Morphology and Syntax

GLOW 40, March 15 th 2017 1 The abbreviations and conventions used in this paper are the following. x>y = portmanteaux morpheme where x is the agent and y is the patient, x.y = fused element where multiple features (other than only person) are expressed in one morpheme, 1 = first person, 2= second person, 3 = third person, 12 = first person inclusive, 13 = first person exclusive (excluding addressee), π = person, # = number, abs = absolutive, acc = accusative, ap = antipassive, appl = applicative, asp/ a = aspect, caus = causative, dat = dative ea = external argument, erg = ergative, f = feminine, hab = habitual, ia = internal argument, imm.pst = immediate past imperf = imperfective, inv = inverse, loc = locative, m = mood, masc = masculine, neg = negation, npast = non past, nom = nominative, obj/O = object, pfv = perfective, pl = plural, pres = present tense, pst = past tense, sg = singular, sub/S = subject, t = tense, tv = theme vowel, v = verb 2 Language families and languages: Algonquian: Maniwaki (Oxford 2015); Carib:

This paper analyses some types of prefixed nouns that modify other nouns as in bandera bi-color (‘bicolour flag’). After reviewing the different treatments these formations have received, we will try to show that the prefix+N construct belongs to the N category and that it modifies another noun by constituing an apposition structure.

This article presents a scientific-discourse and overview systematically on the word-formation that how the impacts and strategies of morphology produce the significant enrolment in the productive-pedagogies to teach and enhance the different parameters and paradigms of vocabulary’s re-structure and lexicography. The determinations of researchers define and describe the mechanism of affix morphemes (derivational and inflectional) in the formation of new words with the complete lexical-semantic meaning and syntactic-structure, which are developed through the general morphological processes in the morphosyntax. This research attempt intends to specify the strategies, knowledge, and information employed by L2 students of tertiary level when they face new words while reading the texts. Even learners have a tendency to ignore a large amount of new vocabulary they encountered due to poor enhancement of the weak vocabulary awareness and immature and traditional pedagogical course policies ...

In the present study we investigate the relevance of the concept of underspecified inflection markers for the processing of language in the human brain. Our findings strongly support underspecification: An ERP-component related to morpho-syntactic integration (viz., left anterior negativity; LAN) was modulated by violations of Specificity versus Compatibility.

In this paper, I will present a cross-linguistic analysis of the syntax of items signalling temporal distance. Basing on insight form cartography and nanosyntax, I will shown that the mechanism of Phrasal Spell-out (and the Superset Principle) can elegantly explain why in many language 'before' and 'ago' meanings are expressed with the same word. Above all, I will present a previously unnoticed *ABA constraint (cf. Caha 2009; Bobaljik 2012) on lexical spans in the  domain of temporal distance. The *ABA pattern will be crucial to account for possible counterexamples of Haspelmath's (1997) fairly robust descriptive generalization, which states that forms expressing spatial relations of front and back regularly express, respectively, anteriority and posteriority across languages when they are 'shifted' from space to time (namely, before ≈ in front; after ≈ back).

L'articolo propone: 1) Un paragone tra linguistica computazionale e Natural Language Processing. Dovrebbero essere campi di ricerca diversi: lo sono ancora? 2) Gli esiti generati da un parser basato su un sistema a regole per una frase causativa con il verbo 'fare'. Tali esiti sono replicabili per qualsiasi altra frase con 'fare' causativo.

We investigate the distribution of verbal and nominal layers in Romance and Germanic nominalizations. Specifically, we examine pairs of 'verbal' vs. 'nominal' nominalizations in two Romance (Spanish & Romanian) and two Germanic (English & German) languages. Our study proposes a large spectrum of nominal and verbal properties. While these are differently instantiated among languages, the variation we find cannot be attributed to a Germanic vs. Romance parameter; instead, we find micro-variation constrained by the compatibility between the general building blocks of verbal and nominal categories. Besides the vP-layers responsible for argument structure and Aktionsart and the DP-layer responsible for the nominal external syntax, we make a case for further functional verbal and nominal layers in nominalizations: Asp(ect)P, Class(ifier)P, and Num(ber)P. These projections are in complementary distribution in some languages and co-occur in others. 1 We thank the audience of the congress Variation and change in Romance and Germanic noun phrase at the University of Amsterdam, two anonymous reviewers and the editors of this volume for comments and suggestions. Our research has been supported by a DFG (German Research Foundation) grant to the project B1, The formation and interpretation of derived nominals, as part of the Collaborative Research Center 732, Incremental specification in context, at the University of Stuttgart.

