Morphometry

CONTEXT:
Depression is common in dementia, especially in the early stages, with important clinical implications, but the etiology is unknown and most likely heterogeneous. Antidepressant use in the elderly without dementia has previously been shown to be associated with high risks of adverse events and with structural brain alterations.

OBJECTIVE:
To investigate cortical changes associated with depression and antidepressant use in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD).

METHODS:
74 subjects with mild AD and LBD from geriatric and psychiatry outpatient clinics in Western Norway were included. The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) was used to assess depression. Automatic preprocessing using Freesurfer included steps for white and grey matter surface reconstruction. The resulting cortical thickness was analyzed using linear modeling.

RESULTS:
Clusters of depression-associated thinning were found in prefrontal and temporal areas. Treatment-associated thinning was observed in the parahippocampal region and was significant even after correction for age, sex, AD/LBD diagnosis, and MADRS scores.

CONCLUSION:
Depression in mild AD and LBD is associated with cortical thinning in prefrontal and temporal areas. The findings suggest that depressive symptoms in mild dementia could develop due to neurodegeneration in the same neural circuits that are critical for depression across different brain disorders. Antidepressant use in patients with mild AD and LBD is associated with parahippocampal thinning. Taken together with low efficacy of antidepressants in cognitively impaired patients and high risks of adverse events, our results suggest a need to re-evaluate the treatment approaches for depression and the role of antidepressants in patients with dementia.

The intestine of poultry plays a significant role in the health and production through enzymatic and microbial digestion of feed as well as absorption of nutrients. The current study was designed to explore the gross and histological alterations in the broiler duodenum and cecum triggered by dietary dexamethasone (DEX). The study was conducted on four homogenous groups of one-day-old chicks (20 chicks/group) i.e. one control (Non-DEX) and three treatment groups (DEX-1, DEX-2, and DEX-3). The broilers were fed commercial broiler feed containing DEX at the rate of 0, 3, 5, and 7mg/kg feed in the Non-DEX, DEX-1, DEX-2, and DEX-3 groups, respectively. The gross morphologic and morphometric data were recorded immediately after the collection of samples on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. Then, the tissue samples were processed for histological investigation. In the gross morphometric study, the weight, length, and width of the intestine were found significantly less in the DEX groups. Histopathological study results showed degeneration of intestinal glands (duodenum), mucosa, and lymphatic nodules with loss of lymphatic nodules (cecum). The percentage of the degenerated nodule was also increased. The length, width, and surface area of the duodenal villi, thickness of the mucosal layer of the cecum, and diameter of the cecal lymphatic nodules were substantially decreased in all the DEX groups. The magnitude of the alterations was associated with both the dose and duration of DEX treatment. However, the current study results indicate that DEX treatment significantly alters the morphologic and morphometric characteristics of the broiler intestine.

We characterize the spatial organization of red-tailed sportive lemurs (Lepilemur ruficaudatus) as a key aspect of their social organization and social system. Sportive lemurs are small (<1000 g), nocturnal and folivorous primates endemic to Madagascar. We studied a population of 57 individually-marked individuals in Kirindy Forest, western Madagascar, between 1995 and 2001. We radio-tracked 20 males and 26 females of

Serial 50 μm Nissl-stained sections through the midbrain and pontine central gray of four adult humans (mean age 56 years, mean postmortem delay 3 hours) were analysed and the subnuclei of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) delineated on the basis of neuronal morphology and ...

Siais Lake is the second largest Lake in North Sumatra Province. However, basic and essential information about this lake does not yet exist. Therefore, this study aims to describe the necessary information regarding bathymetry and morphometry of the Siais Lake. Data was collected in June (dry season) and December (rainy season) 2019. Map analysis used the Quantum GIS 1.8 program. Siais Lake is a shallow lake with a maximum depth of 11.8 m and an average depth of 5.81 m. The total area of Siais Lake reaches 17 km 2 , with a total volume of 46-64 million m 3. Some 7 km 2 (41%) of the lake's surface are covered by aquatic macrophyte species, dominated by lily plants (Amaryllidaceae). Lake Siais is very suitable for the littoral zone development and rooted aquatic plants cultivation.

