Chinese

In this paper, we investigate cross language information retrieval (CLIR) for Chinese and Japanese texts utilizing the Han characters-common ideographs used in writing Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK) languages. The Unicode encoding scheme, which encodes the superset of Han characters, is used as a common encoding platform to deal with the multilingual collection in a uniform manner. We discuss the importance of Han character semantics in document indexing and retrieval of the ideographic languages. We also analyse the baseline results of the cross language information retrieval using the common Han characters appeared in both Chinese and Japanese texts.

From primitive wood to nowadays fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas, it can be seen that the forms of energy becomes more and more diverse and the core trend of decarburization is also obvious (the rate of the element of H to C ranging from 1/10, 1/2-1, 2, to 4 in wood, coal, oil and natural gas, respectively). Although the content of C in current main fuels becomes less and less, the excess exploitation and extensive utilization of various fossil fuels are widely recognized to be responsible for the deterioration of the environment (greenhouse effect, acid rain, photochemical pollution, etc.). With the roar consumption of energy to maintain the development of human society and taking the environmental problems into consideration, it is inevitable to develop renewable energy containing more H and less C as possible. Under these circumstances, the development of H2 energy is the certain and ultimate choice for its high energy per unit, diversity resources, no pollution to environment and ideal renewable utilization cycle. There are so many methods and ways were employed to develop H2 energy, such as electrolysis, methane stream reforming process, coal gasification, etc., but there lies two main problems in current methods and ways, those are the cost of bulk of first energy to extract H2 from fossil raw materials and still facing the problems of C deposition (carbon dioxide). Consequently, if considering the cost and environmental issues, the development of H2 energy must resort to renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy to extract H2 from water. Based on this context, the development of H2 energy by semiconductor photocatalyst to split water into H2 and 02 under the irradiation of solar energy, photocatalysis process in short word, is one of the most promising ways. In this review, the importance and necessity to develop hydrogen energy were intensively studied based on the relationship between energy consumption and environment effect. Then the current ways and methods to develop hydrogen were reviewed, especially the state-of-the-art photocatalysis process (from the semiconductor photocatalyst materials perspective). Additionally, the work of our team on the development of photocatalysts capable of responding to visible light to decompose water into H2 and 02 is also presented.

Of the available medications for treating alcohol-related problems, none are universally effective, and all have side effects that may limit their use. Extracts of kudzu containing a variety of isoflavones have been shown to reduce alcohol drinking in rats and hamsters.

In this study, the English version of the Cross-Cultural (Chinese) Personality Assessment Inventory-2 (CPAI-2) was administered to three samples representing the main ethnic groups in Singapore: Chinese (N = 211), Malays (N = 163), and Indians (N = 76), with the aims of (i) replicating the factor structure of the CPAI-2; (ii) comparing the scale scores of the whole Singaporean sample with a Chinese normative sample from China; and (iii) comparing the scores of the three ethnic groups with each other. Factor analysis and Procrustes rotation showed that the four CPAI-2 factors, Social Potency, Dependability, Accommodation, and Interpersonal Relatedness, could generally be recovered. Comparing group level means, some scales (e.g., Diversity, Divergent thinking, Optimism/Pessimism, Meticulousness, Locus of Control, Interpersonal Tolerance) showed commonalities across Singaporeans, in contradistinction to Chinese norm. Some scales, including some supposed to reflect traditional Chinese values, showed differences among the Singaporean ethnic groups, with non-Chinese Singaporeans endorsing Chinese values more than Chinese Singaporeans. Finally, issues for future research are discussed. .hk (F.M. Cheung), richard.howard@ nottingham.ac.uk (R. Howard).

