, human occupation intensity, local and regional climatic variations, with each site presenting unique accumulation/erosion equilibrium. The geoarchaeological approach allowed a detailed exploration of the concepts of discontinuities in archaeo-stratigraphic sequences (unconformities, paraconformities, disconformities) and the impact these have on the integrity of the archaeological record (missing records, time-averaged sequences or palimpsests) for the five sites investigated. A re-appraisal of other archaeological sites from north-west Australia archaeo-stratigraphic sequences stresses the importance of taking into consideration site formation processes biases in Australian long-term human occupation models. The study also demonstrates that palaeoenvironmental data can be extracted from cave and rockshelter sequences under tropical semi-arid climate. The results reveal that aridification spread from the arid interior to the north, starting with the Riwi sequence that shows a shift towards much drier conditions around 45 ka, as indicated by dominant aeolian inputs in the cave from that time. The Pleistocene sequences all indicate a non-linear climate deterioration, with short more humid episodes identified late into the glacial period. Where layers dated to the Last Glacial Maximum (22–18 ka) are preserved, a slower sedimentation rate is observed, partly related to drier conditions at that time. Deglacial and early Holocene records (18–8 ka) indicate return to greater precipitation. Mid-late Holocene palaeoenvironmental signals, however, are more difficult to detect because they are overprinted by the generally higher anthropogenic signal present in these levels or records are missing due to erosion. The palaeoenvironmental changes detected in the five sequences provide a record in direct association with the archaeological datasets, which allows reflection on human-climate interactions. The results show that occupation seems to persevere regardless of glacial climate deterioration, which reinforce the suggestion of the Kimberley region being a refuge area. The micromorphology analysis provides high-resolution insights into human activities within the shelters by characterizing cultural material composition (botanical or animal parts brought into the sites for consumption or combustion, lithic artefact, rock art painting spalls) and assessing its state of preservation and stratigraphic integrity in function of site-specific post-depositional processes (animal bioturbation, chemical alteration). A close examination of features related to combustion allowed identifying a variety of human practices and making the distinction between different functions of hearths, in situ-burning for clearing and rake-out. Overall, the study demonstrates the potential of the southern Kimberley sequences to inform palaeoenvironmental changes and to comprehend anthropogenic markers better. However, much remains to be explored to achieve a better comprehension of site formation processes in tropical semi-arid areas, develop a more precise picture of climate changes in north-west Australia and how people responded to them. As palaeoenvironmental and archaeological datasets increase with time, our gaps in knowledge will diminish.

Evaluative geoarchaeological investigations using thin section micromorphology, physical, geochemical and infrared spectroscopy analyses of the Neolithic structures in Trenches XIX, XXII and XXIII at Drenovac have revealed that the site was built on disturbed clay-enriched brown forest soils. The collapsed structures were highly burnt and appear to have been kept very clean and free from the build- up of settlement-derived rubbish material, both inside and outside the buildings. These promising results suggest that further systematic geoarchaeological investigations of the floor and ground surfaces inside and outside the structures will provide very valuable new information on the use of space and activity areas in this Neolithic settlement.

The study summarises the basic findings regarding non-masonry buildings in medieval Brno and the prospects for further knowledge. A modern methodological approach in the form of micromorphology in an archaeological context, particularly regarding the interiors of these buildings, was used to add more information. From more than 200 micromorphological samples taken in Brno since 2008, a total of 16 from five sites in the historical centre of the city were selected for this partial study. Temporally, this concerns the period between the early 13th and the mid-14th centuries. The basic outcome of the study is the analysis, interpretation and division of the samples into typological groups. Based on typical features, sunken parts of the structures used for a relatively long time could be divided from the above-ground structures even though in some cases the “floor sandwich” had been partly removed due to ongoing maintenance. Finally, the results were confronted with a macroscopic observ...

L'étude géoarchéologique du paysage fluvial de la moyenne vallée du Zeravchan met en évidence le rôle de l'eau en tant qu'agent morphogène et les facteurs de contrôle de la dynamique fluviale à différentes échelles de temps. Ce paysage résulte également des interactions entre les dynamiques de cet espace semi-aride et tectoniquement actif et les sociétés riveraines qui s'y développent depuis l'époque protohistorique. La démarche méthodologique se fonde sur l'étude à toutes les échelles des archives du paysage fluvial et des vestiges d'ouvrages hydrauliques. Les données archéologiques sont complétées par une étude géomorphologique, des datations par thermoluminescence optiquement stimulée (OSL) et l'analyse micromorphologique du comblement sédimentaire du canal fonctionnel au IIIe millénaire avant notre ère. Cette étude montre que les interactions socioenvironnementales, relevant de l'occupation humaine et de la gestion de l'eau dans un milieu contraignant, participent à la fabrique de ce paysage de l'eau, selon des temporalités très courtes à plurimillénaires.