Mechanical loading has been shown to modulate longitudinal bone growth and cellular activity of the growth plate. Nevertheless, limited and controversial results exist regarding the effect of exercise on a physiological level on the growth plate. The present study investigated whether dose-dependent voluntary exercise has an influence on morphological, biochemical, and mechanical factors of the distal femoral growth plate of

AIm: The knowledge of the vasculature around the paracondylar region is important in neurosurgical procedures such as the paracondylar and
lateral supracondylar approaches. The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of paracondylar emissary foramina in
the adult skull bases and to study the morphology of condylar canals and hypoglossal canals.
Ma terIal and Methods: The present study included 48 adult human skulls that were obtained from the gross anatomy laboratory of our
institution. The paracondylar region was macroscopically observed for the variant foramina, canals and grooves.
Results: It was observed that the paracondylar emissary foramen was present in 16 skulls (33.3%). The foramen was found bilaterally in 7
skulls (14.6%) and unilaterally in 9 skulls (18.7%). The hypoglossal canal was single in 35 (72.9%) skulls, double in 11 skulls (22.9%), and triple
in 2 skulls (4.2%). The paracondylar process (2.1%) and the paracondylar groove (2.1%) were seen in 1 skull each. The posterior condylar canal
was found to be patent in 19 (39.6%) skulls.
ConclusIon: The present study observed that, the paracondylar emissary vein is not rare in occurrence as it is observed in 33.3% of cases.
The identification of the paracondylar emissary veins and accessory vessels is important to avoid dangerous bleeding during the surgery.
The morphological knowledge of the foramina around the paracondylar region is enlightening to the chiropractors, neurosurgeons and
radiologists.

Human intelligence has always been a fascinating subject for scientists. Since the inception
of Spearman’s general intelligence in the early 1900s, there has been significant progress
towards characterizing different aspects of intelligence and its relationship with structural and
functional features of the brain. In recent years, the invention of sophisticated brain imaging
devices using Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) and functional Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (fMRI) has allowed researchers to test hypotheses about neural correlates of
intelligence in humans.This review summarizes recent findings on the associations of human
intelligence with neuroimaging data. To this end, first, we review the literature that has related
brain morphometry to intelligence. Next, we elaborate on the applications of DWI and restingstate fMRI on the investigation of intelligence. Then, we provide a survey of literature that has
used multimodal DWI-fMRI to shed light on intelligence. Finally, we discuss the state-of-theart of individualized prediction of intelligence from neuroimaging data and point out future
strategies. Future studies hold promising outcomes for machine learning-based predictive
frameworks using neuroimaging features to estimate human intelligence.

In the present study an attempt has made to analyse morphometric parameters and prioritisation of 24 sub-watershed of Doddahalla watershed in Chitradurga district. Study area lies in between 76°21'14.95"E to 76°50'34.82"E longitude and 14°4'9.42"N to 14°4'9.42"N latitude. CartoDEM (1 arc second) was used to extract the drainages and delineate the watershed. Arc hydro Tool for ArcGIS used to extract the streams from DEM. Mean Bifurcation ratio ranges from 3.26 to 4.87, where Bommasandra SW shows low value and Ganjigunte SW has high value.  The shape parameter has varies from 0.2 to 0.62, 0.11 to 0.28, 0.51 to 0.89 and 1.86 to 2.9 for form factor, circularity index,  elongation ratio and compactness constant respectively.  The morphometric parameters which influence the soil erodibility are considered to prioritise the sub-watershed. Compound value for sub-watersheds was used to prioritize on the basis of their severity for soil erosion, hence the sub-watershed which has lowest compound value has been given very high priority and highest value has been given low priority. The present study shows the priority map of soil erosion in Doddahalla watershed and it is concluded that morphometric analysis can be used for prioritisation of sub-watershed even without the availability of reliable soil maps of the study area.

