RPAS

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play an increasingly important role in various areas of life, including in terms of protection and security. As a result of fires, volcanic eruptions, or other emergencies, huge amounts of toxic gases, dust, and other substances are emitted into the environment, which, together with high temperature, often leads to serious environmental contamination. Based on the available literature and patent databases, an analysis of the available UAVs models was carried out in terms of their applicability in air contaminated conditions in industrial areas, in the event of emergencies, such as fire, chemical contamination. The possibilities of using the devices were analyzed in terms of weather conditions, construction, and used materials in CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear) threat situations. It was found that, thanks to the use of appropriate sensors, cameras, and software of UAVs integrated with a given system, it is possible to obtain informat...

Image-guided military operations embed soldiers into a complex system of image production, transmission and perception, which on the one hand separate their bodies from the battlefield, but on the other hand mediate between them. Especially in remotely controlled operations of so-called unmanned aerial systems (UAS) navigation and intervention require the synchronization between human actors and technical sensors in real-time, as the knowledge of a situation, the so-called situational awareness, relies almost exclusively on the visualization of sensor data. This human-machine entanglement corresponds to a new operative modality of images which differs from previous forms of real-time imaging such as live broadcasting, as it is based on a feedback-loop that turns the observer into an actor. Images are not simply analyzed and interpreted but become agents in a socio-technological assemblage. The paper will draw upon this functional shift of images from a medium of visualization towards a medium that guides operative processes. Based on the analysis of vision, architecture and navigation in remote warfare it will discuss how real-time video technology and the mobilization of sensor and transmission technology produce a type of  intervention, in which action and perception is increasingly organized and determined by machines.

Taking the move from our recent research on GNSS Avionics Based Integrity Augmentation (ABIA), this article investigates the synergies of ABIA with a novel Detect-and-Avoid (DAA) architecture for Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS).  Based on simulation and experimental data collected on a variety of manned and unmanned aircraft, it was observed that the integration of ABIA with DAA has the potential to provide an integrity-augmented DAA for both cooperative and non-cooperative applications. The candidate DAA system uses various Forward-Looking Sensors (FLS) for the non-cooperative case and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) in addition to TCAS/ASAS for the cooperative case. Both in the cooperative and non-cooperative cases, the risk of collision is evaluated by setting a threshold on the Probability Density Function (PDF) of a Near Mid-Air Collision (NMAC) event over the separation area. So, if the specified threshold is exceeded, an avoidance manoeuvre is performed based on a heading-based Differential Geometry (DG) algorithm and optimized utilizing a cost function with minimum time constraints and fuel penalty criteria weighted as a function of separation distance. Additionally, the optimised avoidance trajectory considers the constraints imposed by the ABIA in terms of RPAS platform dynamics and GNSS constellation satellite elevation angles, preventing degradation or losses of navigation data during the whole DAA loop. This integration scheme allows real-time trajectory corrections to re-establish the Required Navigation Performance (RNP) when actual GNSS accuracy degradations and/or data losses take place (e.g., due to aircraft-satellite relative geometry, GNSS receiver tracking, interference, jamming or other external factors).  Cooperative and non-cooperative simulation case studies were accomplished to evaluate the performance of this Integrity-Augmented DAA (IAS) architecture.  The selected host platform was the AEROSONDE RPAS and the simulation cases were performed in a representative cross-section of the RPAS operational flight envelope. The simulation results show that the proposed IAS architecture is capable of performing high-integrity conflict detection and resolution when GNSS is the primary source of navigation data.

This report sheds light on how dual-use
technologies can contribute to EU efforts in
civilian conflict prevention and
peacebuilding. This research performs an
empirical analysis of the selected dual-use
technologies owned by EU Member States,
namely satellites and Remotely Piloted
Aircraft Systems (RPAS). By examining the
use of these technologies in the context of
CSDP missions and operations, the study
aims to provide an assessment of their
possible use in current and future EU
conflict prevention and peacebuilding
missions.

