Spanglish

El presente trabajo tratará de abordar el tema del Spanglish en los Estados Unidos de América desde una perspectiva, principalmente, lingüística. El propósito que se ha intentado seguir ha sido revisar la bibliografía esencial para poder comprender los procesos y recursos lingüísticos que definen a esta variante del español. También, lo es fundamentar si dichos procesos o fenómenos se adecuan con la realidad con el fin posterior de clasificar diferentes palabras, locuciones adverbiales, etc., extraídas de varias obras reales, bajo la etiqueta Spanglish, dentro de un corpus real para probar su fiabilidad.

The aim of this paper is to establish a link between the code-switch "tags" in Junot Díaz's work and some formal resources of graffiti artists, in particular their emblematic "tagz." These elements are read together to attest to a battle of the discursive sort being waged in the discursive frontiers of North America, as well as globally in the contact zones between cultures.


RESUMEN
En este trabajo se analiza la relación entre el la alternancia de lenguas en las narraciones de Junot Díaz y ciertos recursos formales empleados por artistas del graffiti. Estos elementos revelan una batalla por el estilo discursivo que se libra en las tierras fronterizas de América del Norte, y globalmente en zonas de contacto cultural.

Una lengua se inscribe constantemente en un proceso de renovación lexical; tendencias que se ven aceleradas en situaciones de contacto poblacional y lingüístico. Tal es el caso del español estadounidense, también conocido como spanglish, cuyos hablantes, por razones cognitivas inherentes a su situación de bilingüismo, han demostrado estas últimas décadas una gran creatividad léxica, resultando en la introducción de extensiones semánticas en el español.  Se conocen con este nombre las variaciones que, sin afectar cuantitativamente el léxico del sistema receptor –en este caso el español–, lo modifican cualitativamente.  En efecto, su definición implica la variación en el uso de una palabra de la lengua receptora para incluir el uso de la palabra equivalente en la lengua fuente. Así, en el español estadounidense han sido descritas como extensiones semánticas las siguientes variaciones que calcan el uso de la palabra equivalente en inglés: 

Aplicar: “La importancia de aplicar a la universidad temprano” (del ingl. to apply).
Introducir: “James me introdujo a todos sus amigos” (del ingl. to introduce).
Crecer: “Están creciendo lechugas en el jardín” (del ingl. to grow).
Saber: “Yo no sé a nadie” (del ingl. to know).

El presente estudio parte de un enfoque variacionista cuyo fin es ilustrar la presencia y la distribución de tales fenómenos léxicos en la sociedad hispana estadounidense ; un análisis basado en una serie de encuestas realizadas en Miami y en Nueva York en el verano de 2012 con residentes hispanos que presentan diferentes grados de bilingüismo y diferentes perfiles socioculturales.  Este estudio variacionista será el punto de partida para un análisis de estas transferencias semánticas dentro de una perspectiva guillaumiana. Análisis cuyo fin es ilustrar de qué manera estos nuevos usos se integran dentro de las capacidades referenciales autorizadas por el significado de estos vocablos y cómo el español estadounidense se adapta a un contexto sociolingüístico anglófono explotando plenamente la flexibilidad del sistema.

Please contact me for a copy of this chapter if one is not available through your library.

Disney and Pixar’s 2017 film Coco was the first full-length Disney animated film to incorporate codeswitching in its original and in several of the translations. Furthermore, it featured a fully Latinx cast of voice actors and consultants were contracted to ensure that the film was culturally accurate. Many praised the film for its inclusivity and for allowing US Latinx children to see themselves and their culture on the silver screen. However, whereas the diaspora and transnational culture of the US Latinx communities were visible through codeswitching in the English source that was preserved in the French (France) and Brazilian Portuguese translations, the Spanish-language translation removed all hints of transnationalism from the film. This paper explores the repercussions of erasing the codeswitching from the Spanish translation and describes some of the ways in which this alters the cultural, and perhaps political, messages that are transmitted to the distinct audiences.