Good results have been reported with combined use of octreotide and bromocriptine in acromegalic Caucasians. Data concerning the efficacy and tolerability of this combination treatment in Chinese acromegalic patients are scanty. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of combined therapy using bromocriptine and octreotide in the treatment of acromegaly in Chinese patients and to compare the cost-effectiveness of various regimes. Sixteen Chinese acromegalic patients with growth hormone (GH) concentration not suppressible to below 5 mU/L (2 microg/L) during an extended OGTT were recruited to undergo four phases of the study. During the study period, the patients were given bromocriptine alone, bromocriptine and low dose octreotide, bromocriptine and medium dose octreotide, and medium dose octreotide alone. Plasma concentrations of GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were measured before and after the completion of each phase. The number of patients re...

Among 30 Hong Kong Chinese fourth graders, sensitivities to character and word constructions were examined in judgment tasks at each level. There were three conditions across both tasks: the real condition, consisting of either actual two-character compound Chinese words or real Chinese compound characters; the reversed condition, with either the order of the two morphemes in the word or the order of the semantic and phonetic radicals in the character reversed; and the random condition, with either two morphemes randomly combined to create arbitrary nonwords or a semantic radical and a phonetic radical randomly combined using correct orthographic rules to create noncharacters. On the word level, children performed worst in the reversed condition and best with real words, whereas on the character level, children performed worst in the random condition and best in the reversed condition. Findings imply a holistic tendency toward word-level processing and an analytic approach to character-level processing in these Chinese children.

Cells of polymer-stabilized cholesteric texture (PSCT) were fabricated with various polymer concentrations. The structure of the polymer network and the electro-optical characteristics of the devices were studied. The result clearly demonstrates the polymer stabilization effect on the liquid crystal domains in the cells. In addition, the hysteresis characteristics and the dielectric properties of the cells were studied as a function of the driving frequency. The results lead to the conclusion that the polymer enhanced hysteresis effect in PSCT cells is mainly caused by the aligning effect of the polymer network.

Previous research showed that in the individualistic culture, adults endorse the personal more than the general belief in a just world (PBJW vs. GBJW). Comparatively little is known about the prevalence character and adaptive functions of GBJW, especially in the collectivistic culture. We conducted three surveys among the Chinese adults and adolescents. We found that (1) Chinese adults and adolescents endorsed more GBJW than PBJW; (2) Adult survivors with high exposure to post–earthquake trauma and adolescents in the poverty–stricken area maintained high GBJW, with relatively lower PBJW. (3) GBJW predicted the psychological resilience in all the three samples independent of PBJW. The results imply that in contrast to populations from the individualistic culture, people from the collectivistic culture endorse a robust GBJW, which allows them to resiliently confront harsh realities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A series of dihydropyrano[c]chromene was obtained via condensation of aldehyde, malononitrile and 4-hydroxycoumarin in water catalyzed by morpholine, as a one-pot reaction. The significance of our findings relates to reducing the use of organic solvents, potentially toxic and hazardous materials, as well as its simplicity, good yields, mild conditions, and lower costs.

Psychosocial programs designed for cancer patients often facilitate the search for meaning as one of the therapeutic components. This study aimed to develop a self-report instrument, namely Chinese Cancer Coherence Scale (CCCS), which measures the patients' meaningmaking process with reference to the concept of coherence. A panel of eight veteran social workers and psychologists generated statements pertaining to the cancer experience. Results from a two-phase study involving 390 breast cancer patients revealed a two-factor structure of the CCCS, namely incoherent-embittered and coherent-enlightened. The use of the CCCS by practitioners and researchers is recommended in order to understand how Chinese cancer patients make sense of their cancer experience.

In a newly established venture to support librarians who are working to build collections to better serve their East Asian user communities, the American Librarian Association (ALA) and the Hong Kong Book Fair (HKBF) provided funding for a group of ten U.S. academic and public librarians responsible for selecting Chinese language materials to attend the July 2001 HKBF, which in