Datorită dezvoltării tehnologiei din industria aerospațială în ultimii zece ani, s-au conturat tot mai multe concepte îmbunătățite privind aeronavele autonome fără pilot. Acestea reușesc treptat să acopere tot mai multe destinații și misiuni ale aeronavelor operate direct de echipaj. Astfel se evidențiază o cerere semnificativă cu tendința ascendentă pentru soluții inovative, capabile să acopere anumite nișe din aviația generală, utilitară, dar și militară.
Inovarea în realizarea acestei platforme aeriene autonome gravitează în jurul conceptului unei structuri compozite ultrausoare, sistem GMP optimizat, stabilitate superioară, impact minim asupra mediului și un sitem de comandă și control automat al dronei cu inteligență artificială. Inovația în introducerea unui sistem AI(Artifficial Inteligence) se conturează în jurul identificării corecte a dinamicii dronei și realizarea unui bloc de rețele neurale cu răspuns rapid pentru minimizarea erorilor semnalelor de comandă generate de suprareglaje și inerții de calcul.

In the civil aviation context, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are gaining an increasingly important role. Although the aviation business has relied on ICT for many decades, the continuing growth in passenger numbers, short and long-haul flights, demands for advanced services and the ever-increasing pressure on available radio spectrum are all creating a need for innovative cyber-physical system applications (including avionics, air traffic management and unmanned aircraft systems), whose development must properly address safety, security and interoperability issues. In addition, within Europe and US, the Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) and the Next Generation Air Transportation Systems (NextGen) initiatives have added legislative pressure to replace the traditional, highly-fragmented air traffic control structures by means of greater harmonisation (including civil-military coordination) and assured levels of safety, security and interoperability through standardisation. This paper addresses the following aspects of aviation cyber-physical systems security: • ICT/ITS and Aviation • Aviation CNS+A Systems • Cyber Security Framework • Cyber Security Attacks • Avionics Cyber Threats • CNS/ATM Cyber Threats • Unmanned Aircraft System Cyber Threats • Cyber-Physical Integrity Monitoring and Augmentation Research • Recommendations and Future Research Directions.

The rope rescue community in Australia has a long history of looking to the USA for an insight into the latest developments in rope rescue equipment and techniques. This research project aimed to take a broader and more global look at rope rescue as it relates to mountain rescue, this was achieved by consulting with representatives from mountain rescue teams and organisations in Canada, USA, United Kingdom, Austria, France and Italy.

While Australia does have mountain environments that would be classified as alpine, the emphasis of this research was on examining mountain rescue activities for non-alpine conditions, therefore eliminating backcountry skiing, alpine travel, mountaineering and alpine climbing related rescues.

A mix of volunteer mountain rescue organisations and professional rescue teams were included in the research to take a more comprehensive look at rescue team size, level of skill, training, equipment and techniques. As emergency services within Australia comprise of both volunteer and professional rescuers, this research will therefore be of benefit to both groups.

Rescues in mountainous or austere environments generally require small teams of highly skilled rescuers to carry all the necessary rescue equipment long distances over challenging terrain and often involves a bottom up approach requiring hiking, scrambling or technical climbing. These rescues often are undertaken in unfavourable conditions and / or at night.

The aim of this research is to enhance the overall safety to rescuers and those requiring rescue in mountainous or austere environments. Aspects of mountain rescue that were under investigation were:

    • The optimal composition of a rescue team
    • Minimum skills and competency maintenance
    • Techniques used to gain access to a casualty
    • Rescue techniques suitable for small rescue teams
    • Rescue equipment that is light-weight and multi-functional
    • Personal protective clothing and equipment
    • Utilisation of remote piloted aerial systems (RPAS) aka – Drone
    • Rescue helicopters and rescue personnel safety
    • Preventative search and rescue (PSAR)