This paper introduces data from Urdu into the discussion surrounding the well-known Persian ezafe-construction in order to further explore the interplay of phonology, morphology and syntax. In contrast to earlier studies of Samvelian for HPSG and Luís and Otoguro (2005) for LFG, who each introduce new formal mechanisms that map between the morphology and the syntax in order to resolve the tension between lexical/affixal properties of clitics (phrasal affixes) and their ability to take wide phrasal scope, our approach demonstrates that the classic LFG projection architecture already allows for a straightforward account of the properties of Urdu ezafe and postlexical clitics in general. In particular, we invoke postlexical prosodic phonology in order to ensure the correct placement of clitics, while accounting for their phrasal scope and lexical selectional properties in terms of c-structure representations and f-structure constraints, respectively.

In this paper I address a typological puzzle concerning complementary distribution of classifiers and plural markers. I discuss a possible interpretation of a particular type of the Polish word 'para' ('pair of') as a classifier. The analysis uses formal semantic plurality framework of Landman (2000).

Nigeria involving nine sweetpotato landraces and two Check varieties TIS87/0087 and UMUSPO/3with the following objectives: to evaluate the diversity that exists in the selected sweetpotato landraces and to conserve them for future usage, to identify parents that flowers and are resistance to pests and diseases of ecological origin, to select landraces in terms of high storage root yield, high dry matter content and to build up reserve of breeding materials of native species that have nutritional and industrial potential for crop improvement programme. The results indicated that variability existed among the selected sweetpotato landraces and that the significant (P<0.01) highest fresh storage root yield of 19.6t/ha was for the landrace Kwara followed by ABCHI with 19.4t/ha and which were above the two standard check varieties (87/0087 and UMUSPO/3 which yielded 17.9 and 17.1t/ha respectively of fresh root yield) in the two years combined qualified them to be selected for registration and for commercial sweetpotato production. The landraces have high dry matter content of 33.4 and 31.2% respectively which is good for industrial and domestic utilization. They are also resistant to major field pests and diseases of sweetpotato (score 1) and could be selected for inclusion in the sweetpotato germplasm for breeding purposes. The two landraces flowers and have moderate (0.47 for ABCHI) to high (0.51 for Kwara) harvest index, although lower than the two checks (1.70 for UMUSPO/3 and 0.53 for TIS87/0087) however, it was an indication of high photosynthetic efficiency per unit area. The root morphological characters of the landrace ABCHI (and other landraces collected from Abia State) have similar root biological ranking with TIS87/0087, and may be regarded as duplicate of TIS87/0087. These landraces are quite distinct from Kwara, Ex-Igbariam, UMUSPO/3 and Buttermilk. The characterization enables for an easy and quick discrimination between the landraces. The characters discriminated upon are generally highly heritable and can easily be seen by the eyes and are equally expressed in all environments. These characters were potential attributes for recognizing them for biodiversity conservation, crop improvement and for registration as official varieties in Nigeria.

Coorientadora: Fernanda de Carvalho Rodrigues Aspecto, segundo Comrie (1976), refere-se às diferentes maneiras de se visualizar a composição temporal interna de uma situação. O aspecto perfect, mais especificamente, é um intervalo de tempo que inclui o momento do evento e se estende até o momento de referência, podendo este coincidir com o presente, o passado ou o futuro, relacionando dois pontos na linha do tempo (PANCHEVA, 2003). Neste trabalho, interessa-nos a combinação do perfect com o

Variation is seldom paid attention to in language teaching and mediation. On the basis of noun classes, of noun phrases as well as of the different forms displayed by the demonstrative and the relative pronoun in dependence of noun phrases the focus of this contribution will be on the perspective offered by variation which certainly presents a number of difficulties in language teaching, while at the same time it can increase the learners' self-confidence thanks to a deeper metalinguistic analysis.