En la investigación sobre las edificaciones de la Prehistoria Reciente del Levante peninsular, el estudio
macroscópico de fragmentos constructivos de barro endurecido aporta datos fundamentales. No obstante,
este análisis macrovisual presenta también una serie de limitaciones y puede ser completado con el análisis
micromorfológico sobre láminas delgadas. Éste permite, principalmente, profundizar en la identificación y estudio de
los elementos integrados en la composición de los morteros de barro prehistóricos. El análisis de láminas delgadas
de fragmentos constructivos de tierra proporciona un mayor número de datos sobre la obtención y transformación
de los materiales constructivos e incluso, en algunos casos, sobre su puesta en obra. Además, puede contribuir a
la distinción de los efectos de distintos factores de alteración post-deposicionales. La combinación de los análisis
macroscópicos y microscópicos hace posible visibilizar una serie de evidencias relacionadas con las distintas
actividades que conformaron los procesos constructivos de los grupos humanos prehistóricos.

Lakeside settlements can be regarded as a special type of archaeological site, as, thanks to their location near the shoreline, or even in the lake, various kinds of organic remains have been preserved under waterlogged conditions. This paper presents the results of six-studied Neolithic lake dwellings from Switzerland. A series of natural and anthropogenic site formation processes were identified through micromorphological analysis and have been compared with natural processes in peatlands. The main processes can be summarized as follows: in the littoral zone a carbonate lake marl stratum accumulated prior to construction of the settlement. During lake regressions, the shore platform became dry and the settlements were established. Throughout the period of occupation, anthropogenic processes led to the accumulation of organic layers. The depositional regime can be characterized as paludal, dominated by constant humidity, and rapid covering of the remains. Some parts of the anthropogenic accumulations have been affected by erosion and reworking processes as a result of lake flooding, and runoff from the hinterland. Finally, the degradation of organic matter occurred only during dry phases when the groundwater level dropped. Seasonality was of great importance in this kind of milieu throughout the various processes described above. C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

"The Kůlna Cave provides relatively unique sedimentary record containing not only artefacts of Upper and Middle
Palaeolithic, but also information on changing climatic conditions within isotope stages MIS6 – MIS2. There are
studied two major sections in context of sedimentology, micromorphology and other auxiliary proxy as are
magnetic properties or particle-size distribution. One of the sections is located in the central part of the cave, the
second one in its entrance part. By combining of these two sections a complete record of sedimentary
development of layers 5 to 11 was obtained. Based on the set of geoarchaeological analyses it was possible to make
detailed interpretation of provenance of cave sediments and their formation history which provides new
information on long discussed chronostratigraphic questions of this locality."

En este artículo se presentan las principales aportaciones de la micromorfología al estudio del hipogeo del Carrer París en Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, datado entre 2878-2206 cal bc. El hipogeo del Carrer París comienza a utilizarse antes de la adopción del complejo campaniforme, localizándose un primer nivel de inhumación colectiva propio del Neolítico Final-Calcolítico. Le seguirán tres episodios de inhumaciones asociadas a vasos campaniformes de diferentes tipologías. El uso continuado del sepulcro pone de manifiesto la evolución de las prácticas funerarias propias del Neolítico hacia una progresiva tendencia a la individualización de las inhumaciones paralela a la adopción de las cerámicas campaniformes.
Del estudio realizado se deduce que el hipogeo fue concebido y construido con suficiente antelación a su uso y existió un ritual funerario relacionado con el fuego anterior a su utilización como sepulcro. Además, la estructura se colmató por sedimentación geogénica y se han identificado los procesos postdeposicionales que afectaron a las inhumaciones. En resumen, creemos que la micromorfología de suelos constituye una herramienta esencial para el estudio e interpretación de contextos funerarios.

Previous studies on the Gravettian in Central Europe did not pay much attention to the issue of the marginal areas' occupation, because the main research interest was placed on analysis of remains from the area of classic refugia, the middle Danube valley or southern Moravia. Consequently, little is known about the mechanisms associated with occupation of areas located to the north of the Carpathians and the Sudetes, both in terms of chronology as well as system of mobility. The results of excavations at the open-air site in Henryk ow (SW Poland), presented in this paper, indicate that attempts of exploitation of upland territories located to the north of the mountain chains, started very early, i.e. in the so-called Early Gravettian period. This is indicated by radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples (28.5e31.5 ka BP) from the site. These dates were confirmed by dating of mineral deposits using the OSL method (ca. 29 ka). Based on geoarchaeological studies, the period of human stay at the Henryk ow site plausibly associated with development of the soil complex of the Komorniki (L1S1, Stillfried B/Lohner Boden type). Archaeological data indicate that the stay was linked with hunting practices. The features of the Henryk ow site, typical for marginal occupation, suggest that during the visit tool kits were reconstructed, stocks were replenished and fire was used. The dataset suggests that traces from Henryk ow should be treated as a result of pioneering expeditions. This mobility probably never had a more stable character, as in the later period of the Gravettian complex development.