Esta tesis contiene un análisis del primer capítulo de Don Quijote de La Mancha escrito por Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, traducido a Spanglish por Ilan Stavans. Dicho análisis fue conducido del punto de
vista de lingüística, ofreciendo también unas observaciones acerca del contexto cultural. Las dos culturas que se encuentran a través de este medio son muy diferentes. Don Quijote fue escrito en la
Edad de Oro, y tal idioma está representado en el libro. Por otro lado, el contexto que presentó Stavans son Estados Unidos de los barrios latinos a finales del siglo XX y principios del XXI.. El análisis
presente en esta tesis ayuda entender los dos entornos y un constante cambio de código que se produce a lo largo de la lectura, explicando las características de Spanglish y porqué el autor decidió traducirlo de esta manera.

Since the 1990s literary production in Spanglish, the so-called “hybrid” language that mixes English and Spanish, has been increasing. With increasing publication has come a demand for translations of these texts. Some authors readily choose to translate their work. Others feel that having to translate for the benefit of the English speaker while requiring no effort on the part of the English speaker to adapt perpetuates the delegitimization of Spanglish as a mode of expression. This hesitation to accommodate English speakers fails to consider that approximately 2/3 of them are non-native speakers. Consequently, the role that English can play in South-to-South translation is not negligible and “having” to translate because of the existing English hegemony in the US Latinx context is not the same as choosing to translate for any of a number of other motivating factors. Both are equally legitimate options, but this begs the question, is there a way to translate Spanglish so that English readers can access it without “accommodating” the English hegemony? In this paper I will explore nontranslation and intralingual translation as tools to expand the readership of these texts while not fully assimilating them into the traditional English publication norms

L’ouvrage de Cervantes, L’Ingénieux hidalgo don Quichotte de la Manche, se présente comme une traduction fictive, la supposée traduction d’un manuscrit arabe, réalisée par un traducteur morisque, et s’inscrit ainsi dans la longue tradition des pseudo-traductions si fréquentes dans les livres de chevalerie où le prologue bien souvent présente le récit à suivre comme ayant été traduit du grec, ou du latin, de l’arabe, de l’allemand, etc….
La pseudo-traduction suppose l’existence d’un autre texte, non édité, qui précèderait celui que le lecteur tient entre ses mains, un livre fantôme dont le lecteur ne peut qu’imaginer la beauté et la richesse, à partir de leur supposée transcription. L’ouvrage présenté comme une traduction est toujours sujet à caution, et fait du lecteur un être soupçonneux. Ou un être qui va se sentir libre de poursuivre la manipulation à laquelle a déjà été soumise le texte : c’est ainsi que le Don Quichotte n’a pas seulement été traduit en anglais, français, italien, etc… mais a également été traduit et édité en des langues parfois peu reconnues ou acceptées, notamment en latin macaronique, ou, plus récemment, en spanglish deux exemples intéressants de lectures et recréations particulières ayant débouché sur des éditions peu conventionnelles.

Discussing how language is used in our society can play an important role in addressing the issue of how negative ideologies are perpetuated. Extensive research has shown that phenomena such as Spanglish and Code-Switching are very common among Hispanics in the United States, but while these uses of language are harmless for their community, Mock Spanish, as the name suggests, is not. [...]  It is undeniable that society has never stopped evolving and has become more and more aware of how language can convey racist and stereotypical ideas. In light of this, the aim of this paper is to further explore how, and if, Mock Spanish appears in different contexts, and to see whether or not it is still a recurrent phenomenon.