Choosing and structuring a word, making a statement, and comprehending the formulated statement require complexprinciples andprocesses. Within this context, complicated procedures and processes might be faced in the second language learning as well. Learning a second language means grasping the syntacticprinciples of a language and transforming these principles into language skills. In our very specific study, ten Syrian primary school students comingfrom diverse psychological and sociological backgrounds, and being at varying ages were investigated. The participants were asked to narrate the pictured book Frog, Where Are You? by Mercer Mayer in Turkish language and the narrations were audio-taped by the researchers. Based on a descriptive research design, the data were collected and analysed qualitatively. As a result of this study which investigated the morphosyntactic developmental features of Syrian primary school students, diverse and common morpho-syntactic features were detec...

This paper deals with grammatical aspects of code-switching between Italian and Italo-Romance dialects, and focuses on the case of negative constructions featuring a MICA-type particle (i.e. a particle deriving from the Latin MICA(M) " crumb ") in a corpus of Italian and bresciano speech data. The case at hand, which will be examined following the so-called comparative variationist method (cf. Poplack & Tagliamonte 2001 inter alia), will offer valuable insight into the conventionalization of mixing patterns and the interplay between code-switching and convergence in Italo-Romance.

American English has many word pairs and trios that are alike enough to be confusing. Word Choice Errors provides a novel way to empower writers of all levels to cut through the confusion to understand which word to use and why that's the word to use. Written in a user-friendly style, grounded in descriptive linguistics methods, and eschewing memorization, this book trains writers to detect, interpret, and act on language clues-with exercises, "wild idea" analytical tricks, and additional resources throughout. It is an excellent resource for instructors and students of grammar or writing/rhetoric, as well as for individuals looking to develop their language and writing skills. Free access due to COVID19
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429261251

English: The current study focuses on the grammatical category of person inherent to personal pronouns in Russian and Bulgarian. Even though some Bulgarian parts of speech (mostly verbs, for example) have significant differences in comparison with Russian ones, the systems of
meanings of the Bulgarian and Russian pronomina personalia function in a similar way. Additionally, the subject of examination is the set of categorial and non-categorial meanings of the grammatical category of person. The two semantic types are invariably connected but the emphasis is put on the manifestations of non-categoriality. Bulgarian serves as a background to Russian empirical data, and the main approach used is a comparative one. The main goal is to explain and describe the ways in which the non-categorial meanings of person function in Russian. For this purpose, fi rst categorial meanings are examined and then non-categorical ones are reviewed.

Russian: Объектом настоящего исследования является грамматическая категория лица, присущая личным местоимения в русском и болгарском языках. Несмотря на то, что у некоторых классов слов в болгарском языке (например, у глагола) наблюдаются значительные различия в категориях по сравнению с русским языком, системы значений болгарских и русских pronomina personalia функционируют схожим образом. Предметом исследования являются категориальные и некатегориальные значения категории лица местоимений. Эти два семантических типа неразрывно связаны друг с другом, но акцент делается на проявлениях некатегориальности. Болгарский язык имеет статус языка фонового сопоставления с русским эмпирическим материалом, а основной метод работы – сопоставительный. Основная цель исследования – объяснить и описать случаи функционирования некатегориальных значений лица в русском языке. В связи с этим сначала рассматриваются категориальные значения, а потом и некатегориальные.

Presentation at “The Way We Think: A Research Symposium on Conceptual Integration and the Nature and Origin of Cognitively Modern Humans.” University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Demark, August 19-23,  2002. Document includes Supplemental Materials: Resource Guide and Commentaries
In recent years the relationship between language change and biological evolution has captured the attention of investigators operating in different disciplines, particularly evolutionary biology, AI and A-Life (Zeimke 2001, Hull 2001), as well as linguistics (Croft 2000; Sinha 1999), with each group often bringing radically different conceptualizations of the object under study, namely, “language” itself, to the debate.  Over the centuries, meanings associated with the expression “language” have been influenced by mappings of conceptual frames and inputs from the biological sciences onto the entity referred to as “language”. At the same time the prestige of the “science of linguistics” created a feedback mechanism by which the referentiality of “language”, at each stage, was mapped back into the field of evolutionary biology along with the emergent structure(s) of the resulting “blend”. While significant energy has been spent on identifying ways in which biological evolution has been linked to concepts of language evolution (Dörries 2002), little attention has been directed to the nature of the conceptual integration networks that have been produced in the process. This paper examines the way conceptual integration theory can be brought to bear on the “blends” that have been created, focusing primarily on examples drawn from 19th century debates concerning the “language-species-organism analogy” in the emerging field of comparative-historical philology.