This thesis describes a treebank-based approach to automatically acquire robust, wide-coverage Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) resources for Chinese parsing and generation, which is part of a larger project on the rapid construction of deep, large-scale, constraint-based, multilingual grammatical resources. I present an application-oriented LFG analysis for Chinese core linguistic phenomena and (in cooperation with PARC) develop a gold-standard dependency-bank of Chinese f-structures for evaluation. Based on the Penn Chinese Treebank, I design and implement two architectures for inducing Chinese LFG resources, one annotation-based and the other dependency conversion-based. I then apply the fstructure acquisition algorithm together with external, state-of-the-art parsers to parsing new text into "proto" f-structures. In order to convert "proto" f-structures into "proper" f-structures or deep dependencies, I present a novel Non-Local Dependency (NLD) recovery algorithm using subcategorisation frames and f-structure paths linking antecedents and traces in NLDs extracted from the automatically-built LFG f-structure treebank. Based on the grammars extracted from the f-structureannotated treebank, I develop a PCFG-based chart generator and a new n-grambased pure dependency generator to realise Chinese sentences from LFG f-structures. The work reported in this thesis is the first effort to scale treebank-based, probabilistic Chinese LFG resources from proof-of-concept research to unrestricted, real text. Although this thesis concentrates on Chinese and LFG, many of the methodologies, e.g. the acquisition of predicate-argument structures, NLD resolution and the PCFG-and dependency n-gram-based generation models, are largely language and formalism independent and should generalise to diverse languages as well as to labelled bilexical dependency representations other than LFG.

Panic disorder (PD) is prevalent, impairing, under-recognized, and often mistreated. Previous surveys in Chinese communities indicate very low prevalence estimates and provide limited information about its clinical characteristics. A random telephone survey of the general population (age range, 15-60 years) in Hong Kong was conducted using a questionnaire that generated the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV-based diagnosis of PD, its symptom profile, help-seeking behavior, and health visit expenditure. Of 3,004 interviews successfully completed, 3.89% of participants (n 5 117) met criteria of PD in the previous 6 months. Their demographic and clinical profile resembled that of their Western counterparts. Excessive physical investigations and under-treatment were common. Participants with subthreshold PD (14.9%; n 5 449) exhibited a similar but attenuated clinical profile. We conclude that PD may be more common in Chinese people than what previous epidemiological surveys suggest. The present study is limited by the lack of clinical reappraisal, examination of comorbidity, and a low overall response rate. Nonetheless, it suggests that telephone interviews may provide a cost-effective alternative to large-scale epidemiological surveys for communities with limited resources for mental health research and high unmet needs for treatment. Depression and Anxiety 22:77-83, 2005.

The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological structure processing of Chinese compounds at short SOAs of 57 ms. Event-related potentials were recorded while 16 Hong Kong Chinese university students were instructed to make visual lexical decisions in a decision-making task involving Chinese compound words. Only words in the category of the coordinative compounding structure were included in the present study. In this compounding structure, both morphemes comprising the compound word are of equal importance, similar to the phrase "in-and-out" in English, where neither "in" nor "out" can be considered the head or modifier in the compound; both morphemes are of equal weight in communicating meaning. While the classic N400 semantic priming effect was replicated at this short SOA, an earlier P250 component, suggested to reflect semantic memory network activation during semantic information processing, was also obtained. The morphological structure effect was only found in the P250 component, suggesting that morphological structure may automatically influence the semantic information processing during Chinese compound word processing.

Павлова Алена Дмитриевна соискатель, г. Москва, старший преподаватель кафедры китайского языка в Институте иностранного языка Московского городского педагогического университета Данная работа посвящена исследованию функций фразовых частиц (также называемых модальными частицами) в диахронии и синхронии, выявлению общих закономерностей генезиса функций фразовых частиц. Основная часть работ, посвященных исследованию грамматики китайского языка (в диахронии и синхронии), в основном, сосредоточена на описании грамматических функций фразовых частиц в предложениях. Исследований по генезису самих функций, исполняемых фразовыми частицами, не проводилось.