During the research process, two additional areas relating to enhancing the safety of rescuers and those requiring rescue were identified. These were:
    • Geolocation
    • Stress injuries and psychological first aid

Modern Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) employ a variety of sensors and multi-sensor data fusion techniques to provide advanced operational capabilities and trusted autonomy (i.e., required levels of safety, integrity, security and interoperability), when sharing the airspace with other manned and unmanned platforms. Low-cost and high-performance Navigation and Guidance Systems (NGS) for UAS have been developed at RMIT University by employing a combination of compact and lightweight sensors to satisfy the Required Navigation Performance (RNP) in all flight phases. Additionally, recent research at RMIT has focused on the development of a unified approach to separation assurance and collision avoidance suitable for UAS cooperative/non-cooperative sensor architectures and allowing for an extended range of operations both in mission-essential and safety-critical tasks. The Sense-and-Avoid Unified Method (SUM) developed at RMIT provides an innovative analytical framework to combine real-time measurements (and associated uncertainties) of navigation states, platform dynamics and tracking observables to produce high-fidelity dynamic geo-fences suitable for integration in future avionics, Air Traffic Management (ATM) and defense decision support tools.

This invited paper addresses key contemporary issues in Air Traffic Management (ATM) and avionics systems research focusing on the crucial challenge currently faced by the aviation industry: enhancing safety, efficiency and environmental sustainability of the sector in an era of steady air traffic growth. The aim is to foster opportunities for industrial innovation and multidisciplinary research collaboration in areas of strategic interest such as future systems for Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM), Dynamic Airspace Management (DAM) and cooperative/non-cooperative surveillance, towards establishing a coherent framework for the evolution of the ATM sector in the Asia-Pacific region and globally. Starting from SESAR/NextGen top-level operational and technical requirements, this paper presents integrated Communication, Navigation and Surveillance/ATM and Avionics (CNS+A) system architectures implementing 4-Dimensional Trajectory Optimisation (4DTO) algorithms, data link communications and enhanced surveillance technologies, as well as adaptive cognitive forms of Human-Machine Interface and Interaction (HMI2), allowing the automated negotiation and validation of aircraft intents for safer and more efficient ATM operations. As an integral part of this CNS+A evolutionary process, specific requirements for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) navigation, communication and cooperative/non-cooperative Sense-and-Avoid (SAA) are being addressed in order to allow the safe and unrestricted access of UAS to all classes of airspace.

The survey of historical façades contains several bottlenecks, mainly related to the geometrical structure, the decorative framework, the presence of natural or artificial obstacles, the environment limitations. Urban context presents additional restrictions, binding by ground acquisition activity and leading to building data loss. The integration of TLS and close-range photogrammetry allows to go over such stuff, not overcoming the shadows effect due to the ground point of view. In the last year the massive use of UAVs in survey activity has permitted to enlarge survey capabilities, reaching a deeper knowledge in the architecture analysis. In the meanwhile, several behaviour rules have been introduced in different countries, regulating the UAVs use in different field, strongly restricting their application in urban areas. Recently very small and light platforms have been presented, which can partially overcome these rules restrictions, opening to very interesting future scenarios. This article presents the application of one of these very small RPAS (less than 300 g), equipped with a low-cost camera, in a close range photogrammetric survey of an historical building façade in Bologna (Italy). The suggested analysis tries to point out the system accuracy and details acquisition capacity. The final aim of the paper is to validate the application of this new platform in an architectonic survey pipeline, widening the future application of close-range photogrammetry in the architecture acquisition process.