Nessun momento storico è stato così fortemente dipendente dalla comunicazione come il nostro. Molte professioni, anche nuove, sono coinvolte direttamente in questo processo o si basano su abilità comunicative (il docente, l’avvocato, il magistrato, il politico, il medico, il giornalista, il pubblicitario, l’autore, per citarne alcune), in molte altre saper comunicare efficacemente garantisce opportunità maggiori a supporto della propria professionalità (il manager, il bancario, l’architetto, l’imprenditore, il funzionario della PA, l’artista, e così via).
Il lettore di questo libro, in un percorso che si snoda per 10 capitoli, si troverà ad approfondire la conoscenza dello strumento che sta alla base della comunicazione, la lingua. Partendo dalle unità (i suoni, le parole, le frasi della lingua) studiate tradizionalmente nell’analisi linguistica, verrà poi portato a comprendere il funzionamento della lingua nella comunicazione e potrà impossessarsi degli strumenti per capire e produrre testi efficaci e per muoversi con scioltezza nell’universo comunicativo. Il percorso include anche una ricca considerazione della comunicazione non verbale (gesti, sguardi, posture). Esercizi e rinvii bibliografici consentono di esercitarsi e di studiare ulteriormente in autonomia.

Personal names are used throughout the world irrespective of language, cultural setting, social class, ethnicity, and etc. However, how these names can be expressed and used can differ depending on both language and culture. Moreover, while hearing individuals are able to use and hear their personal (phonetic/official) names, Deaf individuals use name signs, particular signs associated with the individuals’ names, as a way to indentify themselves to others particularly within the Deaf community because personal names are not accessible in sign languages: it is difficult to teach social and linguistic significance of personal names to Deaf people, as they cannot hear the pronunciation of these names. The perception, formation and categorization of personal name signs is based on visual information, cultural beliefs of the Deaf community and linguistic means of expression. Present study which is a preliminary one for the formation of personal name signs in Turkish Sign Language (TİD) ...

The placement of French adjectives has long been both controversial and misconstrued within the literature. In this Romance language, postnominal adjectives are considered to be the rule rather than the exception (Alexaidou, 2007). Within this paper, the semantic and syntactic underpinnings of prenominal and postnominal adjectives will be discussed in relation to theoretical and descriptive data. Semantic structures attempt to classify adjective placement. However, data indicate greater flexibility and ambiguity in placement than what has been previously understood (Thuilier, 2013). Within Branching Direction Theory (Song, 2012), noun movement up the syntactic tree with pied-piping and snowballing movement will join with the mirror image adjective orderings developed within semantic theory (Cinque, 1994; Laenzlinger, 2005). While current theory attempts to describe these phenomena, many issues are yet to be resolved. Do to the recent growth in Optimality Theory (Song, 2012), there is hope that elegant, more fully explanatory theories can be developed. Overall, within Universal Grammar’s framework (Chomsky, 1986), the variation in adjective placement in French and within human language is the basis for the research developed within this paper.

Bu calisma, Turk Isaret Dili(TID)’ nde isaret adlarinin olusumunu inceleyen ilk calisma olmasiyla birlikte, Turk Isaret Dili’nde isaret adlarina iliskin sistemi incelemeyi ve ad verme davranisini, kategoriler ve olusturma yontemleri bakimindan tanimlamayi amaclamaktadir. Bu amacla, anadili TID olan ve Ankara’da isitme engelliler derneklerine mensup olan 25 sagir kisi calismanin katilimcilari olarak belirlenmistir. Bu katilimcilara, kisisel yasamlari ve kendi isaret adlari hakkinda bilgi edinmeyi amaclayan birtakim sorular iceren bir anket isaret dili tercumani araciligiyla bireysel olarak uygulanmistir. Calismanin sonuclari, Turk Isaret Dili’nde dort farkli isaret ad grubu oldugunu gostermistir. Bu kategoriler, diger isaret dillerinde bulunan kategorilerle benzerlik tasimaktadir. Isaret parametrelerine gore yapilan inceleme sayesinde, Turk Isaret Dili’ndeki kisi isaret adlarinin kurala dayali ve sistemli oruntuler oldugu ortaya cikmistir.