The goal of this paper is to propose a unified account for both moved and base-generated topics in Mandarin Chinese. It is well known that, besides moved topics (or, instance topics in terminology), Mandarin Chinese also has base-generated topics, i.e., the so-called dangling topics in the literature, or Chinese-style topics . Since they are not subcategorized by the predicate in question, dangling topics may not necessarily be related to a syntactic position in the comment. Traditionally, the relation between the latter kind of topic and its comment is characterized by an aboutness condition , though the precise nature of aboutness has never been made clear. In an effort to adequately characterize both moved topics and dangling topics in Mandarin Chinese, this paper proposes that topic structures be accounted for at the semantic-pragmatic interface in Mandarin Chinese. It claims that in Mandarin Chinese a topic is licensed if there is a variable in the comment and the set generated by this variable produces a non-empty set when intersecting with the set represented by the topic. The topic licensing condition proposed in the paper, as a further development to the traditional aboutness condition, is a necessary and sufficient condition. It can not only avoid the problems that the traditional aboutness condition has in licensing topics, but also have the advantage of unifying both the moved topic and the basegenerated topic. #

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The aim of this study is twofold. First, it demonstrates the use of learner and native speaker spoken Chinese corpora to identify learners' non-use of the discourse-linking jiu in the narration of stories. To guide students to notice and practice jiu in spoken narrative contexts, we designed and implemented four 50-minute classes of corpus-based instruction. Second, this study investigates the effect of the corpus-based instruction in teaching discourse linking jiu. Evaluation of the oral production of story narration from the pretest and posttest reveals that the students in the experimental group outperformed the control group. The results suggest that the corpus-based instruction had a positive effect on students' learning of jiu in storytelling.

This paper reports a study on how ESL/EFL writers use their L1 (®rst language) when composing in their L2 (second language) and how such L1 use is affected by L2 pro®ciency and writing tasks. Sixteen Chinese EFL learners were asked to compose aloud on two tasks, narration and argumentation. Analyses of their think-aloud protocols revealed that these student writers had both their L1 and L2 at their disposal when composing in their L2. They were more likely to rely on L1 when they were managing their writing processes, generating and organizing ideas, but more likely to rely on L2 when undertaking taskexamining and text-generating activities. Additionally, more L1 use was found in the narrative writing task than in the argumentative writing. Finally, the think-aloud protocols re¯ected that L1 use decreased with the writer's L2 development, but the extent of the decline of L1 use in individual activities varied. Based on these ®ndings, an L2 composing process model is proposed. # Research on the L2 writing process has thrived since the early 1980s. The focus of attention has been, however, mainly on the similarities between L1 and L2 writing processes despite the``salient and important differences'' between them (Silva, 1993). One important difference between L1 and L2 writing processes is that L2 writers have more than one language at their disposal; that is, they may use both L1 and L2 for cognitive operations when they are composing in the L2. This difference has received limited attention from SLA : S 1 0 6 0 -3 7 4 3 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 8 4 -X researchers, resulting in little understanding of the unique features of L2 writing and a lack of a coherent, comprehensive L2 writing theory. The present study, therefore, focused on the use of L1 in the L2 composing processes of 16 advanced L2 writers, with a view to arriving at a better understanding of the distinct nature of L2 writing.

An efficient one-pot method for synthesis of an array of 3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-ones from anthranilicacid, triethyl orthoformate, and anilines using oxalic acid as a catalyst was described. The present protocol offers improvements for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-ones with regard to short reaction time, high yields of products, and simplicity in operation.

Currently the international military situation on the whole tend to ease, but the world is not peaceful, 21th century, international relations are complicated, various forces continue to divide the world in combination. Exchanges and cooperation, struggle and competition are intertwined, will be the basic form of the 21st century, the international security environment and military situation. With the extensive application of high technology in the military field, modern warfare has entered a high‐tech stage, due to extensive use of war weapons and senior technical leader role in the new doctrine, causing major changes in the form of war. Resulting in a change in the scale of war, styles and processes. War has been a simple contest of wisdom into a physical confrontation military geology research and explain, I published a number of one‐sided view, mainly from remote sensing technology, according to Dr. Zhang Qingxiang. Remote sensing technology is the sensor mounted on the platform, as an electromagnetic wave information media, objects in the earth's surface and a certain perception of spatial extent from distant places, the whole process ground to identify the object, he is airborne remote sensing, in the 20th century 60 years developed a new type of comprehensive immigration interdisciplinary, since the 1970s, with the launch of new aerospace remote sensing platforms, research, space remote sensing technology to develop new sensors. Applications developed from military applications to a global environment and resources for monitoring and research objectives of cutting‐edge technology.