This paper presents the concept of operations, system architecture and trajectory optimisation algorithms of a Next Generation Mission Management System (NG-MMS) for Unmanned Aircraft (UA). The NG-MMS is developed for Four Dimensional (4D) Trajectory/Intent-Based Operations (TBO/IBO) in the combined Communications, Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management and Avionics (CNS+A) context. The NG-MMS, primarily responsible for automated navigation and guidance tasks, acts as a key enabler for achieving higher levels of automation and improving operational efficiency. After describing the key NG-MMS architectures, the mathematical models for trajectory generation and optimisation modes are presented. Evaluation of the proposed concepts and methodologies by Verification and Validation (V&V) of the system software through simulation activities is also presented. The results demonstrate the functional capability of the NG-MMS to generate cost-effective trajectory profiles satisfying both operational and environmental requirements.

The paper presents the current state of research for the DynByzCrete project (‘Recapturing the Dynamics of the Early
Byzantine Settlements in Crete: Old problems − New Interpretations through an Interdisciplinary Approach’), which aims to study the settlements on Crete, Greece. The project exploits the potential of imaging techniques in archaeology, such as satellite imagery, historical photographs, airborne oblique images and RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aerial Systems also known as drones or UAV, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) low altitude photogrammetry, for the understanding of a specific chronological time-period, namely the Early Byzantine period. Indeed, the integration of all the above material, combined with traditional field survey and bibliographic search, is oriented towards a qualitative and quantitative information gathering for the GIS analysis.
The presentation of methodological aspects of the project, carried out under the framework of the Operational Programme ‘EDUCATION AND LIFELONG LEARNING’ (NSRF 2007-2013) and specifically the action ‘ARISTEIA ΙΙ’, co-funded by the EU (European Social Fund) and national resources, will be the occasion for a critical approach to the specific tools used.

This invited keynote paper addresses contemporary issues in Air Traffic Management (ATM) focusing on the crucial challenge currently faced by the aviation industry: enhancing safety, efficiency and environmental sustainability of the sector in an era of steady air traffic growth. The aim is to foster opportunities for industrial innovation and multidisciplinary research collaboration in areas of strategic interest such as future systems for Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM), Dynamic Airspace Management (DAM) and cooperative/non-cooperative surveillance, towards establishing a coherent framework for the evolution of the ATM sector. Taking the move from SESAR / Clean Sky and NextGen top-level operational and technical requirements, the paper presents integrated CNS+A system architectures implementing 4D Trajectory Optimisation (4DTO) algorithms, data link communications and enhanced surveillance technologies, as well as adaptive forms of Human-Machine Interface and Interaction (HMI 2), allowing the automated negotiation and validation of aircraft intents for safer and more efficient ATM operations. As an integral part of this CNS+A evolutionary process, specific requirements for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) cooperative/non-cooperative Detect-and-Avoid (DAA) are being addressed in order to allow the safe and unrestricted access of RPAS to all classes of airspace.

The design, development, test and evaluation of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are evolving to meet the requirements for integration into civil airspace. These requirements fall under the umbrella of Communications, Navigation, Surveillance and Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM), the framework for the evolution of next-generation ATM systems. To meet these requirements, improved/specific formats and functions have to be developed for UAS to allow interoperability within current manned and unmanned platform operations. Additionally, greater system autonomy will afford UAS operators the higher levels of control required for airspace integration. Appropriate human-machine interfaces (HMI) are necessary to complement operator performance as well as to prevent human error and automation surprise. The design of such interfaces is still undergoing fluid change. This paper discusses the different modes of UAS operation and outlines the corresponding cognitive demands for each mode. In manned-unmanned aircraft coordinated operations, unanticipated mode transitions are likely to lead to operator mode confusion and have serious safety implications. Appropriate transitions between operating modes are identified for operational safety and efficiency. To achieve such transitions, the paper proposes a cognitive interface to assess, in real-time, the operator's performance and mental state. Such assessment can support in driving mode transitions, which augment the operator's situational awareness, stress, mental work-load and fatigue levels.