The infrastructure of the original Guapo river dam project at El Guamito site (Miranda state, Venezuela), built and commissioning during the 1975-1977 period, collapsed in December 1999 as a result of the extraordinary rains observed at that time, which generated maximum discharges with magnitudes higher than the design discharge of the work. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the relationship between the hydrogeomorphological response of the Guapo river basin generated by this extraordinary rains event, the characteristics of the physical and biological media, and the conditions that these determined for the collapse of the dam. Variables of the physical and biological media, in particular climatic and hydrological aspects, were characterized. Morphometric parameters of the basin and its drainage network were measured and calculated. Topographic and geomorphological features were described with the construction of profiles. The physical and biological elements (geology, relief, geomorphology, topography, soil, vegetation, climate, drainage and hydrology) that coexist in the area of the basin have an important influence on the hydrogeomorphological responses of the system (floods, sediment production and haulage and mass movements). The morphometric characteristics of the basin indicate a high correspondence between these aspects and the collapse of the spillway, since they favoured the high discharges that were estimated at the dam site during the occurrence of this adverse event.

By: J.C. Richardson, D.M. Hodgson, A. Wilson, J.L. Carrivick, A. Lang.

The ancient landscapes south of the Great Escarpment in southern Africa preserve large-scale geomorphological features despite their antiquity. This study applies and evaluates morphometric indices (such as hypsometry, long profile analysis, stream gradient index, and linear/areal catchment characteristics) to the Gouritz catchment, a large discordant catchment in the Western Cape. Spatial variation of morphometric indices were assessed across catchment (trunk rivers) and subcatchment scales. The hypsometric curve of the catchment is sinusoidal, and a range of curve profiles are evident at subcatchment scale. Hypsometric integrals do not correlate to catchment properties such as area, circularity, relief, and dissection; and stream length gradients do not follow expected patterns, with the highest values seen in the mid-catchment areas. Rock type variation is interpreted to be the key control on morphometric indices within the Gouritz catchment, especially hypsometry and stream length gradient. External controls, such as tectonics and climate, were likely diminished because of the long duration of catchment development in this location. While morphometric indices can be a useful procedure in the evaluation of landscape evolution, this study shows that care must be taken in the application of morphometric indices to constrain tectonic or climatic variation in ancient landscapes because of inherited tectonic structures and signal shredding. More widely, we consider that ancient landscapes offer a valuable insight into long-term environmental change, but refinements to geomorphometric approaches are needed.

Food and interspecifi competition generates an evolutionary divergence in morphological traits in organisms. Therefore, the objective of the study is to identify the morphometric characteristics of birds that keep positive relationship with the type of food they consume. To do this, capture of birds was conducted in mist nets and birds captured under  eleven parameters were measured before performing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in SPAD-N. Nectarivorous, frugivorous,
granivorous and insectivorous: 18 individuals corresponding to 9 species, grouped into four guilds were captured. After relating the Factor 1 with Factor 2, four groups, of which the largest are formed is a mixed group to include granivorous and insectivorous species; the second group includes nectarivorous and insectivorous species; and the third is represented by only frugivorous species. Morphometric characteristics of birds that are most positive relationship with your food guild, are what determine the shape and peak so large and the size of the bird.

В настоящей работе поставлена цель картографирования морфометрических
показателей рельефа речного бассейна на основе комплексной обработки  ЦМР, что
создает предпосылки для дальнейшего многостороннего географического анализа
бассейновой системы. Нами решались следующие  главные задачи: 1. создание
гидрологически корректной цифровой модели рельефа (поверхности) по спутниковым
данным (digital  elevation  models  –  DEM); 2. построение эрозионной сети с порядком
тальвегов, соответствующим пределу точности (пространственного разрешения) ЦМР; 3.
автоматизированный расчет стандартных  морфометрических показателей по данным
ЦМР; 4. картографирование этих показателей.

