Morphology (Languages And Linguistics)

Scottish Gaelic is a Celtic language spoken in the Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland. Its range of morphological phenomena includes su xation and compounding, as well as certain mutations that are more particular to Celtic languages, like lenition.

"Latijnse morfologie" bevat een volledige bespreking van de verbuigingen en vervoegingen van het klassieke Latijn. Ook talrijke relevante uitzonderingen en bijzonderheden die in vele schoolboeken onvermeld blijven, komen aan bod. Bijzondere aandacht wordt besteed aan de ontwikkelingen in het postklassieke Latijn.

Dans ce cours nous allons recueillir et organiser des données d’une langue peu décrite (probablement une langue autochtone) et nous allons utiliser ces données pour préparer des résumés descriptifs de la langue, formuler et tester des hypothèses concernant des phénomènes particuliers dans cette langue, et finalement développer des analyses de ces phénomènes.

Ce cours va inclure la discussion des données, l’élicitation en classe auprès d’un locuteur natif de la langue ciblée, ainsi que les rencontres en petits groupes avec ce locuteur, hors de la salle de classe. Nous allons aussi enregistrer et transcrire une histoire pour obtenir un échantillon du discours connecté. Cette histoire devrait aussi nous présenter plusieurs énigmes grammaticales que nous allons examiner plus profondément dans les séances d’élicitation.

GLOW 40, March 15 th 2017 1 The abbreviations and conventions used in this paper are the following. x>y = portmanteaux morpheme where x is the agent and y is the patient, x.y = fused element where multiple features (other than only person) are expressed in one morpheme, 1 = first person, 2= second person, 3 = third person, 12 = first person inclusive, 13 = first person exclusive (excluding addressee), π = person, # = number, abs = absolutive, acc = accusative, ap = antipassive, appl = applicative, asp/ a = aspect, caus = causative, dat = dative ea = external argument, erg = ergative, f = feminine, hab = habitual, ia = internal argument, imm.pst = immediate past imperf = imperfective, inv = inverse, loc = locative, m = mood, masc = masculine, neg = negation, npast = non past, nom = nominative, obj/O = object, pfv = perfective, pl = plural, pres = present tense, pst = past tense, sg = singular, sub/S = subject, t = tense, tv = theme vowel, v = verb 2 Language families and languages: Algonquian: Maniwaki (Oxford 2015); Carib:

This paper analyses some types of prefixed nouns that modify other nouns as in bandera bi-color (‘bicolour flag’). After reviewing the different treatments these formations have received, we will try to show that the prefix+N construct belongs to the N category and that it modifies another noun by constituing an apposition structure.

This article presents a scientific-discourse and overview systematically on the word-formation that how the impacts and strategies of morphology produce the significant enrolment in the productive-pedagogies to teach and enhance the different parameters and paradigms of vocabulary’s re-structure and lexicography. The determinations of researchers define and describe the mechanism of affix morphemes (derivational and inflectional) in the formation of new words with the complete lexical-semantic meaning and syntactic-structure, which are developed through the general morphological processes in the morphosyntax. This research attempt intends to specify the strategies, knowledge, and information employed by L2 students of tertiary level when they face new words while reading the texts. Even learners have a tendency to ignore a large amount of new vocabulary they encountered due to poor enhancement of the weak vocabulary awareness and immature and traditional pedagogical course policies ...

In this paper, evidence is provided that suggests the Oksapmin language, previously classed as constituting an isolate within the larger Trans-New Guinea family, is related to the Mountain Ok branch of the Ok language family and, by extension, the entire Ok family. A list of cognates and sound correspondences is given, as well as evidence from bound morphology and pronoun

தமிழில் சொல்லாக்கம் தழுவிய உருபனியல் வகைப்பாட்டை பின்வருமாறு காட்டலாம்:
 