There has been evidence of dung in lakeside and moorland settlements since the beginning of wetland archaeology in the 19th century. While evidence has been found for the easily discernible faecal pellets of sheep and goats, recognition of cattle dung has proven to be considerably more difficult. In this study, we give an overview of evidence for dung remains in prehistoric wetland settlements in Germany, Switzerland and eastern France. Various methods for the analysis of uncharred dung remains are reviewed – analyses of plant macro- and microremains, micromorphology and palaeoparasitology – and are applied to two late Neolithic sites in Germany, Alleshausen-Täschenwiesen and Alleshausen-Grundwiesen. It will be shown that at Alleshausen-Täschenwiesen small ruminants were penned during the whole winter and fed on leaf hay unlike Alleshausen-Grundwiesen, where cattle browsed/grazed in the open during the day and were herded into the settlement during the night – both in summer and in winter.

Fieldwork carried out in the context of the Palaepaphos Urban Landscape Project (PULP) since 2006 led to the discovery of previously unrecorded urban monuments. A purpose-built complex designed to serve storage needs and industrial activities was revealed on the plateau of Hadjiabdoulla, one km to the east of the sanctuary of Aphrodite; 70m north of the plateau, which is now confidently viewed as the citadel of the royal dynasties of Paphos in the 5th and 4th centuries BC, the hillock of Laona was identified as a man-made mound that had been raised over an early 5th-century BC rampart. The well-preserved status of the new monuments offered an unprecedented opportunity to approach the political economy of the city-state of Paphos in the Cypro-Classical period. "From the metalliferous sources to the citadel complex of Ancient Paphos: archaeo-environmental analysis of the mining and the built environment") was the answer to the urgent need of PULP to develop a state-of-the-art, archaeo-environmental component. It initiated the macroscopic and microscopic study of a wide range of primary data from the built environment and enabled comparison and integration with data extracted from the macro-scale analysis of the catchment of Paphos, especially in relation to the study of copper slag located within the metalliferous foothills of the Paphos Forest.

Previous studies on the Gravettian in Central Europe did not pay much attention to the issue of the marginal areas' occupation, because the main research interest was placed on analysis of remains from the area of classic refugia, the middle Danube valley or southern Moravia. Consequently, little is known about the mechanisms associated with occupation of areas located to the north of the Carpathians and the Sudetes, both in terms of chronology as well as system of mobility. The results of excavations at the open-air site in Henryk ow (SW Poland), presented in this paper, indicate that attempts of exploitation of upland territories located to the north of the mountain chains, started very early, i.e. in the so-called Early Gravettian period. This is indicated by radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples (28.5e31.5 ka BP) from the site. These dates were confirmed by dating of mineral deposits using the OSL method (ca. 29 ka). Based on geoarchaeological studies, the period of human stay at the Henryk ow site plausibly associated with development of the soil complex of the Komorniki (L1S1, Stillfried B/Lohner Boden type). Archaeological data indicate that the stay was linked with hunting practices. The features of the Henryk ow site, typical for marginal occupation, suggest that during the visit tool kits were reconstructed, stocks were replenished and fire was used. The dataset suggests that traces from Henryk ow should be treated as a result of pioneering expeditions. This mobility probably never had a more stable character, as in the later period of the Gravettian complex development.

Leaf indumentum and nutlet surface micromorphology of 13 taxa belonging to the Teucrium sect. Teucrium was studied with
a scanning electron microscope. We observed 5 trichome types on the nutlets and 8 trichome types on the leaves. Branched trichomes
were not found on the nutlets. Nutlet shapes of the taxa were elliptic, obovate, oblong, or rotund, and their surfaces were generally
alveolate with different ornamentations. Some nutlets had longitudinal ridges. The indumentum varied among unrelated species and
showed some significant similarities within related species. In Flora of Turkey sect. Teucrium was divided into 2 groups according to leaf
fragmentation and other morphological characters. The current study supports this grouping. The indumentum types on nutlets and
leaves have a high taxonomical value for the species of the genus.