A morphometric analysis was carried out to describe the topography and drainage characteristics of Papanasam and Manimuthar watersheds. These watersheds are part ofWestern Ghats, which is an ecologically sensitive region. The drainage areas of Papanasam and Manimuthar watersheds are 163 and 211 km2, respectively and they show patterns of dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage. The slope of both watersheds varied from 0 to 59 and 0 to 55, respectively. Moreover, the slope variation is chiefly controlled by the local geology and erosion cycles. Each watershed was classified as a fifth-order drainage basin. The stream order of the basin was predominantly controlled by physiographic and structural conditions. The increase in stream length ratio from lower to higher order suggests that the study area has reached a mature geomorphic stage. The development of stream segments is affected by rainfall and local lithology of the watersheds.

This project investigates different aspects of craniofacial phenotypes exhibited in individuals with Down syndrome (DS), siblings of individuals with DS, and typically developing sibling pairs. A human sample (4-12 yrs.) consisting of 3D facial surface images (n = 55 for four separate samples: i.e. n = 220 overall) was used to explore developmental instability of the face and patterns of facial covariation between individuals with DS, their siblings, and typically developing sibling pairs. Morphometric analyses were used to infer how gene-dosage imbalance, caused by trisomy 21, is affecting DS craniofacial development. Overall we found increased fluctuating asymmetry in the faces of individuals with DS, which provides evidence for the "amplified developmental instability" model put forth by Shapiro (1975, 1983). However, the patterns of differences that we found suggest specific disruptions to regions of the face during craniofacial development rather than the generalized disruptions described by Shapiro under the amplified developmental instability model. Additionally, the results of our investigation found that covariation of facial metrics is different in DS individuals and in DS siblings relative to typically developing siblings. Based on differences in the pattern and strength of integration within and between facial regions in the DS and DS sibling samples, we put forth an "aneuploid conception model" to explain why facial integration is lowest in DS siblings and strengthened in DS relative to DS siblings.

In addition to the human-based analyses, micro-computed tomography (µCT) scans and morphometric analysis were employed to evaluate a complete genetic mouse model for DS - the Ts1Yey mouse. Morphometric comparison of craniofacial measures for Ts1Yey mice and euploid littermates (n = 12 for each sample) was done to determine if this model exhibits craniofacial differences similar to differences seen in humans with DS and in previously established DS mouse models. Overall, our results validate this mouse model for use in craniofacial DS investigations.