En este ¨ Levantamiento y Propuesta de Accesibilidad en el Jardín Histórico de la Arguijuela de Arriba (Cáceres) ¨ se pretende dar a conocer este enclave histórico. Para ello, se desarrollará un análisis histórico y arquitectónico del conjunto. Con el objetivo de ampliar la divulgación, se detallará el levantamiento completo y se ilustrará este en un formato final renderizado en video. Para asegurar que la divulgación sea total, se proyecta una propuesta de intervención en el emplazamiento con la finalidad de que el recinto sea accesible a todos los usuarios.

Digital documentation and 3D modelling of archaeological sites are important for understanding, definition and recognition of the values of the sites and of the archaeological finds. The most part of archaeological sites are outdoor location, but a cover to preserve the ruins protects often parts of the sites. The possibility to acquire data with different techniques and merge them by using a single reference system allows creating multi-parties models in which 3D representations of the individual objects can be inserted. The paper presents the results of a recent study carried out by Geomatics Laboratory of University of Palermo for the digital documentation and 3D modelling of Eraclea Minoa archaeological site. This site is located near Agrigento, in the south of Sicily (Italy) and is one of the most famous ancient Greek colonies of Sicily. The paper presents the results of the integration of different data source to survey the Eraclea Minoa archaeological site. The application of two highly versatile recording systems, the TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanning) and the RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System), allowed the Eraclea Minoa site to be documented in high resolution and with high accuracy. The integration of the two techniques has demonstrated the possibility to obtain high quality and accurate 3D models in archaeological survey.

RESUMEN Desde hace unos años estamos asistiendo al incremento del uso de RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System), comúnmente conocidos como drones, en las labores de investigación y documentación del Patrimonio. No obstante, la fuerza de evocación y representación que poseen las imágenes aéreas, convierte también a estos aparatos en potentes herramientas de divulgación. Desde Virtua Nostrum, con el proyecto Arqueovuelos, hemos unificado el uso de drones con la divulgación en un blog y la utilización de Redes Sociales. El objetivo es dar visibilidad a aquellos yacimientos menos conocidos, poco visitados o abandonados. A tal fin, elaboramos pequeños audiovisuales asociados a entradas de texto. ABSTRACT In recent years we are witnessing at the increase in the use of RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System), commonly known as drones, in researchs and documentation of archaeological Heritage. Nevertheless, the power of evocation and representation that the aerial images possess, turns also to these devices in powerful tools of cientifical dissemination. From Virtua Nostrum, with Archaeoflights Project, we have unified the use of drones with the spreading in a blog and the utilization of Social Networks. The aim is to give visibility to not very well known archaeological sites, little visited or abandoned. For that purpose, we elaborate small audiovisual linked to blog entries in our website.

Integrated Navigation and Guidance Systems (NGS) based only on satellite and other low-cost navigation sensors (e.g., Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) based inertial sensors) cannot guarantee the Required Navigation Performance (RNP) in all flight phases of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS). In this paper, a novel NGS for a small-to-medium size RPAS is presented, which is based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Vision Based Navigation (VBN) and other low-cost avionics sensors. Additionally, Aircraft Dynamics Model (ADM) is used to compensate for the MEMS based Inertial Measuring Unit (IMU) sensor shortcomings in high-dynamics attitude determination tasks. Two multi-sensor architectures are compared that are based on an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) approach for data fusion. The ADM measurements are pre-filtered by an UKF to increase the ADM attitude solution validity time. The EKF based VBN-IMU-GNSS-ADM (E-VIGA) system and...

In this study a vision system for autonomous landing of an existing commercial
aerial vehicle (UAV) named AR4 aboard a ship, based on a single standard RGB
digital camera is proposed. The vision system is located on the ship's deck and
is used to estimate the UAV pose (3D position and orientation) during the
landing process. Using a vision system located on the ship makes it possible to
use an UAV with less processing power, decreasing its size and weight. Due to
the non-linear nature of this implementation a 3D markerless framework is used
based on a particle filter. The UAV will operate from the Portuguese Navy fast
patrol boats (FPB), which implies the capability of landing in 27 m length, 5.9 m
breadth vessels, with a 5x6 m small and irregular landing zone located at the
boat’s stern. The implementation of a completely autonomous system is very
important in real scenarios, since this ships have only a small crew and UAV
pilots are not usually available. Moreover a vision based system is more robust
in an environment where GPS jamming can occur.

