Ossetic

Рахно К.Ю. Человеческое жертвоприношение у волжских булгар и его фольклорные параллели // Россия и Восток: взаимодействие стран и народов:  Труды  Х Всероссийского съезда востоковедов,  посвященного 125-летию со дня рождения выдающегося востоковеда Ахмет-Заки Валиди Тогана. – Уфа: ИИЯЛ УНЦ РАН, 2015. – Книга 1. – С. 257-260.

Within the Indo-European language family to which they both belong, Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian shared in a number of innovations, such as the merger of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) plain velar and labiovelar stops and fronting of palatal stops (the satəm treatment, so called after Av. satəm "hundred" < PIE *km̥ tóm); palatalization of *s after high vowels, dorsal stops, and *r (the "ruki rule"); generalization of *-V̄ in the nominative singular of animate n-and r-stem nouns;

The present paper outlines a diachronic typology of changes in case systems within the Indo-European linguistic family. This study is written in the genre of identification and definition of problem: I will not attempt to offer an exhaustive treatment of the subject. Rather, I would like to draw attention to the importance of extensive research in this field in a diachronic typological perspective, which, in my opinion, may shed light on reconstruction of the linguistic prehistory of Eurasia. First, I will summarize some well-known facts about the Indo-European case and the variety of reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European case system, outlining the most important tendencies – without entering into a discussion of details of the individual case systems as well as into details of the Proto-Indo-European reconstruction. In the second part of the paper I will make an attempt to explain some of the attested developments of the original case system as resulting from contacts with non-Indo-European languages. This, in turn, will enable us to make some hypotheses about the case systems and, in general, structural types of some non-documented substrate languages which could have triggered these changes.

Рахно К.Ю. Дух йин в ногайской демонологии и его параллели // Ногайцы: XXI век. История. Язык. Культура. От истоков — к грядущему. Материалы Второй Международной научно-практической конференции, г. Черкесск, 12-13 октября 2016 г. – Черкесск: Федеральная национально-культурная автономия ногайцев России, Карачаево-Черкесский государственный университет им. У.Д. Алиева, Карачаево-Черкесский институт гуманитарных исследований при правительстве КЧР, 2016. – С. 378-384.

It is argued that Latin prōsāpia ‘lineage, stock’ together with sōpiō, -ōnis ‘penis’ goes back to the verbal root found in Vedic sāpáyati ‘to strike’, Ossetic safyn (I.), isafun (D.) ‘to destroy’, Hittite šap(p)- ‘to hit’ and Greek ἰάπτειν ‘to hurt’. The root can be reconstructed as *seh₂p- (aor. *seh₂p- > Hittite šapp-, pres. *si-s(e)h₂p- > Greek ἰάπτω). This root with the basic meaning ‘to hit, to strike’ was also employed metaphorically in the meaning ‘to have sexual intercourse’ which survives in Latin and Iranian (e.g. Balochi šāpag ‘to mount ewe’).

Ossetic sets itself apart from the other New Iranian languages by having a relatively elaborate system of nine cases. Since most of them are relatively late innovations, and only four cases (Nom., Gen, Abl., and Iness.) can be traced back to Proto-Iranian, many scholars tend to ascribe the development of the case system to Caucasian influence. The exact nature of this influence, however, has never been demonstrated. The aim of this paper is, first, to not only reconstruct the etymologies of Ossetic cases, but also to provide a chronology of how the case system developed. The second aim pursued here is to give a systematic comparison of the case system of Ossetic with those of the neighbouring languages and to determine if there is any external influence on the case system and, if so, what languages this influence came from. I conclude that Ossetic developed from a case system identical to those of Khotanese and Sogdian towards the present state under the influence of contact with Georgian and, later, with Turkic and Vaynakh languages. In the process of the discussion, I also argue that two new cases, the Directive and Recessive, are undergoing grammaticalisation in contemporary Ossetic.

Рахно Константин. «Земля незнаема» и иранский субстрат «Слова о полку Игореве» // Studia mythologica slavica. – Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovani center Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti, Inštitut za slovensko narodopisje, Ljubljana, Slovenija; Università degli Studi di Udine, Dipartamento di Lingue e Civiltà dell’ Europa Centro-Orientale, Udine, Italia, 2014. – T. XVIІ. – С. 91-134.