Tinalah Watershed is part of the Progo Sub-watershed. The Tinalah River flows to southeast and its outlet on the Progo River. Tinalah Watershed has a resource that has not been utilized optimally, road network is good enough, there are farms and plantation. Parameters that measured and analyzed include geomorphological conditions and calculation of morphometric variables. Geomorphological conditions in this watersheds most of them are hills stretching from north to south with varying degrees of erosion. Landform in this watershed Tinalah form of the origin of fluvial, structural, and denudational process. Based on the calculation of watershed morphometric the following results are obtained: Area watershed (A) of 44.43 km 2. The number of River Order (Nu) in each river order from 1 to 5 respectively is 136, 25, 8, 2, and 1. Bifurcation Ratio (Rb) at each order of the order ranging from 1 to 4 respectively is 5.44; 3,125; 4 and 2. Circulatioan Ratio (Rc) value is 0,558. Main river length (L) is 13.02 km, River Density (Dd) 2.77 km / km 2 , Length and Wide of Watershed 11.05 km and 5.44 km. The value of the river slope (Sb) is 6.8% and the Slope of Watershed (So) is 43%. INTISARI DAS Tinalah merupakan bagian dari Sub DAS Progo. Sungai Tinalah mengalir ke arah tenggara dan bermuara di Sungai Progo. DAS Tinalah memiliki sumberdaya wilayah yang belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal, jaringan jalan cukup baik, terdapat lahan pertanian dan perkebunan. Parameter yang diukur dan dianalisis meliputi kondisi geomorfologi dan perhitungan variabel morfometri DAS. Kondisi geomorfologi di DAS Tinalah sebagian besar merupakan perbukitan yang membentang dari utara hingga selatan dengan tingkat pengikisan yang bervariasi. Bentuk lahan yang tedapat di DAS Tinalah berupa bentukan asal proses fluvial, struktural, dan denudasional. Berdasarkan perhitungan morfometri DAS, maka didapatkan hasil Luas DAS (A) sebesar 44,43 km 2. Jumlah Order Sungai (Nu) pada masing-masing orde sungai mulai 1 sampai 5 berturut-turut adalah 136, 25, 8, 2, dan 1. Bifurcation Ratio (Rb) pada masing-masing orde sungai mulai orde 1 sampai 4 berturut-turut adalah 5,44; 3,125; 4 dan 2. Nilai Circulatioan Ratio (Rc) yaitu 0,558. Panjang Sungai Utama (L) sebesar 13,02 km, Kerapatan Sungai (Dd) 2,77 km/km 2 , Panjang dan Lebar DAS 11,05 km dan lebarnya 5,44 km. Nilai Kemiringan Sungai (Sb) 6,8% dan Kemiringan DAS (So) 43%. Kata-kata kunci: Daerah Aliran Sungai, Geomorfologi, Morfometri, Tinalah. PENDAHULUAN Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) merupakan daerah yang dibatasi oleh igir-igir punggung bukit dan berfungsi sebagai pengumpul, penyimpan dan penyalur air, sedimen serta unsur-unsur hara dalam sistem sungai yang kesemuanya keluar melalui satu titik tunggal (single outlet). Daerah ini dibatasi oleh topografi, yang berarti ditetapkan berdasarkan aliran permukaan (Harto, 1993).

Abstract. The brackish crab Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille, 1825 is an economically important species used for alimentation, commonly sold in open markets throughout Northern and Northeastern Brazil. It lives mainly in mangrove areas, which have been highly degraded because of misuse and inadequate settlement. In this study, morphometric data were obtained from segments and dorsal and ventral regions of 107 individuals from four brackish crab populations on Rio Grande do Norte coastline. The fluctuating asymmetry indexes and discriminant interpopulation morphological features in measurements at dorsal, ventral regions and pereiopods were defined. The presence of fluctuating asymmetry was found in the four first pairs of pereiopods and a correlation between sex and segments from the first pair of pereiopods and between population and segments in all pairs of pereiopods was observed. As for the discriminating model, the use of the eye cavity length variable allowed discriminating 82 % o...

Natural products are studied to combat reproductive alterations of Lead. The current work aim to disclose the efficacy of Chlorella vulgaris and Zingiber officinale to alleviate lead acetate induced toxicity. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups. Group 1 was considered control, group 2 received 200 mg/l PbAc water, group 3 received 50 mg/kg/rat of C. vulgaris extract and 200 mg/l PbAc water, and group 4 received 100 mg/kg/rat of Z. officinale and 200 mg/l PbAc water for 90 days. Testis samples were subjected to ultrastructural examination. It is observed that PbAc caused degenerative alterations in the spermatogenic series in many tubules, with a loss of germ cells and vacuoles inside the cytoplasm and between the germ cells. Mitochondria exhibited ballooning, with lost cristae and widening of the interstitial tissue, destructed nuclear envelopes of primary spermatocytes, and distortion of the axonemes of the mid-pieces of the sperms. With the treatment with C. vulgaris or Z. officinale, there were noticeable improvements in those modifications. It has concluded that both C. vulgaris and Z. officinale represent convincing medicinal components that may be used to ameliorate testicular toxicity in those exposed to lead in daily life with superior potentials revealed by C. vulgaris due to its chelating action.