Cooperative and non-cooperative Detect-and-Avoid (DAA) functions are key enablers for Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) to safely and routinely access all classes of airspace. In this paper state-of-the-art cooperative and non-cooperative DAA sensor/system technologies for small-to-medium size RPAS are reviewed and the associated multi-sensor data fusion techniques are discussed. A DAA system architecture is presented based on Boolean Decision Logics (BDL) for selecting non-cooperative and cooperative sensors/systems including both passive and active Forward Looking Sensors (FLS), Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B). After elaborating the DAA system processes, the key mathematical models associated with both non-cooperative and cooperative DAA functions are presented. The Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) algorithm is adopted to estimate the state vector of the intruders and this is propagated to predict the future trajectories using a probabilistic model. The analytical models adopted to compute the overall uncertainty volume in the airspace surrounding an intruder are outlined. Based on these mathematical models, the Sabatini Unified Method (SUM) for cooperative and non-cooperative DAA is presented. In this unified approach, navigation and tracking errors affecting the measurements are considered and translated to unified range and bearing uncertainty descriptors, which apply both to cooperative and non-cooperative scenarios. Simulation case studies are carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed DAA approach on a representative host platform (AEROSONDE RPAS) and various intruder platforms. Results corroborate the validity of the proposed approach and demonstrate the impact of SUM towards providing a cohesive logical framework for the development of an airworthy DAA capability and a pathway for manned/unmanned aircraft coexistence in all classes of airspace.

Neste estudo é proposto um sistema de visão para aterrar automaticamente um avião não tripulado (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle - UAV) comercialmente existente chamado AR4 num navio, sendo este sistema composto por uma simples câmara RGB (espectro visível). A aplicação prevê a sua colocação no convés de um navio para estimar a pose do UAV (posição 3D e orientação) durante o processo de aterragem. Ao utilizar um sistema de visão localizado no navio permite a utilização de um UAV com menos poder de processamento, reduzindo assim o seu tamanho e peso.
O método proposto utiliza uma abordagem baseada no modelo 3D do objeto em que é necessária a utilização do modelo CAD 3D do UAV. A pose é estimada utilizando uma arquitetura baseada num filtro de partículas. A implementação utilizada é baseada nas estratégias de evolução presentes nos algoritmos genéticos, evitando assim perda de diversidade nas possibilidades criadas. Também é implementada filtragem temporal entre frames - filtro de Kalman unscented - por forma a obter uma melhor estimativa de pose.
Os resultados mostram erros angulares e de posição compatíveis com o sistema de aterragem automática. O algoritmo é apropriado para aplicações em tempo real em standard workstations, com unidades de processamento gráfico.
O UAV vai operar de um navio patrulha pertencente à Marinha de Guerra Portuguesa, o que implica a capacidade de aterrar num navio de 27 metros de comprimento, 5,9 metros de boca, com uma zona de aterragem pequena e irregular de 5x6 metros localizada na proa do navio.
A implementação de um sistema completamente autónomo é muito importante em cenários reais, uma vez que estes navios têm uma guarnição limitada e os pilotos de UAV nem sempre se encontram disponíveis. Além disso, um sistema de visão é mais robusto em ambientes onde pode ocorrer empastelamento ao sinal GPS.
In this study a vision system for autonomous landing of an existing commercial aerial vehicle (UAV) named AR4 aboard a ship, based on a single standard RGB digital camera is proposed. The envisaged application is of ground-based automatic landing, where the vision system is located on the ship’s deck and is used to estimate the UAV pose (3D position and orientation) during the landing process. Using a vision system located on the ship makes it possible to use an UAV with less processing power, decreasing its size and weight.
The proposed method uses a 3D model based pose estimation approach that requires the 3D CAD model of the UAV. Pose is estimated using a particle filtering framework. The implemented particle filter is inspired in the evolution strategies present in the genetic algorithms avoiding sample impoverishment. Temporal filtering is also implemented between frames – unscented Kalman filter – in order to get a better pose estimation.
Results show that position and angular errors are compatible with automatic landing system requirements. The algorithm is suitable for real time implementation in standard workstations with graphical processing units.
The UAV will operate from the Portuguese Navy fast patrol boats (FPB), which implies the capability of landing in 27 m length, 5.9 m breadth vessels, with a 5x6 m small and irregular landing zone located at the boat´s stern.
The implementation of a completely autonomous system is very important in real scenarios,since this ships have only a small crew and UAV pilots are not usually available. Moreover a vision based system is more robust in an environment where GPS jamming can occur.