Full book available at https://brill.com/view/title/32241. In this book, the author offers a complete reconstruction of the Chinese-Mongol vocabulary of the 17th century comprehensive Chinese military work called Lulongsai lüe (盧龍塞略, LLSL), a document of key importance containing one of the last Sino-Mongol glossaries without proper critical reconstruction until now. The work has resulted in a clarification of the earlier sources the compilers of LLSL used in the bilingual part. Apatóczky argues that contrary to what scholars have thought of it until now, the linguistic corpus of the glossary is not homogeneous and does not represent a single linguistic status; it does, however, shed some light on chronological and philological questions concerning the earlier works incorporated in it.

La valorizzazione della lingua cinese nei contesti educativi plurilingui in Italia La diffusione dell'insegnamento formale della lingua cinese, sia a livello curriculare sia a livello extracurriculare, è sempre più capillare nelle scuole italiane. Per quanto riguarda gli ordini scolastici in cui non è ancora previsto l'inserimento curriculare dell'insegnamento del cinese, ovvero la scuola primaria e la scuola secondaria di primo grado, molteplici e sempre più diffuse sono le iniziative didattiche e di tipo culturale promosse attraverso la collaborazione con gli Istituti Confucio, con le associazioni e con gli enti locali (cfr. Buchetti & Scibetta 2018 per il contesto toscano). L'obiettivo principale di questo contributo è quello di considerare la promozione del cinese in ambito scolastico da un'altra angolatura: non quella dell'insegnamento formale, ma quella della valorizzazione del cinese all'interno dei repertori linguistici collettivi degli alunni. Il progetto di ricerca-azione trasformativa "L'AltRoparlante", che verrà descritto nel paragrafo successivo, ha infatti lo scopo di valorizzare le lingue di origine di bambini bilingui emergenti (sia nati in Italia sia neo-arrivati) attraverso la legittimazione dei loro repertori linguistici individuali nella didattica ordinaria (cfr. García & Li Wei 2014). Dentro questa cornice si inserisce la valorizzazione della lingua cinese attraverso il suo uso all'interno di pratiche didattiche di varia tipologia, rivolte a tutti gli studenti della classe. Il paradigma teorico di riferimento per promuovere pratiche di questo tipo è quello del translanguaging (ivi.). Quest'ultimo termine, che in ambito scientifico ha riscosso un notevole interesse (dimostrato anche dal proliferare di speculazioni teoriche su concetti simili, come quelli di polylanguaging e metrolingualism), nonché diverse critiche negli ultimi anni (cfr. Jaspers 2017), viene qui preso in considerazione soltanto nella sua applicazione in ambito educativo. La definizione di riferimento del termine translanguaging, in questa sede, è quindi quella proposta da García e Kano (2014), secondo i quali tale termine si riferisce al processo attraverso il quale studenti e insegnanti si impegnano in pratiche discorsive multiple complesse che includono tutti i repertori linguistici degli studenti, al fine di sviluppare nuove pratiche linguistiche e sostenere quelle già esistenti (p. 261). L'applicazione del translanguaging in ambito didattico ha quindi un duplice obiettivo: da un lato quello di sensibilizzare tutti gli studenti alla ricchezza e all'importanza dei repertori linguistici presenti in contesto scolastico, evitando così fenomeni di gerarchizzazione fra le lingue, stigmatizzazione e stereotipi su base linguistica (cfr. Bourdieu 1991); dall'altro lato quello di mettere in moto processi di empowerment per i bambini non italofoni e/o bilingui emergenti, legittimando pienamente i loro repertori linguistici, sia nell'azione didattica sia nella comunicazione quotidiana (cfr. Carbonara & Scibetta, 2018).