The present volume contains a selection of papers presented at the Fifth International Symposium Russian Grammar: System–Usus–Language Variation, from September 22 to 24, 2021, at the University of Potsdam (Germany). The selected essays tackle the issues that arise when Russian Grammar meets new linguistic paradigms (such as corpus linguistics) and new challenges (such as heritage languages). The relevant findings are discussed with a particular focus on an updated version of the 1980 Academy grammar of Russian.
This collection of essays is dedicated to Alan Timberlake, Professor Emeritus
at the University of California, Berkeley (USA) and Special Lecturer in the Department
of Slavic Languages and Literatures at Columbia University (New York,
USA), on the occasion of his 75th birthday.
As the symposium was held online, more than two hundred participants,
speakers and listeners alike, from Russia, Belarus, Poland, Slovakia, Armenia,
Turkey, Germany, Finland, Italy, the USA, Israel, Korea and China, were able to
attend. The symposium was the fifth in a series of annual “Russian Grammar”
symposia. The previous ones were held at the Pushkin Institute of Russian Language
(Moscow, 2016), the University of Helsinki (Helsinki 2017), St. Petersburg
State University (St. Petersburg, 2018) and K. D. Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Pedagogical
University (Yaroslavl, 2019).
In the virtual space of Potsdam, representatives of various academic schools
and communities discussed theoretical and practical aspects of studying and
teaching Russian grammar. The discussions at the previous symposia had focused
on the project of a new type of Academy grammar, Russian Grammar 4.0 (Moscow,
2016), the description, teaching and testing of the same (Helsinki, 2017), the
structural organization of language and processes of language functioning (St. Petersburg,
2018)

This chapter discusses grammatical relations (GRs) in Balinese (ISO 639-3: ban, Austronesian, spoken by ~3 million, mainly in Bali, Indonesia). It is demonstrated that Balinese typologically shows relational properties typical for the Indonesian type of Austronesian languages, in terms of voice marking, argument marking, GR alternations, and other related processes such as relativisation, reflexivisation and control. In a wider typological context, Balinese shows splitS in terms of verbal morphology. Syntactically the overall grammar of Balinese shows a symmetrical alignment system: actor (A) and patient (P) arguments of transitive verbs can be equally selected as the grammatical subject or Pivot without the demotion of the other. In addition to voice morphology (showing AV, UV, and middle alternations), Balinese also has applicative and causative morphology, which is good evidence that semantic roles and surface grammatical relations are organised as two distinct layers in the grammar. It is demonstrated in this chapter that much of Balinese syntax revolves around the notion of the privileged argument of Pivot, and its related morphosyntactic and morphosemantic properties in the voice system, in both simple and complex structures; e.g. in clausal argument with/without control and adverbial clauses. We start with the distinction between grammatical relations and grammatical functions (section 2), followed by the selecting properties of Pivot (section 3). Balinese grammar also exhibits a set of properties distinguishing core arguments from obliques, discussed in sections 4 and 5. Three-place predicates are discussed in section 6. It is shown that Balinese exhibits a secundative alignment. Adjuncts are very similar to obliques but they are different in certain respects (section 7). Clausal dependants (complements and adverbial clauses) are discussed in sections 8-9. A conclusion is given in section 10.

This is a book in progress. First it is an attempt to refresh the foundational concepts and definitions of  classical physics. Building on this is attempts to clarify the syntax and semantics of classical physics. Finally it  attempts to distinguish between the speculative elements and careful evidence in modern cosmology.

Here is my first attempt in analyzing a large data set from Cashinahua. I am  posting this as a keepsake. Nevertheless, you are more than welcome to leave comments on where I can still improve. (I recognize that there are errors in this draft as well as haphazard presentation.)