பொதுவாகச் சொல்லாக்கத்தைப் பின்வருமாறு பகுக்கலாம்: கூட்டாக்கம், முன்னொட்டாக்கம், பின்னொட்டாக்கம், மாற்றம்,  பின்வடிவாக்கம், கத்திரிப்பாக்கம், கலப்பாக்கம், தலைப்பெழுத்தாக்கம், சொல் உருவாக்கம்.
தமிழில் சொல்லாக்கங்களில் மிகவும் பரவலானவை கூட்டாக்கமும் பின்னொட்டாக்கமும் ஆகும். பல புதிய சொற்கள் கூட்டாக்கங்களால் பெறப்படுகின்றன. பெயர் + பெயர் கூட்டக்கங்கள் விளைவாககமாகும்.  புதிய வினைகள் பெயர்+ வினை(யாக்கி) என்ற கூட்டக்கத்தால் பெறப்படுகின்றன. பல நுண்மைப் பெயராக்கங்களுக்குப் வினையடிகள் காரணமாகின்றன.

In the present study we investigate the relevance of the concept of underspecified inflection markers for the processing of language in the human brain. Our findings strongly support underspecification: An ERP-component related to morpho-syntactic integration (viz., left anterior negativity; LAN) was modulated by violations of Specificity versus Compatibility.

This paper aims at analysing a case of morphological variation in Italian, namely number inflection of two types of Italian compounds: Noun-Adjective (e.g. roccaNforteA ‘stronghold’) and Adjective-Noun (e.g. mezzaAlunaN ‘half-moon’) compounds. These compounds display both double inflection (e.g. cassePLfortiPL ‘safes’, doppiPLvetriPL ‘double glasses’), and external inflection (e.g. roccaSGfortiPL ‘strongholds’, doppioSGpettiPL ‘double-breasted’). Furthermore, in some cases the same compound shows both kinds of inflection, i.e. ‘overabundance’ (Thornton 2012). The analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data from a corpus of Contemporary Italian (i.e. itWaC) reveals that NA compounds do not show a consistent behavior in number inflection, since they are in general ancient and infrequent forms which originate in syntax and, in some cases, undergo lexicalization. On the other hand, AN compounds represent a morphological pattern mostly consisting of (sometimes still productive) series which display a transparent internal structure and a strong tendency to double inflection. Moreover, it appears from the examined data that although in most cases each compound seems to need an ad hoc explanation, frequency (especially for NA compounds) and belonging to a series (for AN compounds) can be considered as the most relevant factors for determining inflection.

The status of basic grammatical relations such as 'subject-of'has been a matter of some controversy in current linguistic theory. While Keenan has argued that they are squishy of 'cluster'concepts, Johnson and others have taken the position that they must be analyzed as discrete entities. This paper provides empirical evidence to decide between the two opposing positions. The syntax and semantics of the so-called Dative Subject Construction in South Asian languages demonstrate that the underlying subject is different ...

This 4-year longitudinal study examined the extent to which morphological awareness, syntactic processing, working memory (WM) and reading skills predict unique variances developmentally in three genres of Chinese writing (narration, argumentation and exposition) among 246 young Mandarin-speaking children. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted using the writing performance of three genres at the fourth year as the dependent variables. After controlling for reading skills and WM, morphological awareness was uniquely associated with all three types of writing genres longitudinally, while syntactic processing made a significant longitudinal contribution to narrative and argumentative writing during the earlier years. With the autoregressive effect of writing controlled, WM was uniquely associated with narrative writings across all four years, and with argumentative and expository writing in the later years. Reading skills were uniquely related to concurrent narrative and expository writing. Highlights What is already known about this topic • Both morphological awareness (MA) and syntactic processing (SP) play an important role in reading and written composition performance. • Early exposure to different genres through reading is vital for writing, and cog-nitive effort such as planning and revision in composition decreases as grade level increases.

In this paper I address a typological puzzle concerning complementary distribution of classifiers and plural markers. I discuss a possible interpretation of a particular type of the Polish word 'para' ('pair of') as a classifier. The analysis uses formal semantic plurality framework of Landman (2000).

В статье обсуждаются значение морфологических работ А. А. Зализняка для русской и общей морфологии, анализируется ценность его исследований с точки зрения истории лингвистики и возможности развития его теоретических идей.
The paper is devoted to the contribution of morphological works by the outstanding Russian linguist A. Zalizniak to Russian and general morphology and to possible ways of the development of his ideas.