L'objet de cette étude est d'établir la frontière linguistique entre l'espagnol et l'anglais située à la frontière nord du Mexique et au sud-ouest des États-Unis. La frontière de la langue espagnole au nord correspondait dans le passé à une revendication coloniale de propriété et constituait un espace caractérisé par des îlots linguistiques espagnols peu peuplés et de nombreux autres îlots linguistiques amérindiens. Du côté des États-Unis, un contre-mouvement colonial venant de l'est a, par annexion, intégré ce territoire dans l'espace anglophone, où la langue anglaise est devenue dominante. Par la migration en provenance du Mexique au XX e siècle, cet espace a été à nouveau massivement hispanisé avec d'importants îlots linguistiques espagnols, où l'espagnol a même obtenu un surpoids quantitatif dans quelques cas. Le nombre des hispanophones pourrait à l'avenir encore augmenter et changer la relation aux dépens de l'anglais. On peut tracer une frontière précise de l'anglais, identique avec la frontière septentrionale du Mexique. Il n'est guère facile de fixer une frontière claire et nette de l'espagnol vers le nord et l'est puisque là également a lieu une expansion territoriale due à la migration. Dans cet article, nous traiterons également des caractéristiques dialectales de l'espagnol des Chicanos, des phénomènes de contact linguistique apparaissant dans cet espace frontalier, de ce qu'on appelle le Spanglish, des attitudes linguistiques et des perspectives d'avenir de l'espagnol. 1 Explications théoriques du concept de frontière linguistique 1.1 Le concept de frontière linguistique Le concept de frontière linguistique a son origine dans la dialectologie et part du principe – et dans plus d'un cas, il était basé sur des données observables – qu'il y avait et qu'il y a encore des groupes linguistiques localisables géographiquement dans un espace monolingue bien delimité, présentant donc des frontières linguistiques.1 Des frontières linguistiques se définissent comme des frontières entre des langues qui ne se comprennent pas mutuellement, par opposition à des frontières dialectales se trouvant dans un continuum de dialectes où la compréhension mutuelle mène à des zones de transition diffuses. Cette vue fondée sur la géographie et le concept de « langue » (dans le sens de langue française, allemande, anglaise, espagnole, mandarin etc.) doit toutefois être complétée par une vue basée sur les locuteurs, qui tient compte de la perception des différences de langue chez les locuteurs dans les régions frontalières qui se montrent, à la différence du modèle de monolinguisme idéal, souvent bilingues. Précisément dans ces régions frontalières, la perception des différences linguistiques est plus affinée et la conscience de l'altérité de l'autre langue ou de l'autre dialecte (tout comme dans une autre perspective, celle des sociolectes, styles, variétés de contact, variétés d'âges etc.) est particulièrement élevée. Les gens des zones frontalières sont capables de reconnaître les différences des dialectes ou des variétés diatopiques contigus (ou 1 1 Je remercie M. Alain Deligne pour la première version de la traduction en français.

This paper will examine the situation of English and Spanish in contact in Gibraltar, noting the effects of contact on each language, and the emergence of a local variety of English with contact features alongside the local Spanish based vernacular called Llanito. It will discuss the social processes of language, identity and politics reflected in the attitudes of the speech community towards the language varieties in the territory. Finally it will discuss the impact of the linguistic situation on the preparation and realisation of a documentation project of Llanito (which has undergone somewhat of a transition from covert to overt prestige) which uses its own orthography-neither Spanish nor English based-which this paper will argue, reflects well the status of Llanito as a symbol of Gibraltarian local ethnic and linguistic identity.

El Spanglish, aunque aún no considerado una lengua de pleno derecho, se extiende cada vez más. Este ensayo se centra en el análisis de una de las características básicas de una lengua aplicada al Spanglish: el surgimiento y desarrollo de su literatura.

Code-Switching in the Present Day: Spanglish Different languages have existed throughout the world for many years, but these languages did not always encounter one another regularly. Today's natural, every-day interaction of different varieties of language is a relatively new phenomenon that has been observed within the last few centuries.

This essay explores the relationship(s) between English and Spanish in the novel Raining Backwards (1988) by Cuban American Roberto G. Fernández. While the many linked plots and characters suggest many protagonists, this study demonstrates how language itself takes on the role of protagonist. Through the author's use of calques and hispanisms, a seemingly English text uncovers the hidden Spanish of the novel. I argue that Fernández, therefore, creates a Spanglish text that, through the use of subversive English, provides a unique way of preserving the transcultural and linguistic memory of Cuban Miami. Keywords: Cuban American literature/literatura cubana americana, Latino English/inglés latino, Latina/ o literature/literatura latina, Spanglish, US Spanish/español de los Estados Unidos

Cet article analyse, dans une perspective diachronique, les définitions attachées au signifiant spanglish depuis son apparition dans les années 50, les considérations sociopolitiques dont il est empreint et les valeurs de multiculturalisme et de plurilinguisme qu’il permet de revendiquer dans la société hispano-états-unienne.