A long-standing problem in linguistics is how to define 'word'. Recent research has focused on the incompatibility of diverse definitions, and the challenge of finding a definition that is cross-linguistically applicable (e.g. Haspelmath 2011; Gijn and Zúñiga 2014; Bickel and Zúñiga 2017; Tallman 2020). In this study I take a different approach, asking whether one structure is more word-like than another based on Shannon's (1948) concepts of predictability and information. I hypothesise that word constructions tend to be more 'internally predictable' than phrase constructions, where internal predictability is the degree to which the entropy of one constructional element is reduced by mutual information with another element. I illustrate the method with case studies of complex verbs in German and Murrinhpatha, comparing verbs with selectionally restricted elements against those built from free elements. I propose that this method identifies an important mathematical property of many word-like structures, though I do not expect that it will solve all the problems of wordhood.

This paper deals with grammatical complexity, from both a theoretical perspective and with special reference to Germanic languages. The starting point is Rescher's (1998) theoretical approach to complexity. Four causes of linguistic complexity are presented in more detail: complexity due to (1) language contact, (2) language cultivation and linguistic conservatism, (3) linguistic variation, and (4) the overgeneralization of linguistic reconstructions. It is argued that linguistic complexity must be seen as a dynamic process, oscillating, for example, between formal complexity and semantic uniformity. When investigating the nature of linguistic complexity it turns out, contrary to Hockett's (1958) claim that all languages are equally complex, that there are indeed simple languages (e.g. pidgins or forms of early child language). Moreover, other variables deserve more attention, such as selective grammatical complexity or phenomena of over-and under-specification (following McWhorter's 2007 approach). The main focus, however, lies on Germanic, its early history, and the divergent structures of the modern Germanic languages. It is shown that newly implemented structures, predominantly caused by grammatical replication, are the main sources of complexity. On top of that, special attention is paid to isolated linguistic communities (morphological complexity in Insular Nordic and North Frisian). Finally, instances of over-specification are discussed in detail on the basis of how 'possession' and 'definiteness' are represented in Germanic languages.

This paper analyses adverbial clauses in Veracruz Huasteca Nahuatl (vhn), a Uto-Aztecan language spoken in Mexico. We argue that the formal properties of adverbial clauses in vhn are motivated by general functional principles, particularly, their semantic values. We address seven semantic relations: temporal precedence, temporal subsequence, temporal simultaneity, cause/reason, purpose, result, and spatial relations. We support the analysis not only with evidence from vhn, but also from other languages of the world where two morphosyntactic devices are important: adverbial conjunctions and tam morphology.  Our main claim is that the different semantic relations encoded within adverbial clauses take on specific formal mechanisms to express those particular communicative situations.

Clitic le in structures like ándale, apúrale, échale has been described in terms of verbal intensifi cation (Torres, 2005), or as a process of grammaticalization (Company, 2004); nevertheless, no exhaustive analysis has been made, in which its grammatical contribution, ** precise meaning or true origin are detailed. The present article offers the reader a general description of the studies conducted on this particular phenomenon regarding linguistic change; it also includes the different points of view of researchers who have tried to explain it, and ends with a proposal of a semantic classifi cation of some of these structures, which are common in Mexican Spanish, as well as with a series of tests that will allow observing the syntactic behavior of such constructions.