Este libro es un tratado de morfología léxica completísimo y promete ser un manual de referencia en la didáctica de ELE/L2. Es un estudio descriptivo minucioso de los procesos de formación de palabras en español, desarrollado desde una perspectiva metalingüística con fines prácticos para la adquisición de la lengua. Por este motivo, es claramente una obra didáctica escrita desde un profundo conocimiento de la morfología, tanto teórico como práctico, y su originalidad reside en las actividades para la reflexión planteadas como un proceso de toma de conciencia de la lengua que sirve para entender mejor el léxico conocido, comprender el que es nuevo para el aprendiz de español o crear formas existentes en la lengua a partir de la inferencia de reglas [...].

Apesar de negligenciada durante muitos anos, tem-se assistido, recentemente, a um aumento da importância da diacronia para os estudos linguísticos e a área da formação de palavras não tem sido exceção. Neste artigo, a análise incidirá sobre algumas mudanças observadas no sistema sufixal nominal do português, tomando como casos de estudo os sufixos -ádig- / -ádeg- e -idão. Os dados foram recolhidos a partir de fontes primárias, mais concretamente textos do português arcaico, os quais fazem parte do CIPM - Corpus Informatizado do Português Medieval. Posteriormente, estes dados foram confrontados com as descrições das gramáticas históricas do português. O objetivo principal é evidenciar convincentemente que os estudos com uma perspetiva diacrónica subjacente são relevantes para a análise da formação de palavras em particular e para a morfologia em geral.

Choosing and structuring a word, making a statement, and comprehending the formulated statement require complexprinciples andprocesses. Within this context, complicated procedures and processes might be faced in the second language learning as well. Learning a second language means grasping the syntacticprinciples of a language and transforming these principles into language skills. In our very specific study, ten Syrian primary school students comingfrom diverse psychological and sociological backgrounds, and being at varying ages were investigated. The participants were asked to narrate the pictured book Frog, Where Are You? by Mercer Mayer in Turkish language and the narrations were audio-taped by the researchers. Based on a descriptive research design, the data were collected and analysed qualitatively. As a result of this study which investigated the morphosyntactic developmental features of Syrian primary school students, diverse and common morpho-syntactic features were detec...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24853/elif.1.1.9-22
Citation APA Style: Eviyuliwati, I., Dzikrika, D. K., & Hasibuan, B. (2018). The Effectiveness of Morphological Analysis Technique in Teaching Vocabulary. English Language in Focus (ELIF), 1(1), 9–22.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of Morphological Analysis technique in teaching vocabulary at SMPN 13 Kota Tangerang Selatan, Banten. The design of the study was quasi-experimental. The samples were 76 students of the 8th grade who were taken randomly using purposive random sampling. The samples were classified into two groups: 39 students in the experimental group and 37 in the control one. The data collected through a pretest and a posttest which had been proved valid and reliable by ANATES. In between, the teaching of 20 prefixes and 20 suffixes were done in both groups but with a higher frequency of occurrence in the experimental class. The finding showed that the experimental group got a higher mean score than the control one, and the statistical calculation found that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the two groups. It indicated that the morphological analysis technique is effective to teach vocabulary to the 8th-grade students of SMPN 13 Kota Tangerang Selatan, Banten.
Keywords: morphological analysis, root,  prefix, suffix

English: The current study focuses on the grammatical category of person inherent to personal pronouns in Russian and Bulgarian. Even though some Bulgarian parts of speech (mostly verbs, for example) have significant differences in comparison with Russian ones, the systems of
meanings of the Bulgarian and Russian pronomina personalia function in a similar way. Additionally, the subject of examination is the set of categorial and non-categorial meanings of the grammatical category of person. The two semantic types are invariably connected but the emphasis is put on the manifestations of non-categoriality. Bulgarian serves as a background to Russian empirical data, and the main approach used is a comparative one. The main goal is to explain and describe the ways in which the non-categorial meanings of person function in Russian. For this purpose, fi rst categorial meanings are examined and then non-categorical ones are reviewed.