25 ] ¡¿Qué, qué?!-Transculturación and Tato Laviera's Spanglish poetics STEPHANIE ÁLVAREZ MARTÍNEZ In this article, I begin with a brief synopsis of Laviera's four poetry collections, followed by a detailed analysis of selected poems from all four collections in order to demonstrate how Laviera displays a unique transcultural cosmology through language. First, I discuss poems that deal with the relationships between languages and how they affect one's identity. Next, I explore Laviera's emphasis on the non-European roots in the transcultural process and how this emphasis reveals transculturation as a resistance strategy. Similarly, an analysis of Laviera's stress on popular culture, orality, and music further emphasizes Laviera's transcult-ural philosophy as a means of survival and creativity. Lastly, I describe Laviera's homage to certain poets and declamadores, as well as his insistence upon the Nuyorican's contribution to the formation of Puerto Rican culture. Together, these various points demonstrate how through transculturation Nuyoricans and Latinos transform their language to reflect their biculturalism, and create an entirely new code. [

Mucho se ha dicho sobre la estructura verbo + para atrás, casi emblemática del habla de los hispanos en los Estados Unidos. Si algunos estudios se focalizan en la importación sintáctica o semántica del inglés, mi trabajo analiza de qué manera la estructura se inscribe dentro de los parámetros del español. En efecto, a través de una observación de sus diferentes usos y de los mecanismos de significación que subyacen en la estructura, intentaré elucidar de qué manera el significado respectivo de para y de atrás permiten el uso de " te llamo para atrás " en el español estadounidense. Así mismo, a partir de un análisis variacionista, intentaré establecer el grado de aceptabilidad de la estructura por parte de hablantes de otra variedad diatópica del español.

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A lot has been said about the structure verb + para atrás, which is almost emblematic of Hispanics' speech in the United States. Some studies focus on the syntactic or semantic import of English in the structure; my work however explores how it fits within the parameters of Spanish. Through an observation of its different uses and the signifying mechanisms of its components, I will try to elucidate how the meaning of para and atrás allow, in speech, phrases like " te llamo para atrás " in U.S. Spanish. Also, through a variationist analysis, I will try to establish the acceptability of the structure by speakers of another Spanish dialect.

This edited volume adopts a new angle on the study of Spanish in the United States, one that transcends the use of Spanish as an ethnic language and explores it as a language spreading across new domains: education, public spaces, and social media. It aims to position Spanish in the United States in the wider frame of global multilingualism and in line with new perspectives of analysis such as superdiversity, translanguaging, indexicality, and multimodality. All the 15 chapters analyze Spanish use as an instance of social change in the sense that monolingual cultural reproduction changes and produces cultural transformation. Furthermore, these chapters represent five macro-regions of the United States: the Southwest, the West, the Midwest, the Northeast, and the Southeast.

Literature emerging from borderland, transnational or diaspora contexts doesn’t always fit the mould of the dominant national culture where the author resides. Usually this literature is published in the language of the larger society, but sometimes authors prefer to use the language variety in which they write as one of many tools to resist assimilation and highlight their independent or hybrid identity; such is the case with Matilda Koén-Sarano's Judeo-Spanish folktales and Susana Chávez-Silverman’s Spanglish crónicas. When this is the case, translation from these varieties must be done in a way that preserves the resistance to assimilation in a different linguistic context.
In this thesis I begin by defining Judeo-Spanish and Spanglish as language varieties, consider who uses them, who writes in them, and the political or personal motivations of the authors. I then problematize the broad issue of translating texts written in nonstandard language varieties. I consider power in translation generally and into English more specifically and nuance the binary between rejecting translation completely and embracing it wholeheartedly as essential. In the final two chapters I turn my attention to specific challenges that presented themselves in translations from Judeo-Spanish and Spanglish and explain how these challenges informed my approaches and strategies.
No single translation approach or strategy emerges as a monolithic solution to all problems. Nevertheless, my original contribution to knowledge lies in the nuanced discussion and creative application of varying degrees of ethnolects (or literary dialects), writing based in phonetics, and intralinguistic translation that are explained and that are evidenced in the original translations found in the appendices.

This paper examines preliminary results on a research study about Spanglish in the Rio Grande Valley (RGV) in South Texas, an area of rich linguistic diversity. Little research has been conducted about perceptions of Spanglish in this area and research is needed to understand the societal role of Spanglish for this predominantly Hispanic area.

Full reference information:
McCrocklin, S. & Tiburcio, A. (2016). Spanglish in the Rio Grande Valley of South Texas. In J. Berry (Ed.). Special Events Monograph of the NAAAS and Affiliates: Proceedings from the International Research Forum of the National Association of Hispanic and Latino Studies (pp. 308-328). South Padre Island, TX: University of Texas- Rio Grande Valley.