The identification of human skeletal remains is one of the most important objectives of anthropologists working in medico-legal contexts. The establishment of identity from human bones is based on four main characteristics: age, sex, ethnicity and stature. The majority of these characteristics can be established relatively quickly if the skeleton is complete. However, this is not always the case and often the skeletal specialists have to work with incomplete and severely fragmented remains.
The correct determination of sex using skeletal remains generally depends on the completeness of the pelvis and the skull as best indicators of sex. The craniofacial element of the skull is rather fragile and easily damaged by external factors. The cranial base is one of the regions of the skull which survive more intact.
The primary objective of this thesis is to establish the sexual dimorphism of a specific anatomical area of the skull base: the foramen magnum region. This analysis has not been undertaken before in any English population. Therefore, sexual dimorphism is examined using a British 18th and 19th century London crypt sample.
Discriminant analysis is carried out and population-specific sex determination functions are developed using the foramen magnum, the occipital condyles and a combination of both. Furthermore, a newly developed semi-automated method for the extraction of foramen magnum data from digital images is assessed and the effect of advanced age on the metric dimensions of the foramen magnum region is analysed.
Results demonstrate the existence of significant sexual dimorphism in this sample of English crania. The newly developed functions based on a combination of foramen magnum and occipital condyle variables permit the correct determination of sex of this collection with 71.9%. Functions using only foramen magnum variables achieved 68.4% correct identifications whilst occipital condyle functions provided the highest correct classification percentage of 76.7%. The semi-automated method proved to be useful and promising for future research application. No significant age effect in the foramen magnum region was found. Overall, sexual dimorphism is evident in the foramen magnum region of the St. Bride’s crania. New discriminant functions developed during this study are useful for sex determination but these methods should not be used in forensic cases without prior testing on modern samples.

The Dhasan river is one of the major NE flowing tributaries of the Yamuna river in rain-deficient part of central India. The basin is divided into five subwatersheds viz. Rohni, Bila, Sukhnai, Lakheri and Ur. The morphometric parameters (linear, aerial and relief) of Dhasan river basin were measured using remote sensing and GIS (geographic information system) techniques for future development and planning of the watershed. The quantitative analysis of watershed development of the Dhasan river basin and its five sixth order sub watersheds (SW1-SW5), was carried out using Landsat 7 ETM+, ASTER (GDEM) data and Survey of India toposheets (parts of 54I, 54K, 54L, 54O and 54P). The drainage orientation data suggests a polymodal distribution (NE-SW, NW-SE and E-W). The relief disposition and tectonic control of Dhasan watershed are manifested by trellis drainage pattern. The bifurcation ratio and high gradient ratio indicate an undulatory topography with steeper stream gradient in some parts of the basin. In other parts, the basin is characterized by high infiltration rate having fewer channels. The bifurcation ratio indicates limited relationship amongst the hydrographic networks that are considered diagnostic of tectonic (and/or neotectonic) imprints on the drainage network in the study area. The elongated nature of Dhasan watershed, characterized by the shape parameters, reflects a dominant control of regional linear tectonic elements pervasively present in the entire Bundelkhand craton.

The morphometric analysis of the drainage
basin provides no only a description of the
landscape but also serve as a powerful means of
comparing the forms and processes of drainage
basin. In the present study, morphometric analysis
of the Rishi Khola basin and its sub basins has been
carried out using data collected from toposheet
and also by computing it through GIS techniques.
The morphometric parameters considered for
analysis includes the linear, areal and relief aspect
of the basin. The Rishi Khola covers an area of
th 260.498 sq km and it is a 5 order drainage basin.
The whole RishiKhola basin consists of 3 sub basins
such as Rishi Khola itself,Mandam Khola and an
Relli khola basin. The bifurcation ratio (R ) varies b
between 3.0 and 5.0 indicating geology is
homogenous and no such structural disturbances
prevail. The basin has low drainage density of 0.95
2 km/km and the basin is more or less circular in
shape. These studies are useful for understanding
the hydrological, geological and geomorphological
characteristics of the basin.