This article examines the position of Chinese photographers in the visual colonial landscape. The Chinese toekang potret were involved in both commissioned photographs and the production of commercial images, but the latter was less widespread. Contrary to the image that Chinese photographers' clients were from the lower strata of society, this article shows that they were commissioned by the European, Chinese and Javanese elite. The image materiality of the portraits reveals the visual traces of circulation and exchange. Hence, the Chinese photographers were indirectly involved in these elite networks as well.

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Background: Lip augmentations are commonly performed procedures in the United States, with annual numbers surpassing 100 000. While lips contribute to facial beauty, the relative influence of this feature to whole facial appeal has not yet been established. What is also of increasing interest is the consideration of ethnic differences in the evaluation of beauty. However, most current anthropometric measurements refer to Caucasians, and their use in the treatment of Asian American patients would be inappropriate. Methods: Three-dimensional models of 197 male and female Caucasian, Chinese and Korean subjects were created using surface-imaging technology. The lips and corresponding faces from these models were ranked according to subjective aesthetic appeal by 20 male and female raters of various ages, occupations and ethnicities. The raters' results were subsequently compared with individually measured lip parameters. Results: Rankings between lips and their corresponding whole faces differed greatly. Lips that were rated as the most attractive were smaller than average in midline upper lip surface heights, bilateral paramedian lip surface heights, upper lip angles and volume in the lower lip. Both Asian groups exhibited significantly different lip parameters and lipprojection volumes from that of Caucasians. Conclusions: The results from this study suggest that there are indeed measurable differences in the baseline Asian lip morphology as compared with Caucasians. Tailoring lip enhancement treatment to each individual's anatomy, ethnic background and personal goals can optimise outcomes. What is also of interest is that lips did not contribute as much to facial attractiveness as previously thought. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons.

Every year in Europe, Chinese language courses are increasingly becoming part of the curricula in universities and schools. For European languages, an officially accredited reference framework already exists. The Council of Europe created it with the aim to establish definitions of linguistic competences divided into levels. The landscape of Chinese language teaching in Europe, on the other hand, is inconsistent. The European project European Benchmarking Chinese Language has recently proposed a definition of the competence levels for Chinese language based on the Common European Framework of Reference. This study introduces the research work carried out by the project members, the challenges faced and the results achieved. Finally, this paper envisions the necessary developments that such a project should have to reach the final goal of standardizing the competence scales for Chinese language in Europe

English uses the horizontal spatial metaphors to express time (e.g., the good days ahead of us). Chinese also uses the vertical metaphors (e.g., 'the month above' to mean last month). Do Chinese speakers, then, think about time in a different way than English speakers? Boroditsky . Does language shape thought? Mandarin and English speakers' conceptions of time. Cognitive Psychology, 43(1), 1-22] claimed that they do, and went on to conclude that 'language is a powerful tool in shaping habitual thought about abstract domains' (such as time). By estimating the frequency of usage, we found that Chinese speakers actually use the horizontal spatial metaphors more often than the vertical metaphors. This offered no logical ground for Boroditsky's claim. We were also unable to replicate her experiments in four different attempts. We conclude that Chinese speakers do not think about time in a different way than English speakers just because Chinese also uses the vertical spatial metaphors to express time.

Despite the wide use of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) in Western populations as a useful tool integrating both genetic and environmental influences on personality, some of its constructs remain questionable. In this study, we examined the psychometric properties of the TPQ and its relationship with aggression in Taiwanese adults. The subjects were 201 Taiwanese adults of wide ranges in age and educational level. Subjects were assessed using a Chinese version of the TPQ and the Brown-Goodwin Aggression Inventory. The internal consistency of the Chinese version of the TPQ scales is found to be mostly in the acceptable range except for the reward dependence (RD) scale and its subscales. The results of factor analysis of the 12 TPQ subscales partially support the four-factor model rather than the original three-factor model. The construct validity of the novelty seeking (NS) and harm avoidance (HA) dimensions is supported by the findings that the NS is negatively correlated with age, the NS1 subscale is slightly negatively correlated with all the HA subscales, and the NS is positively correlated with aggression. We conclude that both the HA and NS scales of the TPQ are cross-culturally robust, while the RD scale needs to be refined.