RESUMEN: El trabajo describe, a través de textos seleccionados de todos los ámbitos sociales de la comunidad hispana en Estados Unidos, la variante lingüística denominada spanglish. Se analiza el origen del fenómeno lingüístico y se describen las posturas críticas acerca de su caracterización como lengua, dialecto o simplemente jerga comunicativa. Los ejemplos reales, sacados de los medios de comunicación de masas tradicionales y de la Red, nos permite mostrar una doble función de esta supuesta interlengua, la de servir de instrumento comunicativo inmediato para los inmigrantes hispano, y la de erigirse como marcador sociolingüístico de la identidad cultural de sus usuarios. La fusión de ambas lenguas supone, por tanto, no solo medio eficaz de comunicación sino también un instrumento de reivindicación contra la aculturación anglosajona que los somete. Los distintos préstamos y cambio de códigos, presentes incluso en la literatura poética, obliga a replantearse el nivel social bajo al que algunos lo achacan y pasa a considerarse una norma usual prestigiada para los hispanos, con excepción de algunos españoles ajenos a las vivencias culturales en tierra ajena. Palabras clave: Variante lingüística, dialecto americano, spanglish. ABSTRACT: Through selected texts from every social aspect in the hispanic community of the United States, this investigation describes the linguistic variety named spanglish. The origin of the linguistic phenomenon is analized and critical debates surrounding its characterization as a language, a dialect, or a simple comunicative jargon. Real examples from traditional mass media and the Internet allows us to demonstrate the dual nature of this alleged lingua franca, one that serves as the immediate communicative instrument for hispanic inmigrantes, and as a sociolinguistic marker of the cultural identity of those who use it. The fusion of both languages is not just an efficient means of communication but rather an instrument of vindication against anglosaxon culture. The varied loan words and code-switches present in poetic literature, forces us to revise the lower socioeconomic class to which the phenomenon is accredited and begins to be considered as a prestigious common use for hispanics, with the exception of some spaniards who are removed from the culture due to being in foreign land. Key words: Linguistic variety, american dialect, spanglish

This essay deals with the multiple languages of Latino/a literature: English, English and Spanish (code-switching), Spanglish, and Spanish. It traces the linguistically and thematically diverse Latino/a literatures of today back to the Nuyorican literary movement of the late 1960s and 1970s. The argument here is that Latino/a writers like Sandra Cisneros, Judith Ortiz Cofer, and Cristina García, and even those who write exclusively in Spanish today, as for example, Tina Escaja, Marta López Luaces, and Miguel Ángel Zapata are the literary heirs of Miguel Algarín, Sandra María Esteves, Pedro Pietri, Miguel Piñero, and Tato Laviera, the writers who bravely paved the way for them. Viramontes, and other authors who would come to constitute the early Latino/a literature "canon." These writers wrote primarily in English and employed Spanish words whenever the matter called for it. The use of Spanish in their writing reflected their bilingualism; and they switched from one language to the other in ways that flowed out of their marginalized bicultural lives.

La coexistence de longue date de l’anglais et de l’espagnol aux États-Unis a permis l’apparition et la fixation de certaines structures qui affectent l’usage que font les Hispaniques de langue espagnole. Les structures analysées dans cet article, qui constituent à l’origine des calques syntaxiques de l’anglais, sont devenues peu à peu des nouvelles locutions caractéristiques de cet espagnol. Le maintien et l’expansion de ces nouvelles structures figées soulèvent des questions sur le rapport entre variation, norme et système. L’analyse réalisée dans ce travail porte à la fois sur leur processus de grammaticalisation, leur degré grammaticalité et sur la manière dont ces structures s'inscrivent dans les paramètres du système.

This essay presents the current status of Spanish ‘in’ and ‘of’ the United States and discusses the
phenomenon popularly called Spanglish through the reflections of several scholars on the subject.
The literature in linguistics has acknowledged that what in lay terms people call Spanglish,
relies on code-switching and code-mixing, switches and mixtures, which can also be described
as characteristics of the hybrid identity of many U.S. Latinos. In this paper, I examine this
phenomenon of Spanglish from the perspective of mixed identities in intercultural contexts. Finally,
I reflect on some significant points to try to deepen and better understand the complex situation of
Spanish and the much commented on phenomena surrounding the use of Spanglish in this country.
Key words: Spanish ‘in’/ ‘of’ the US, Spanglish, code-switching, code-mixing, identity.