Werbung stellt in einer von Globalisierung und Transkulturalität geprägten Welt ein Phänomen dar, das nicht nur omnipräsent ist und uns mit Glücksversprechen und Idealbildern in Plastik(-schein-)welten verführt, sondern zunehmend als populäre Form der Kunst gepriesen wird, deren Wirkung durch ausgefeilte Formen der Rhetorik sowie eine suggestive bzw. manipulative Bildersprache gekennzeichnet ist. Fach-und insbesondere Fremdsprachen bilden einen wesentlichen Bestandteil im sprachlichen und stilistischen Repertoire der Werbesprache. Der Beitrag gliedert sich denn auch in zwei Abschnitte: Im ersten Teil der Untersuchung wird das sprachliche und stilistische Repertoire (Fachsprachen, Jugendsprache, Dialekt, Fremdsprachen (Anglizismen) der Werbesprache dargestellt. Der zweite Teil der Untersuchung beinhaltet eine exemplarische Analyse von türkischen und deutschen bzw. deutschsprachigen Werbeanzeigen im Hinblick auf die Verwendung von Anglizismen. Abstract "We love to entertain you"-Advertising Language In a world characterized by globalization and transculturation advertising appears to be a phenomenon that is not only omnipresent and seduces us with the promise of happiness and ideal images into plastic (illusory) worlds, but is also increasingly being hailed as a popular form of art whose effect is characterized by sophisticated forms of rhetoric as well as a suggestive and manipulative language of imagery. Professional and in particular foreign languages form an integral part of the linguistic and stylistic repertoire of advertising language. The study is thus divided into two sections: The first part of the study presents the linguistic and stylistic repertoire (technical language, youth language, dialect, foreign languages (Anglicisms)) of the advertising language. The second part of the study includes an exemplary analysis of Turkish and German or German-language advertisements with regard to the use of Anglicisms.

Nei primi anni ’80 nell’ambiente anglosassone della ricerca urbanistica che faceva capo all’University College of London (UCL) hanno avuto inizio una serie di ricerche guidate dal Prof. Bill Hillier tese a sviluppare una nuova metodologia di analisi delle relazioni tra ambiente costruito e comportamento umano che, nel corso dei successivi trenta anni, si è sviluppata con il contributo di decine di ricercatori in tutto il mondo.
La presente nota fornisce una breve descrizione degli elementi costituivi di questa relativamente  nuova tecnica di analisi morfologica dell'ambiente costruito.

This paper compared the voice marking systems of Zamboanga Chavacano, Filipino and English.
Filipino has four voice markers (Ceña 2012), English has three (Celce-Murcia and LarsenFreeman 2008), and Chavacano has two, albeit the literatures claim that this language has merely
one, hence, the missing voice. How is the missing voice formally expressed in Chavacano? Data
have been collected on Chavacano learners’ performance in expressing the extra voices in Filipino
and English. This study employed descriptive-qualitative research generalizing from the patterns of
Chavacano sentences and hypothesizing in the process. The respondents were students and teachers
who were all native speakers of Chavacano. The responses were analyzed for the patterns in the
voicing system of the foregoing language and the responses were likewise utilized for the crosschecking of the possible variants. English and Filipino were the eliciting languages to analyze the
sentences in Chavacano. The sampling that was drawn upon was a non-probability sampling.
Filipino is a language that is rich in affixation whereby four different voice affixes trigger what
argument assumes the place of the subject. The voices in Filipino are active, passive, derived and
locative; English, albeit not having as much affixation as Filipino in its verbal morphology relative
to voice, has three voices: active, middle and passive. Chavacano has been analyzed as having only
the active voice; it has been found out, however, to have both the active and passive voices which
ought to have a great pedagogical relevance and implication as Mother Tongue-based Multilingual
Education (MTBMLE) is here to stay.

Cette Nouvelle grammaire bretonne du dialecte de Vannes a été rédigée afin de décrire les bases de la grammaire du breton vannetais standard. Jusqu’à ce jour, les apprenants qui s’intéressent au breton vannetais devaient se référer à la fois à des grammaires vannetaises vieilles de plusieurs décennies, et à des grammaires modernes ne décrivant que le breton normalisé dit « KLT » (basé sur le « finistérien » comme disent les vannetisants).

Le présent ouvrage étudie le vannetais standard, langue littéraire en usage dans le Morbihan depuis plusieurs siècles. Afin de jeter un pont entre tradition et modernité, l’auteur a fait le choix d’utiliser conjointement l’orthographe unifiée du breton, désormais majoritaire, et l’orthographe traditionnelle vannetaise, plus familière pour les bretonnants de naissance et dans laquelle la majeure partie de la littérature vannetaise a été écrite.

Nous espérons que cette grammaire, déclinée en 341 paragraphes et illustrée de nombreux exemples d’emploi puisés notamment chez L. Herrieu, A. Guillevic & P. Le Goff, J.-M. Héneu ou encore J. Larboulette… contribuera à la pérennité du breton vannetais.

(Commande ici / Order here : http://www.editions-label-ln.com/?p=1049 )