Russian: Объектом настоящего исследования является грамматическая категория лица, присущая личным местоимения в русском и болгарском языках. Несмотря на то, что у некоторых классов слов в болгарском языке (например, у глагола) наблюдаются значительные различия в категориях по сравнению с русским языком, системы значений болгарских и русских pronomina personalia функционируют схожим образом. Предметом исследования являются категориальные и некатегориальные значения категории лица местоимений. Эти два семантических типа неразрывно связаны друг с другом, но акцент делается на проявлениях некатегориальности. Болгарский язык имеет статус языка фонового сопоставления с русским эмпирическим материалом, а основной метод работы – сопоставительный. Основная цель исследования – объяснить и описать случаи функционирования некатегориальных значений лица в русском языке. В связи с этим сначала рассматриваются категориальные значения, а потом и некатегориальные.

Previous work on Inuit has analyzed the morpheme pi as a ‘dummy root’ or ‘empty stem’; a morphological or phonological filler which satisfies a language-specific requirement that words contain lexical roots. We argue instead that pi is a pro-form similar to English ‘do so’ and ‘one’. As evidence for this analysis we examine the use of pi to avoid repeating constituents, its ability to replace VP-sized constituents, the need for discourse markers in some constructions containing pi, similarities with ‘stem ellipsis’ in Arctic Quebec Inuktitut, and pi’s behaviour in noun-incorporation.

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Morphosyntax is inseparable from the aspect of applied linguistics. The theory of morphological processes such as affixation, word order, and rewriting rules are unconsciously employed by English teachers to develop students’ reading and writing skills. However, the understanding that Morphosyntax entails to English proficiency is not widely known by some English teachers, since the terminology of Morphosyntax tends to be associated to diachronic linguistics research. It affects to the perception that the course of Morphosyntax is designed to be more linguistics, although the students are the English language education ones. Whereas, the needs of English language education students revolve more on vocabulary mastering and sentence pattern to support their English proficiency skills. This paper proposes the course-redesigning products of Morphosyntax based on Corder’s concept of lexical and skill-based syllabus design. The elements of Morphosyntax course-redesigning discussed in this paper consists of the basic competencies, materials, references, course description, concept map, course objectives, competencies and achievement indicators, timeline, assessment, and teaching strategies.
Keywords: Morphosyntax, syllabus, course outline, applied linguistics

Il est bien connu que certains affixes peuvent exprimer un sens d'intensité forte, ou ce que l'on appelle assez communément le « haut degré », comme hyper-, archi-ou extra-, dans hypersensible, archinul ou extra-fin par exemple. La Grammaire méthodique recense différentes sortes de marqueurs susceptibles d'exprimer ce type de sens : des adverbes (très, fort, extrêmement, etc.), des préfixes et des suffixes (outre les préfixes mentionnés, elle cite aussi ultra-, sur-et super-, et -issime comme suffixe), « certains adjectifs dont le sens n'a pas besoin d'être modifié pour exprimer le degré élevé » (excellent, absolu, etc.), « des expressions idiomatiques compléments de l'adjectif » (bête à pleurer, blanc comme neige), « la répétition » (un monde fou fou fou) et enfin « la phrase exclamative » ((Qu')elle est belle!) (p. 363). Les procédés sont hétérogènes mais en syntaxe ou en sémantique, chacun d'entre eux a donné lieu à des travaux relativement nombreux (