The paper draws upon a functional shift of images from a medium of visibility and visualization towards a medium that guides operative processes. On the basis of a case study about the visual architecture and navigation of the MQ-9 Reaper drone it argues that real-time video technology and the mobilization of camera technology in remote warfare have produced a type of intervention, in which interaction is increasingly shaped and organized by imaging technology. This form of visual practice corresponds to a hybrid concept of agency, in which the stabile, subject-centred realm of rep­re­sen­ta­tion that belonged to clas­si­cal aes­thet­ics of per­cep­tion, is replaced by a cooperation between humans and machines.

Luchtfotografische archeologische prospectie is reeds een eeuw oud, maar de basisprincipes bleven al die tijd onveranderd. Het laatste decennium bracht echter grote technologische veranderingen met zich mee: computers werden sneller, software geavanceerder en digitale camera’s beter. Een van de ontwikkelingen met een steeds groeiende impact is de introductie van drones. Vertrekkend van de geschiedenis en de basisprincipes van luchtfotografie, tracht dit artikel de huidige mogelijkheden en het belang van deze telegeleide of autonoom opererende vliegtuigen uit de doeken te doen.

This article presents the conceptual design of an innovative ground-based Air Traffic Management (ATM) system providing automated 4-Dimensional Trajectory (4DT) Planning, Negotiation and Validation (4-PNV) functionalitities. The 4-PNV system is conceived to operationally deploy the multi-objective optimisation, negotiation and validation of 4DT intents in combination with Next Generation Flight Management Systems (NG-FMS) on board manned aircraft and Next-Generation Mission Management Systems (NG-MMS) for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS). In this article we focus on the 4-PNV functionalities required for mixed fleet optimized Arrival Management (AMAN) operations. Simulation case studies in representative complex scenarios show that the adopted negotiation algorithms achieve feasible, efficient and safe 4DT solutions well within the timeframe of online tactical rerouting tasks, meeting the set design requirements.

Analiza dokumentów normatywnych dotyczących działań lotniczych wykazuje brak wytycznych regulujących działanie bezzałogowych aparatów latających (UAVs). Konieczność monitoringu środowiska, rozumiana jako dostarczanie i porównywanie parametrów poziomu hałasu, stanu zanieczyszczenia powietrza, wód czy gleby w określonej cenzurze czasowej, wymaga zastosowania nowych technik i technologii. Jedną z możliwości jest zastosowanie bezzałogowych statków powietrznych. Artykuł przedstawia w sposób syntetyczny problematykę uwarunkowań prawnych związanych z funkcjonowaniem bezzałogowych aparatów latających w Polsce.

Analysis of the normative documents about aviation operations lead to conclusion, that there are no guidelines regulate flights of a Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The necessity of environmental monitoring, defined as providing and comparing levels of noise, pollution of air, water and soil in specific periods, requires use of new techniques and technologies. One of possibilities is to use the UAVs.