Монография является первым обобщающим типологическим исследованием префиксальной перфективации — феномена, до сих пор получившего подробное освещение лишь в славянских языках. В книге на синхронном уровне рассматривается материал славянских и балтийских языков, идиша, немецкого, венгерского, осетинского, а также картвельских языков — грузинского, сванского, мегрельского и лазского. Подробно изучаются морфологические свойства глагольных префиксов (превербов), их семантика, особенности семантики и функционирования превербных глаголов, устройство аспектуальных систем. Полученные эмпирические данные подвергаются количественному анализу, позволяющему выделить две области кластеризации систем префиксального перфектива — славянскую и кавказскую, — различающиеся набором харак-теризующих их признаков. Отдельно исследуются диахрония систем превербов и перфективации в рассматриваемых языковых семьях, возможные типологические параллели в других ареалах и типы наблюдаемых в этой области контактных явлений, для чего привлекается материал ряда миноритарных идиомов (цыганских, славянских, балтийских, балканороманских, финно-угорских). Делаются эмпирически обоснованные выводы о соотношении генетически унаследованного, универсально-типологического и контактного в наблюдаемом ареальном распределении систем префиксального перфектива в языках Центральной и Восточной Европы и Кавказа.

Bu çalışma, Rusya'nın Güney Kafkasya ile ilgili hedeflerini sağlama çerçevesinde bir uluslar arası hukuk kurumu olan UCM 2 'yi nasıl kullanmak istediğini incelemektedir. Bu çerçevede self-determinasyon ile ilgili mevcut uluslararası hukuk kurallarını temel alarak Güney Osetya'nın Gürcistan'dan ayrılmasının mümkün olmadığı açıklanmakta ve ancak Kosova örneği takip edilerek bağımsızlık ya da ilhakın gerçekleştirilebileceği gösterilmektedir.

Рахно К.Ю. Небесные битвы в булгарской мифологии // Традиционная культура народов Поволжья:  материалы  III  Всероссийской научно-практической конференции с международным участием (9-11 февраля 2016 г.): в 2 ч. – Казань: Ихлас, 2016. – Часть вторая. – С. 99-108.

Рахно К.Ю. Осетинско-ногайские фольклорные параллели // Ногайцы: XXI век. История. Язык. Культура. От истоков — к грядущему. – Черкесск: Федеральная национально-культурная автономия ногайцев России «Ногай Эл», Карачаево-Черкесский государственный университет им. У.Д. Алиева, Карачаево-Черкесский институт гуманитарных исследований при правительстве КЧР, 2014. – С. 320-323.

Рахно К.Ю. Восточноиранские элементы в каракалпакском сказании о возникновении кобыза // «Великие евразийские миграции».  Материалы Международной научной конференции 11-14 октября 2016 г. – Элиста: издательство Калмыцкого университета, 2016. – С. 95-101.

In this paper, we provide a description of the system of negation and negative indefinites in
Digor Ossetic. We will discuss certain phenomena that might be of theoretical and
typological interest, and propose a generative analysis of some of them.

The expansion of correlatives to cover all subordinate clause types has clearly happened in Ossetic under the influence of North-West Caucasian languages.
This has happened in spite of important structural differences between Ossetic correlatives and relative clauses
of the type found in Adyghe.
Thus, Ossetic has apparently used a construction that already existed in the language and expanded its function
to cover the same functional range as Adyghe relative clauses.

In the history of mankind there have been several attempts to create new alphabets. More often, however, people adapt already existing writing systems to a given language. In both cases, the introduction of literacy depends on external factors, usually related with cultural, political and economic factors, with the linguistic features of the systems involved playing a secondary role. The article focuses on the use of the Cyrillic alphabet for non-Slavic languages of the North Caucasus and its role as marker of cultural and ethnic identity. Its adoption was not based on purely linguistic arguments, but reflected rather a cultural program as well as political-military strategies. The starting point of the discussion shall be the case of Ossetic, an Iranic language now spoken in the Central Caucasus, whose writing history, notwithstanding the relatively short period of time involved (just over two centuries), offers a considerable number of noteworthy moments.

Рахно К.Ю. Культ кабана на белорусско-русском этническом пограничье и его осетинские параллели // V Всероссийские Миллеровские чтения (Материалы научной конференции 20-22 октября 2016 г.): сборник статей. – Владикавказ: СОИГСИ ВНЦ РАН, 2016. – С. 78-86.

Ossetic is the last surviving remnant of the once vast Scytho-Sarmatian linguistic continuum. Recent progress in Ossetic historical phonology has led to a better understanding of the relative chronology and approximate date of early Pre-Ossetic phonological changes. Certain of these changes can be dated to the Sarmatian period (1st – 5th c. CE). In the absence of other sources, Sarmatian personal names from Greek inscriptions of the northern Black Sea littoral offer a unique testament to the language of the Sarmatian tribes of the Ponto-Caspian steppes in the first half of the first millennium CE. The aim of this paper is to investigate the attestation of certain early Pre-Ossetic phonological changes in Sarmatian personal names. In particular, the Sarmatian evidence for Pre-Ossetic first palatalization and voicing of intervocalic stops is considered. The results clearly indicate that the earliest phonological changes as reconstructed based on mostly internal evidence of Ossetic finds a close counterpart in the phonology as attested by Sarmatian anthroponomastics from the early centuries of the Common Era.

Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Informationen sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de/ abrufbar. Dieses Werk ist als freie Onlineversion über den Publikationsserver (OPUS; http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-bamberg/) der Universität Bamberg erreichbar. Das Werk -ausgenommen Cover, Zitate und Abbildungen -steht unter der CC-Lizenz CC BY-NC-ND. Lizenzvertrag: Creative Commons Namensnennung -Nicht Kommerziell -Keine Bearbeitung 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/de/ Herstellung und Druck: docupoint Magdeburg Umschlaggestaltung: University of Bamberg Press, Larissa Günther Umschlagbild: S. empgen

Рахно К.Ю. Два мотива сармато-аланского происхождения в средневековой религиозной литературе // Нартоведение в XXI веке: современные парадигмы и интерпретации: сборник научных трудов. ФГБУН СОИГСИ ВНЦ РАН и РСО-А.  – Владикавказ: ИПЦ СОИГСИ ВНЦ РАН и РСО-А, 2015. – С. 230-242.

This paper provides novel evidence that ellipsis can target bound morphemes. The evidence comes from suspended affixation of case markers in alternative questions in Digor and Iron Ossetic. The current literature on alternative questions (e.g. Does Mary like coffee or tea?) proposes that in many languages they are derived by disjunction of and ellipsis in constituents as large as a vP or even as a CP. Language-specific evidence in favor of such structure of alternative questions is available for Ossetic as well. Accordingly, the ostensible disjuncts coffee or tea do not actually form a constituent and case must be separately assigned to each of the DPs. Therefore, a case suffix shared under suspended affixation cannot attach to the orP as a whole. A deletion-based analysis can successfully derive the properties of suspended affixation in Ossetic alternative questions. I advance a specific proposal that incorporates ellipsis into the Distributed Morphology derivation.

In this talk, I argue that Ossetic has to be analyzed as a language that has two case categories that are simultaneously realized on nouns: purely morphological case akin to those of languages like Russian or Latin, and phrasal case that is analyzed as a phrase marker, like e.g. in Turkish. This idea is formalized in LFG with Lexical Sharing.

Рахно К.Ю. Осетинские параллели к украинской сказке «Названный отец» // IV Миллеровские чтения с международным участием (Материалы научной конференции 11-12 ноября 2014 г.): сборник статей / Под ред. докт. ист. наук З.В. Кануковой. – Владикавказ: ИПЦ СОИГСИ ВНЦ РАН и РСО-А, 2014. – С. 51–62.

traduit du russe par Iaroslav Lebedynsky. Les phrases alaines de I'ecrivain byzantin Jean Tzetzes (vers 1110-apres 1180) sont connues dans la litterature scientifique depuis 1930. A cette date, le byzantiniste hongrois Gyula 3 -Moravcsik publia 25 lignes, d'apres un manuscrit du XVe siecle, de l'epilogue jusque-la inedit de la Theogonie de Tzetzes [Moravcsik 1930, reed. 1967]. La publication interessa les specialistes et eut bientot des echos, dont les plus significatifs furent les travaux de Bernard Munkacsi [Munkacsi 1937] et Dietrich Gerhardt [Gerhardt 1939]. En langue russe, seul V I. Abalev se pencha serieusement sur l'extrait qui nous interesse et lui consacra son article Des phrases alaines chez Tecrivain byzantin Tzetzes (Xlle si dele) [Abaiev 1935, reimpr. avec qq. compl. 1949]. Abaiev exprimait ainsi la signification de ces phrases, unique monument linguistique dont le caractere alain soit atteste par celui qui nous les a transmises : « Nous avons la Tun des temoignages les plus frappants et les plus convaincants de la proximite linguistique de Valain avec I 'о55ё1е » [Abaiev, 1949, p. 259]. Apres Abaiev, on cessa pratiquement de s'interesser a ce theme, considerant que Ton ne pouvait rien tirer de plus d'un texte aussi court, et les nombreuses references ulterieures aux phrases alaines de Tzetzes dans la litterature russe et etrangere citent toutes les anciens travaux des annees 1930-40.

Рахно К.Ю. Арфа Сырдона: западноевропейские параллели //  Коста и мировой историко-культурный процесс. Сборник материалов Международной конференции,  посвященной 155-летию со дня рождения  К.Л. Хетагурова. – Владикавказ: ИПЦ СОИГСИ ВНЦ РАН и РСО-А, 2014. – С. 268–292.

I argue that Superiority Effects in Ossetic are best described as Emergence of the Unmarked in OT terms: a general ordering constraint that only plays a role in sentences where no independent principle of grammar (e.g. phrase structure, information structure) can determine the appropriate ordering. This is formalized in terms of OT-LFG.