Traditional Tiwi is a language isolate within the Australian language group, traditionally spoken on the Tiwi Islands, north of Darwin. This language exhibits the most complex verb structure of any Australian language. Altogether there are 18 distinct verb slots; 14 prefixes and 4 suffixes. They encode subject, object and oblique arguments, they inflect for tense, aspect and mood, the location and direction of events with respect to the speaker, and the time of day that an event takes place. They also take prefixes and suffixes denoting associated motion, can be argument-raised by a causative or detransitivised by derivational morphology, and can take incorporated nominals, incorporated verbs, and incorporated comitative or privative arguments.
Traditional Tiwi has not been adequately described. Previous descriptions are limited and do not cover verb morphology with enough detail. This thesis brings together previous descriptions, early recorded data, and adds newly collected data and findings to produce an updated description of the language, with special reference to the verb morphology.
I focus in particular on two aspects of the verb morphology: agreement and incorporation. The Traditional Tiwi agreement system of inflecting verbs shows a high degree of complexity due to the interactions between subject, object and tense marking. I argue for the occurrence of an otherwise unreported phenomenon by which agreement affixes can shift between various controllers depending on the morphosyntactic context. Incorporation is also highly complex, as with other northern Australian languages that exhibit this feature. There are four distinct types of incorporation including verb incorporation, comitative and privative constructions, body part incorporation and regular nominal incorporation. I describe these with reference to incorporation phenomena in other Australian languages.
Traditional Tiwi however, is no longer spoken; the last two speakers died in 2012. The majority of the data on which this thesis is based was collected with one of these two last speakers, and therefore represents possibly the last documentary linguistic record of this important language.

Here is my first attempt in analyzing a large data set from Cashinahua. I am  posting this as a keepsake. Nevertheless, you are more than welcome to leave comments on where I can still improve. (I recognize that there are errors in this draft as well as haphazard presentation.)

There is rich diversity in New Iranian nominal systems reflecting retentions from a common Old Iranian ancestor and many significant innovations. My primary aim is to engage in a discussion of the typological richness of inflection among these languages as comprehensively as possible. This work represents a combination of synchronic and diachronic linguistics, where a thorough theoretically anchored synchronic analysis feeds my otherwise diachronic study. I have divided the work into distinct sections that represent issues concerning the nominal morphology of the Iranian languages, focusing on those spoken in the Kurdish zone. These sections, taken together, demonstrate the breadth of issues concerning New Iranian nominal morphology. I begin with a typological overview of nominal systems in New Iranian languages focusing on the interaction of case, number, gender, and attribution marking. At the intersection of these features exist several patterns that establish the issues addressed in subsequent sections. Perhaps the most well-studied phenomenon in Iranian nominal morphology is the ezafe (attribution marker). Here, I break from previous work on the ezafe phenomenon by describing the syntactic combinatorics of the various attribution/possession strategies in New Iranian languages in a categorial framework (HTLCG). This analysis unifies two facts of Iranian languages: (1) adjectives are both attributive and substantive, and (2) nouns are the marked entity in attributive constructions. I use the principles established in my discussion of the ezafe to unify the analysis of the Iranian noun-phrase syntax and nominal morphology based on foundational assumptions of inferential–realizational morphology and Categorial Grammar. Additionally, I propose several novel solutions to issues in Iranian historical morphology.

http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1638313342357598
APA Style (7th edition)

The paper describes the person-indexing morphology in Anal with an emphasis on the different forms in the verbal systems of the language. As in many other related languages, the indexation in Anal verbs is performed by two sets of morphemes: suffixes and prefixes. The suffixes are the common set of archaic person-markers. The prefix paradigm is typical for the branch, but exhibits peculiar person shifts. Most of the paradigms employ explicit suffixes for A/S-marking and prefixes for P-marking of SAP forms. 3rd person is not marked explicitly. Nominal forms that use Stem-2 have two different indexation patterns: 3:P scenarios mark the A-referent by possessive prefixes, while SAP:P scenarios mark the P-referent by a prefix and the A-argument by a suffix. P-prefixes are derived from possessive prefixes by vowel-lengthening. There are a few additional person-indexing forms in less frequent paradigms, and peculiar paradigm-specific changes such as 1st person-marking by tone and length in one of the tenses. The overall system shows historical evidence for multiple cycles of periphrastic constructions with the copula as the conjugated form.

By years passed, not only new words, but also phrases have been created. It is because the language has been changing from time to time. There are many variations in language features such as morphological, semantic, phonetic, and syntactic features. This paper will discuss the morphophonemic changes in derivational English suffix -ion. The consideration of choosing the topic is because affixation is the commonest way of building new words in language. Besides of that, suffix, which is one of the types of affixes, is used in many English words. This paper focuses on verbs as the stems. The aim of this paper is to explain what morphophonemic processes involved in the affixation -ion.