How universal are men and women’s attitudes toward the expression of emotion? How similar are the emotions that men and women from various ethnic groups experience and express in their close love relationships? In this study, 144 men and 307 women of Caucasian, Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian, and Japanese ancestry were asked about their ideologies as to how people ought to deal with strong emotions in close relationships, how often they felt a variety of emotions themselves, and how they dealt with such feelings in close relationships. Finally, they were asked how satisfied they were with their close relationships. Men and women appeared to possess different emotional ideologies. Women tended to favor direct expression of emotion; men to favor emotional management. Men and women experienced much the same emotions in their relationships, but men were more muted than were women in their expressions of feelings. There was no evidence that these differences had an impact on men and women’s...

This study examines Chinese immigrant parents' perceptions of filial piety. The concept of filial piety is introduced and we discuss the impacts of modernization and immigration experience on the challenges faced by contemporary Chinese immigrants as they reconcile traditional values with the demands of sociohistorical change and child rearing in the United States. Factor analysis of a commonly applied scale demonstrates multiple aspects of filial piety and reflects modifications from traditional views. Interview results point to aspects of filial piety not fully represented in the quantitative scale and expose specific challenges in child rearing related to filial values. These findings suggest the evolution of expectations and strategies related to a cultural adaptation of filial piety. One key demand is for strategies consistent with parental values while maintaining respect for children's unique point of view. The conclusions focus on the development of approaches to understanding the evolving conceptualization and meaning of filial piety for contemporary immigrant Chinese. [Chinese, immigrants, parents, filial piety, cultural values, cultural models] People of my generation believe that taking care of our parents in the future is a universal truth, but I don't know if our children will have this sense of responsibility. I believe they won't have this sense of responsibility, but maybe if they really love us, they will want to take care of us. .. if they feel close to their parents. When the time comes, then

the social, political, economic, scientific, technological, educational, and cultural backgrounds of various periods. It also analyses the main problems influencing the developments of post-contemporary Chinese libraries. Suggestions and recommendations are helpful to develop future libraries successfully in the digital age.

Through six intensive and semi-structured interviews, this research paper examines the role social support networks may or may not have played in facilitating the resettlement experiences of Chinese-Vietnamese refugees living in Canada after the Vietnam War. It was observed that those who were privately-sponsored emphasized the instrumental role their benefactors played in assisting their successful resettlement, whereas those who were government-sponsored were forced to adopt a more independent mindset of forming their own social support systems. Regardless of sponsorship type, the notion of hard work was a commonality found amongst the participants. They arrived at the receiving country expecting and willing to accept conditions of underemployment and downward mobility. The effects of pre-migration enabling factors such as marital status and educational attainment are also acknowledged. Within a social support framework, theories of social capital and resiliency are used to analyze the lives of the participants after the traumatic experience of forced migration.

Keywords: Chinese-Vietnamese refugees, resettlement, Canada, social support network, resiliency theory

The separation-individuation process of individuals is mediated by cultural factors of the society to which the individuals belong. Since the Chinese culture emphasizes collectivism rather than the individualism of Western culture, it is believed that there are differences in the separation-individuation process of individuals between the two cultures. A questionnaire was administered to 487 Taiwan college students using the Separation-Individuation Process Inventory, and the Chinese Lai's Personality Inventory, which can discriminate maladjusted college students from the well-adjusted ones. The results indicate that in spite of the mean score of the sample being higher than that of the American counterparts, most of the Taiwan subjects were well-adjusted to college life without significant psychological or interpersonal problems. It argues that the separation-individuation process of the Taiwan college students is mediated by the Chinese culture that has a different value system from the Western culture. The research also suggests that this could have an impact on the counseling process which involves Chinese clients. (Contains 35 references.) (JDM) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.