European terms for ‘silk’ display exceptional variation for deriving ultimately from a single Old Chinese source. It is suggested here that Old Norse silki ‘silk’, transmitted via the Varangians’ trade in Byzantium through Kievan Rus to Scandinavia in the 9th c., and Old English seoluc, Old High German silihho possibly in a separate wave a couple of centuries earlier, are loanwords from the Iranian language Alanic (Sarmatian) at the Western end of the Silk Road. It reflects a regular Alanic development of *ri > l, the original form being *sirika- which leaves several possibilities open: Either a) it is a productive inner-Iranian formation with the suffix *-(V)ka-, possibly meaning ‘silk man, inhabitant of Silis’; b) it is a nativization of Greek σηρικόν (sērikón); or c) it has entered Alanic via Turkic *sir(e)-lek ‘silk garment’ or Mongolian sirkeg ‘silk fabric’. Modern Ossetic zæly, zældag, despite its typical loanword characteristics, may be inherited directly from Alanic *silika-, only reshaped in analogy with zældæ (today ‘young grass; turf’) which must have preserved its original meaning ‘golden; yellow’ into medieval Iassic and preserved with that meaning as a loanword in Hungarian zöld.

QuadRi» -Quaderni di RiCOGNIZIONI è la collana curata dal Comitato scientifico e dalla Redazione di RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di lingue, letterature e culture moderne, edita online dal Dipartimento di Lingue e Letterature Straniere e Culture Moderne dell'Università di Torino. La rivista e i suoi Quaderni nascono con l'intento di promuovere ri-cognizioni, sia trattando da prospettive diverse autori, movimenti, argomenti ampiamente dibattuti della cultura mondiale, sia ospitando interventi su questioni linguistiche e letterarie non ancora sufficientemente indagate. I Quaderni di RiCOGNIZIONI sono destinati ad accogliere in forma di volume i risultati di progetti di ricerca e gli atti di convegni e incontri di studio.

This paper discusses different strategies of participant-internal and participant-external
possibility opposition in a language. Logically, there are four cases of a dedicated opposition (a
dedicated opposition means that the markers used in it have nothing but the intended meanings):
only lexical, lexico-grammatical, no opposition, only grammatical. Though the first three
oppositions can be easily found in reference grammars or typological studies of modality, the
fourth opposition appears to be a rarer case.
In the paper, I analyze Iron Ossetic (Eastern Iranian), which has a grammatical opposition of
participant-internal and participant-external possibility, viz. the dedicated participant-external
possibility construction and the dedicated participant-internal possibility construction. After
discussion of their morphological and syntactic peculiarities, I show that the Ossetic
constructions are unique in the Iranian and Caucasian language areas and offer their
grammaticalization paths.

According to a widespread belief, very few languages have a dedicated marker or mood for counterfactuality, i.e. a marker which can convey only counterfactual meanings (LAZARD
1998; 2006). Among such languages typologists usually cite only non-Indo-European languages as Turkana (Nilotic), Ewondo (Bantu), classic Nahuatl (Uto-Aztecan) etc. In this paper I will show that some Indo-European (namely a few modern Iranian and most modern Indo-Aryan languages) also have a dedicated counterfactual mood. I will explore counterfactual moods in various Iranian languages and will argue that the dedicated counterfactual formations have appeared as a result of Turkic (Oghuz) or modern Indo-Aryan influence. The data presented in the paper can question the typological rarity of languages with a dedicated counterfactual marker or mood.

В статье рассматриваются некоторые проблемные случаи падежного маркирования в осетинском языке: групповая флексия, управление предлога ӕнӕ ‘без’, дифференцированное маркирование прямого дополнения, употребление форм местоимения кӕрӕдзи ‘друг друга’ в иронском диалекте в позиции посессора и прямого объекта. Показано, что выбор падежа в этих конструкциях определяется структурой парадигмы зависимой лексемы. Для объяснения распределения словоформ в этих синтаксическим контекстах предлагается разделить падеж в осетинском языке на две категории: «морфологический падеж» (МП), приписываемый словоформам, который состоит всего из двух граммем, ректуса и обликвуса, и «групповой падеж» (ГП), приписываемый именным группам, к которому относятся все традиционно выделяемые косвенные падежи. МП соответствует категории падежа в языках, не допускающих групповой флексии, например в русском и латинском, ГП – падежным граммемам, допускающим групповое оформление, как, например, в тюркских языках. Сосуществование двух таких категорий в пределах одного языка может свидетельствовать о том, что их следует различать и в типологической перспективе. Данные осетинского языка сопоставляются с аналогичными явлениями в других языках: восточноармянском, индо-арийских, калмыцком, тохарском А. Анализ формализуется в терминах лексико-функциональной грамматики.